Management of visual problems of Aging by Ashith Tripathi Ashith Tripathi
This presentation contains headings - Visual performance in the ageing eye
Routine optometric and ocular examination of an older adult:
History
Ocular health examination
Visual acuity measurement
Refraction
Binocular vision
Visual field measurement
Colour vision
Management of vision problems in older adults
Frame requirement
Lens requirements
And special instructions etc.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Management of visual problems of Aging by Ashith Tripathi Ashith Tripathi
This presentation contains headings - Visual performance in the ageing eye
Routine optometric and ocular examination of an older adult:
History
Ocular health examination
Visual acuity measurement
Refraction
Binocular vision
Visual field measurement
Colour vision
Management of vision problems in older adults
Frame requirement
Lens requirements
And special instructions etc.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses Complications and Management
Contact lenses are used to correct refractive error, improve visual acuity, and enhance appearance for cosmetic reasons.
RGP lenses can provide sharper vision correction than soft lenses for a few different reasons. First of all, they won't dry out and fluctuate in shape the way soft lenses can. Gas permeable lenses are custom-made to have a smooth surface and hold their shape on the eye. The wear of RGP contact lens can damage normal physiological function of tears and aggravate dry eyes. These slides describe the Complication of RGP lenses and required Management
These are various structures in an eye , which are changing with age.
# ocular adnexa/ eyelids
# eyelashes / eyelid margin
# tear film
# cornea
# conjunctiva
# anterior chamber
# ciliary body
# pupil /iris
# crystalline lens
# vitreous
# choroid
# retina
Optometric examination and management of geriatric problems.pptxAnisha Heka
Normal age related changes
Common pathological changes with age
Optometric examination of geriatric population
Complications in examination of older patient
Vision Corrections in older patient
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
This is a guide for Visual function assessment in low vision. Useful for Optometrists in providing better care to Low vision Patients by assessing the conditions better.
Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses Complications and Management
Contact lenses are used to correct refractive error, improve visual acuity, and enhance appearance for cosmetic reasons.
RGP lenses can provide sharper vision correction than soft lenses for a few different reasons. First of all, they won't dry out and fluctuate in shape the way soft lenses can. Gas permeable lenses are custom-made to have a smooth surface and hold their shape on the eye. The wear of RGP contact lens can damage normal physiological function of tears and aggravate dry eyes. These slides describe the Complication of RGP lenses and required Management
These are various structures in an eye , which are changing with age.
# ocular adnexa/ eyelids
# eyelashes / eyelid margin
# tear film
# cornea
# conjunctiva
# anterior chamber
# ciliary body
# pupil /iris
# crystalline lens
# vitreous
# choroid
# retina
Optometric examination and management of geriatric problems.pptxAnisha Heka
Normal age related changes
Common pathological changes with age
Optometric examination of geriatric population
Complications in examination of older patient
Vision Corrections in older patient
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
This is a guide for Visual function assessment in low vision. Useful for Optometrists in providing better care to Low vision Patients by assessing the conditions better.
AGE RELATED CHANGES IN EYE(Eyelids, Conjunctiva, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, r...MGM Eye Institute
As we age, several changes occur in the eyes. These can include a decrease in pupil size, reduced tear production leading to dry eyes, changes in lens flexibility resulting in presbyopia (difficulty focusing on close objects), and an increased risk of developing conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Regular eye exams can help monitor these changes and detect any potential issues early.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Visual changes in aging
1. Jayendra Jha
Optometrist
C L Gupta Eye Institute
Moradabad (U.P)
AGE RELATED VISUAL CHANGES
AND PROBLEMS.
Presenter
2. AGEING
• The gradual, irreversible biological
changes that occur over the course
of time, that do not result from
diseases or other accidents and
eventually lead to the increased
risk of death in near future.
• As a person ages, anatomy and
physiology undergo many changes,
that become more apparent with
increasing age
3. Contd…
• Ageing is a progressive physiological
process, characterized by
degeneration of tissues and organ
systems with consequent loss of
functional reserves of these
systems.
• Similarly ageing results anatomical
and physiological changes in eye
• These changes result in alteration of
visual functions.
4. LIDS
• With age, the orbicular oculi muscles
(which squeeze the lids shut) decrease
in strength.
• Senile Ectropion.
• Spasm of orbicular oculi muscles may
cause the lid margin to turn in
(Entropion)
• Trichiasis resulting in chronic irritation.
• The lids contain many glands that
secrete sebum or sweat.
• These glands drain externally to the
skin surface of the lid. They can
become blocked and swollen.
5. LACRIMAL GLAND AND TEAR DRAINAGE
• Tear production by the lacrimal
gland may decrease with age .
• Abnormalities of the lacrimal
system may result in decrease or
increase tear production.
• Normal tear production is
measured with schirmer test
6. SCLERA
• The sclera forms the posterior five sixth
of the eyeball.
• In children's the sclera is opaque, with a
slight blue cast where it is thin and
underlying pigment of the choroid
shows through.
• In adults the sclera is white in elderly
persons It may have a yellow tinge
resulting from dehydration and lipid
deposits. Which should not be confused
with jaundice.
7. • Other age related changes include
yellowing or browning due to exposure to
ultraviolet light, wind and dust more
random splotches of pigment.
• A bluish cast due to thinning of the sclera
that may occur with some diseases.
8. CONJUNCTIVA
• Its goblet cells produce mucin, which
lubricates eyelid movements and provides a
protective layer to slow evaporation of the
tear film.
• With age the number of mucous cell
decreases, as a result of KCS for no specific
reason.
• This change contributes to dry eye condition.
Which is manifested by a scratchy sensation
and chronic irritation.
9. Contd…
• Conjunctiva appears congested due to
often increased redness from dilatation
of blood vessels in the conjunctiva.
• The increased redness commonly occurs
because the conjunctiva is heavily
vascularized.
• Capillaries in the conjunctiva are fragile
and tend to burst easily. Resulting in a
pooling of blood in the space between
the sclera and the overlying conjunctiva.
10. LIMBUS
• The limbus marks the junctions
between the sclera and the
cornea .
• Although it is only 1.5 to 2 mm
wide, the limbus contains the
trabecular meshwork and
schlemm’s canal.
• Which are important in
maintaining correct intra ocular
pressure.
11. AQUEOUS HUMOR
• The aqueous humor must be
continuously formed from blood
plasma that is filtered through the
ciliary body.
• The aqueous is constantly
reabsorbed back into the blood after
it flows out through the canal of
schlemm in the limbus.
• With age, the value of the resting
level of IOP can rise over time by as
much as 25% without damaging
vision.
12. CORNEA
• The most important
refractive part of the eye.
• Arcus senilis is common
in persons above 60 and
has no clinical
significance.
• Arcus senilis, which
should not be mistaken
for a cataract, is on the
surface of the eye, not
within it
13. Contd..
• Corneal sensitivity decreases
with age.
• The threshold to touch
decreases double after 40
years age.
• Age related changes like
degenerations and
dystrophies may seen like
spheroidal degenerations,
crystalline dystrophy.
14. IRIS
• The iris contains two sets of
muscles that work together to
regulate pupillary size and
reaction to light.
• With age , these muscles
weaken, and the pupil becomes
smaller, reacts more sluggishly
to light , and dilates more slowly
in dark.
• Persons above 60 may
complaint that objects are not
as bright at outdoors.
15. Contd…
• They also experience difficulty
when going from a brightly lit
environment to a darker one.
(delay dark adaptation)
• If VA is normal . Patients need
only reassurance that these
changes are normal.
• None of these changes results in
decrease VA.
• Hyper pigmentation also seen in
older age
16. CRYSTALLINE LENS
• Lens thickness and surface
curvatures are changed by the
actions of the ciliary muscle and
suspensory ligaments (zonules).
• The lens continuously grows
during life and increase in density
and weight.
• These changes decrease the
elasticity of the lens.
17. Contd…
• Between the age of 40 and
50, the lens usually becomes
so inelastic that close
objects can no longer be
brought into focus
(presbyopia) without the
assistance of corrective
lenses.
• Opacification of lens i.e.
CATARACT
18. VITREOUS HUMOR
• The vitreous humor is normally clear, but
with age. Discrete opacities or structural
changes leading to a general haziness
may develop.
• The vitreous undergoes liquefaction with
age as a result, normal eye movement
produce intermittent tension at the
attachment points on the retina.
• This tugging stimulates the peripheral
retina mechanically, causing vertically
oriented flashing, almost always in the
far temporal visual field.
19.
20. RETINA
• The retina is difficult to
examine in elderly patients
because of their small pupils,
increased random eye
movements and lens
opacities.
• The retina, which glistens in
younger persons, becomes
duller with age.
• The optic nerve tend to have
less distinct margins and may
appear slightly pale than in
younger persons because of a
loss of capillaries.
21. Contd…
• The macula, which in younger
persons usually has a bright
central foveal light reflex. May
show no foveal reflex in elderly
persons .
• Yellowish white spots (drusen)
often appear in the macular
area.
• The retina layers may become
disrupted resulting in
pigmentation and obscuring the
view of underlying blood vessels.
22. ORBIT
• With age , there is loss of periorbital
fat, which surrounds and cushions
the eye ball.
• This loss of fat often causes
enophthalmos. Also known as Deep
seated eye.
• An asymptomatic condition that
often poses a cosmetic problem and
may be corrected with surgery.
23. AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN OCULAR FUNCTION.
May be divided into two groups.
•THOSE RELATED TO VISION .
•Like refractive changes, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, glare
haziness, flashing lights, moving spots, and visual fields.
•RELATED TO EYE COMFORT.
•Foreign-body sensation and headache.
24. VISUAL ACUITY
• Uncorrected V/A begins to decrease in a normal healthy
persons around the age of 50.
• The eye becomes more hyperopic and astigmatic with age.
• Small changes in visual acuity as a result of normal age-
related brain changes.
• In the absence of disease, V/A should be at or correctable to
20/20, even in very old persons.
25. CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
• It decrease with age at middle-spatial and high-spatial
frequencies.
• This change was originally thought to be due to the fact that
elderly persons have smaller pupils and more lens opacities.
• The loss of contrast sensitivity is due to a loss of neurons in
the visual pathway in the brain rather than to any retinal
changes.
• This loss of contrast sensitivity has very little effect on the
elderly persons life.
• Currently this loss cannot be prevented or reversed.
26. COLOR VISION
• Color discrimination declines with age .
• With age all three classes decline in sensitivity, resulting in a
reduction of brightness discrimination.
• Colors appear to be less bright, and contrast between colors
are less noticeable to the elderly persons than to a younger.
• In persons >60, this age related changes results in a reduction
in discrimination of blue objects, which often appear grey.
27. VISUAL FIELDS
• The size of a normal visual
field decrease by about 1 to 3
degree per decade.
• For persons in their 70s or
80s, a visual field loss of 20 to
30 degree may result.
• The peripheral retina has
fewer neurons than the
central retina, equal losses in
the two areas have a greater
effect on reducing V/A in the
periphery.
28. KEY NOTES
40s
Be aware of increased risk of dry eye,
computer vision syndrome and
presbyopia
Eat a healthy diet high in omega-3 fatty
acids and antioxidants . Explore
different modes of presbyopia
correction.
50s
Risks increase for cataracts, glaucoma
& age related macular degeneration
(ARMD).
Have routine eye exams.
Risk of dry eye increases for women
after menopause.
Use lubricating eye drops and regular
ocular examination
60s
Ability to see in low lighting decreases.
Increased risk of age related changes
Use brighter lights for reading. Allow
more time to adjust to changing light
conditions.
Age-related eye changes cause visual
disturbances such as spots & floaters.
Eye floaters appear suddenly,(this
might be a retinal detachment).
70s & 80s
Most people in this age group already
have or will develop cataracts. Color
vision declines, visual field
Becomes narrow.
Cataract surgery
29. REFRENCES
THANK YOU
• Internet
• Visual perception, 2nd
edition
- Stephen J Schwartz
• Primary Care Optometry
- Theodore Grosvenor
• Geriatric ophthalmology
- Andrew G. Lee/Beaver A. Hilary