Visual processing in_vertebrate_retina
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The document discusses research on the localization and expression patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its receptors in the retina. It includes 5 figures showing immunohistological staining and in situ hybridization results revealing: 1) GnRH fibers in the retina, 2) expression of GnRH receptor type 1 in some amacrine cells, 3) tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the amacrine layer, 4) widespread expression of GnRH receptor type 2 in ganglion cells, and 5) a proposed model of how GnRH may affect retinal circuitry through these receptor types.
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The structure of prokaryotic genes consists of three main regions: the promoter region, the RNA coding sequence, and the terminator region. The promoter region precedes the coding sequence and interacts with RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. The coding sequence contains the genetic code that is copied into mRNA. Prokaryotic genes lack introns and are continuous sequences. The terminator region signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription.
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The structure of prokaryotic genes consists of three main regions: the promoter region, the RNA coding sequence, and the terminator region. The promoter region precedes the coding sequence and interacts with RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. The coding sequence contains the genetic code that is copied into mRNA. Prokaryotic genes lack introns and are continuous sequences. The terminator region signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription.
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2) A neomycin gene to confer antibiotic resistance for selection.
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4) The seven means by which antibody diversity is generated - multiple gene segments, combinatorial joining, junctional flexibility
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Gene expression and regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining key terms like genes, genome, and gene expression. It then explains that organisms adapt to their environment by altering gene expression. There are two main types of gene expression: positive regulation which increases expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Gene expression is studied in detail in prokaryotes using the lactose operon in E. coli as an example. Gene expression in eukaryotes is more complex due to larger genomes and separation of DNA and protein synthesis by the nuclear membrane.
Topic 11 Slides On Gat Paper
1) Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays a role in skin development and hair follicle cycling. Expression of a truncated beta-catenin in mouse skin leads to de novo hair follicle formation.
2) Mutations in beta-catenin that stabilize the protein are found in 75% of human pilomatricoma tumors, a skin tumor of hair matrix cell origin. This suggests beta-catenin stabilization initiates these tumors.
3) Forced expression of beta-catenin in chick skin can initiate feather bud development and ectopic feather formation by upregulating genes like BMP-2. This supports a role for beta-catenin in initiating skin appendage morphogenesis.
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Fine Structure of Gene- Biotechnology, Microbiology PPT Download
Fine Structure of Gene- Biotechnology, Microbiology PPT, PDF
Download the presentation
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
History of gene
Definition of gene
Gene structure
Prokaryote gene
Eukaryote gene
Significance of introns.
References
Antibody class switch ppt
Antibody class switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibodies from one class to another, such as from IgM to IgG. It involves changing the constant region of the antibody heavy chain through DNA recombination, while retaining the same variable region and antigen specificity. Double-stranded breaks are generated in switch regions of DNA upstream of constant region genes. DNA is cleaved at two switch regions and the intervening DNA is deleted, allowing substitution of a different constant region exon and changing the class of antibody produced. The free DNA ends are joined by non-homologous end joining to link the variable region to the new constant region gene. This allows a B cell to produce different antibody classes while recognizing
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The document discusses the fine structure of genes. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structure. Prokaryotic genes are simple and uninterrupted, while eukaryotic genes contain introns that separate coding exons. Introns have significance as they allow for alternative splicing and exon shuffling, increasing protein diversity. The document also provides history on the discovery of genes and defines key components like promoters, terminators, and regulatory elements.
Genetic code
The document summarizes a presentation on the genetic code. It defines the genetic code as the set of rules by which information in DNA and RNA is translated into proteins. It discusses key topics like the discovery of the genetic code, codons and anticodons, characteristics like degeneracy and universality, and how mutations can affect the genetic code. While the genetic code differs slightly between mitochondria and cytoplasm, it is largely universal across living organisms using the same coding mechanism of three-base codons, tRNA, and ribosomes to translate DNA into amino acid sequences.
The Role of Introns in Genetic Regulation
The Role of Introns in Genetic Regulation
================================
Introns are sequences that interrupt open reading frames (ORFs) in RNA.
Spliceosomal introns are exclusive of eukaryotic nuclear gene transcripts, are a complex of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and proteins .
Introns are crucial because the protein variety is greatly enhanced by alternative splicing in which introns take partly important roles.
Changes in the exon-intron structure of a gene can also occur, including the loss or/and gain of introns. Intron loss is important aspect of gene structural variation and plays a vital role in gene evolution.
This report focuses on the intron, its origin, classification, evolution, loss and gain, function, and the diverse roles of splicing and alternative splicing in human disease.
Exon shuffling
This document discusses exon shuffling, which is a mechanism by which new genes can form through the rearrangement of exons from different genes. Exon shuffling was first proposed in 1978 and involves recombination within introns that allows exons to be assorted independently, generating new exon combinations. There are three main types of exon shuffling: exon duplication, insertion, and deletion. Exon shuffling generates genetic variation and mosaic proteins, and it has played a major role in evolution. The mechanisms involved are crossover during sexual recombination and transposon-mediated movements that can cut, paste, or copy and paste exons into new locations.
Presentation9
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This document summarizes an RNA project focused on inhibition of Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), a treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. Key components included:
1) An Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) to allow translation of multiple protein coding regions. Two IRES sequences from EMCV and NKRF were characterized.
2) A neomycin gene to confer antibiotic resistance for selection.
3) An aptazyme as an RNA "kill switch" activated by theophylline.
4) siRNA targeting the 3' untranslated region of DPP-IV mRNA for cleavage.
5) An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (
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I. T-factors bind to DNA and recruit histone acetyltransferases (HATs) which acetylate histones, loosening nucleosome structure and allowing access to DNA.
II. Chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) slide and rearrange nucleosomes to further expose the DNA sequence.
III. Binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA initiates transcription upon receiving a positive signal from T-factors via the mediator complex.
Mechanism of vd(j) recombination and generation of antibody diversity
The document summarizes the mechanism of V(D)J recombination and generation of antibody diversity. It discusses:
1) How V(D)J recombination involves rearrangement of one V, D (only in heavy chains), and J gene segment in B and T lymphocytes, bringing them under the control of regulatory elements.
2) The recognition signals and rearrangement process, which involves double stranded breaks and joining of coding ends.
3) The four main stages of V(D)J recombination - synapsis, cleavage, hairpin opening and end processing, and joining.
4) The seven means by which antibody diversity is generated - multiple gene segments, combinatorial joining, junctional flexibility
Gene expression
The document discusses gene expression and various methods used to measure it. It describes how measuring mRNA levels can indicate which genes are actively being expressed in a cell. It provides details on transcription, regulatory elements that control it, and various techniques used to study gene expression, including microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and northern blotting.
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To study the control of gene expression in liver and pancreas cells, promoter regions interacting with specific transcription factors were isolated by immunoprecipitation. In an immunoprecipitation, antibodies directed against a specific protein (antigen) are added to a cell extract. In this extract, antigen-antibody interactions will take place. To purify the specific antigen-antibody complexes, a protein (called protein A) conjugated to heavy agarose beads are added to the reaction. Protein A has the ability to bind to the constant region of antibodies. When the reaction is submitted to centrifugation, the heavy beads pellet at the bottom of the centrifugation tube. Therefore, the pellet fraction (P) contains all the components interacting directly or indirectly with protein A: antibody, specific antigen, and molecules bound to the specific antigens. The other components of the reaction mixture remain in the supernatant fraction (S).
1) Figure 1 shows the results of assays where purified and radioactive HNF4 and 6 are mixed and then submitted to immunoprecipiation with anti HNF4 (-HNF4, first 2 lanes) or with anti-HNF6 (-HNF6, last 2 lanes).
Are these two antibodies specific? Explain.
Figure 1: A mixture of radiolabeled HNF4 and HNF6 is submitted to immunoprecipitation. The protein content of the pellet (P) and supernatant (S) fractions are separated by gel electrophoresis and visualized by exposing the gel to an X-ray film. Before electrophoresis, proteins are denatured to destroy every non-covalent interaction between proteins. On the film diagrammed in this figure, radioactive proteins appear as dark bands
Are these two antibodies specific? Explain.
2) Transcription factors HNF4 and 6 are expressed in liver and pancreas. Genomic DNA from each tissue is carefully purified such that bound proteins remain associated with the DNA. The genomic DNA is then treated with an enzyme that cuts it in small fragments.
The digestion mixture containing the small DNA fragments and their associated proteins is submitted to immunoprecipitation with either -HNF4 or -HNF6.
Which regions of various genes are likely to co-purify with each antibody? Explain.
3) After removal of the associated proteins, the immunoprecipitated DNA fragments are denatured and each strand is labeled with fluorescent molecules. DNA fragments purified by immunoprecipitation with -HNF4 and -HNF6 were labeled with a green and red fluorescent molecule respectively. The fluorescent DNA fragments are hybridized with a DNA array containing 3000 known genomic sequences forming discreet spots on a microchip. The position and identity of each genomic sequence on the microchip is known, and each spotted genomic sequence corresponds to a 500 nucleotides long sequence located immediately upstream of the transcription start of known genes.
a) When the hybridization is performed at 25°C about 1500 spots become fluorescent with either fluoresce ...
Biology problem set #2 part i to study the control of ge
1. An experiment isolated promoter regions interacting with transcription factors HNF4 and HNF6 from liver and pancreas cells using immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies.
2. Genomic DNA from liver and pancreas was treated with an enzyme and submitted to immunoprecipitation with anti-HNF4 and anti-HNF6. Regions of genes likely to co-purify with each antibody are the promoter regions regulated by each transcription factor.
3. Fluorescently labeled DNA fragments immunoprecipitated with anti-HNF4 and anti-HNF6 were hybridized to an array containing 3000 genomic sequences. Spots that lit up indicated promoter regions regulated by each transcription factor. Results showed HNF4
Jason_poster_3
This document describes novel recombinant probes called FingRs that allow endogenous synaptic proteins to be visualized in living neurons without affecting neuronal function. FingRs are antibody-like proteins selected from a large library to bind with high affinity and specificity to either PSD95 or Gephyrin. Expression of FingRs in neurons precisely labels excitatory and inhibitory synapses without changing synapse number, size, or strength. FingRs report the location and strength of synaptic inputs in real time and can be used to monitor synapses in intact animals.
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repression of Drosophila engrailed gene
PharmSciShowcase-2016 TMEM35
1) The study investigated the expression of the protein TMEM35 in different cell lines and its effects on surface expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (α7 nAChR).
2) Western blot analysis showed that TMEM35 expression levels correlated with the ability of cell lines to express surface α7 nAChR after transfection.
3) Preliminary results suggest C-terminally tagged TMEM35 may not enhance α7 nAChR surface expression in the same way as untagged TMEM35, possibly due to interaction of the C-terminus with the chaperone protein RIC3.
Presentation
This study found that:
1) Dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) in the mouse retina express μ-opioid receptors (MORs) and δ-opioid receptors (DORs), as shown through immunohistochemical methods.
2) MOR and DOR immunolabeling was associated with multiple cell types in the inner retina, including some retinal ganglion cells and GABAergic amacrine cells.
3) Labeling of DACs with an antibody for tyrosine hydroxylase, a DAC molecular marker, showed that MOR and DOR immunolabeling was localized to DACs.
4) This suggests that opioids can directly affect D
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
This video encompasses all the steps and data produced for my graduation project in BSc in Biopharmaceutical science. During the course of the project we modified mammalian cells using Short Hairpin RNA to inhibit the correct function of the cytoskelleton. In this way we studied the importance of FMNL2 for the activation and regulation of actin fibers. Among the methods used are Flourescent microscopy, mamallian cell culture, cloning and flow cytometry.
Development of a neuroprotection assay for Parkinson’s disease in vitro model...
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. High content screening (HCS) should allow finding new pathways involved in the onset of PD by screening molecules based on phenotypes related to cell death. Rotenone, a chemical compound commonly used as a pesticide, is well-documented as a cell death inducer of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and allows mimicking PD in vitro and in vivo.
HCS Pharma is working to develop new, more complex and relevant in vitro cellular models that mimic the pathology as closely as possible. In this poster, a neuroprotection model of PD is presented, with differenciated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, exposed to rotenone. Model was developed in 2D culture and first results in 3D culture are also presented.
ASCB2014Phoebe_small
This study characterizes a novel microtubule-associated protein in Toxoplasma gondii called TgTLAP3. The researchers generated a transgenic parasite line expressing fluorescently tagged TgTLAP3 and found that it localized to the apical region near the organizing center of cortical microtubules. Knockout parasites were also generated using Cre-LoxP recombination and appeared normal with no obvious phenotype. Preliminary experiments showed TgTLAP3 does not directly bind microtubules in host cells. Future work will further characterize the TgTLAP3 knockout parasites through time-lapse imaging of daughter cell development to understand its role in cytoskeletal organization.
CMB 426 Final Report
The document describes an experiment investigating the effect of different light qualities (red, blue, green) on the expression of chlorophyll a/b binding protein in soybean plants (Glycine max) compared to a control under polychromatic light. Seedlings were exposed to the various light treatments for one week before harvesting leaves to analyze mRNA expression of the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene using RT-PCR. Unexpectedly, mRNA expression was downregulated under all light treatments compared to the control. The results suggest further experimentation is needed to better understand how light quality affects expression of this important photosynthesis protein.
Similar to Visual processing in_vertebrate_retina (10)
Biology PROBLEM SET #2 Part I To study the control of ge
Biology PROBLEM SET #2 Part I To study the control of ge
Biology problem set #2 part i to study the control of ge
Biology problem set #2 part i to study the control of ge
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
Development of a neuroprotection assay for Parkinson’s disease in vitro model...
Development of a neuroprotection assay for Parkinson’s disease in vitro model...
More from DinDin Horneja
Ctenophores pp
Ctenophores are a phylum of marine organisms that use fused cilia arranged in rows to swim. They are predators that capture prey using adhesive cells on their tentacles or body surface. While related to cnidarians, ctenophores differ in having smooth muscle, biradial symmetry, and being hermaphroditic.
Ctenophores pp
Ctenophores are a phylum of marine invertebrates that are major predators of zooplankton and fish larvae. They use rows of fused cilia and adhesive cells on their tentacles to capture prey. While similar to cnidarians, ctenophores differ in having genuine smooth muscle, multiciliated cells, hermaphroditism, and gastrulation through epiboly or invagination rather than cnidarian processes.
Introductionto metazoa 2012
Metazoans are multicellular eukaryotic organisms classified as animals in the kingdom Animalia. They are believed to have evolved from protozoans like choanoflagellates. Key characteristics include being polarized along an anterior-posterior axis, having specialized cells organized into tissues, and undergoing complex development from a zygote to a multicellular embryo. Larger body size in metazoans allows for cell specialization but requires circulatory systems and other adaptations for nutrient/waste exchange.
Introductionto bilateria 2012
Bilateria are animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry, meaning their left and right sides are mirror images if divided down the middle. They have three main tissue layers, a digestive tract with separate mouth and anus, a coelom or body cavity lined with mesothelium, and a centralized nervous system. Bilateria include most familiar animals and can be found in oceans, on land, and in freshwater.
Cnidaria gen features -2012
- Cnidarians are a phylum of mostly marine animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. They have radial symmetry and two basic body forms - polyps and medusae.
- They have stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Their nervous system is a nerve net. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Larvae are called planulae.
- Anthozoans like corals and sea anemones have a tubular body with a mouth and oral disc surrounded by tentacles. Their pharynx leads into the coelenteron.
Cnidaria and ctenophora 2012
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that date back approximately 700 million years. They display radial or biradial symmetry and tissue-level organization. Their body plans are simple sac-like structures with one opening for feeding and excretion. Cnidarians utilize stinging cells called nematocysts for defense and capturing prey. They also possess nerve nets, statocysts for balance, and in some cases simple light-sensing ocelli. Reproduction can occur sexually through larvae or asexually by budding. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs formed by cnidarians like hydroids, jellyfish
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Intro to eumetazoa2012
Eumetazoa are the "true animals" that possess true epithelia with basal laminae, definite body axes, and specialized tissues. They have several key characteristics including epithelial tissues that form protective barriers and regulate compartments, a hydrostatic skeleton that uses fluid pressure for support and movement, and muscles, neurons, and senses that allow for complex responses to the environment. Eumetazoans undergo gastrulation during development to form the three primary germ layers and have diverse growth forms ranging from solitary to modular colonial organisms.
New cnidaria
This document discusses the general features and anatomy of different classes of cnidarians including hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and sea pens. It provides details on the life cycles and anatomy of specific cnidarian species like Obelia hydroids, Hydra, and Metridium sea anemones through diagrams of their cross sections, parts, and germ layers.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Genetic engineering
This document discusses the impacts and ethical concerns of genetic engineering in medicine and agriculture. [1] Genetic engineering in medicine aims to correct genetic defects and is strictly regulated to ensure safety, while applications in agriculture are intended for intentional release and have fewer regulations. [2] There are ethical concerns about violating species integrity and treating animals as property without moral consideration. [3] Greater protections are needed for farm animals that are often neglected and have their birthrights stripped away.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
Genomics
Genomics is the study of whole genomes. In the 1980s, scientists determined sequences of important genes. In the 1990s, the genome of H. influenzae was fully sequenced. The Human Genome Project, begun in 1990, fully sequenced the human genome ahead of schedule in 2003. The human genome contains 3.2 billion DNA base pairs and 30,000-40,000 genes. While genomics provides medical benefits, it also raises safety, ethical, and privacy concerns that remain open questions.
Genetics
1. DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription, and RNA is translated into proteins through translation.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the sequence of nucleotides in DNA into a complementary RNA molecule. Translation involves ribosomes using the sequence of RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein.
3. The genetic code is based on triplets of nucleotides called codons, which each specify a single amino acid. This allows the sequence of DNA to determine the sequence of proteins.
Genetics, mendelian laws
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that allele pairs separate independently during gamete formation, meaning traits are transmitted independently of one another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses in pea plants, which resulted in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of traits in the offspring. His work established that inheritance follows simple probabilistic rules and discrete factors (genes) are passed from parents to offspring according to the laws of chance.
Beyond mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted experiments on pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s that formed the basis of modern genetics. Through meticulous experiments involving over 28,000 pea plants, he identified two principles of heredity that later became known as Mendel's laws of inheritance. However, his work was not widely recognized until 1900. Mendel made important contributions to our understanding of inheritance, including the concepts of dominance, recessiveness, and independent assortment.
Hereditary patterns
The document discusses heritable variation and patterns of inheritance. It describes how traits are usually inherited in particular patterns from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel performed experiments with pea plants to analyze inheritance patterns and deduce fundamental genetic principles. Through his work, he developed hypotheses about alternative gene forms (alleles), genetic makeup, gamete formation, and dominant and recessive alleles.
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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Visual processing in_vertebrate_retina
- 2. FIGURE 1 Localization of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the retina. Schematic illustration of a retinal cross section shows three parallel layers of cell nuclei separated by two plexiform layers. A, B, C Immunohistological staining of fibers containing.
- 3. FIGURE 2 GnRH receptor type 1 expression pattern in the retina. A In situ hybridization with a probe against GnRH-R1 mRNA revealed that a small percentage of cells in the amacrine cell layer with a sparse distribution express GnRH-R1 as shown by densely.
- 4. FIGURE 3 Tyrosine hydroxylase- positive cells in the retina. A Whole- mounted retina showing cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (red). Cells were distributed across the retina within the amacrine layer in a somewhat regular pattern. Bar = 100 μm.
- 5. FIGURE 4 GnRH receptor type 2 expression in the retina. A In situ hybridization to GnRH-R2 mRNA revealed widespread expression in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). B Negative control shows no signal pattern. INL = Inner nuclear layer; ONL = outer nuclear layer.
- 6. FIG URE 5 Th e ore tical m od e l of G nR H e ffe cts in re tinal circu itry. G nR H re ach e s typ e 1 re ce p tors in d op am ine rgic ce lls (D A) of th e am acrine ce ll laye r and typ e 2 re ce p tors in ganglion ce lls (G ). Arrows ind icate th e d ire ction of inform ation b e twe e n