Viruses are malicious computer programs that can spread from one computer to another by infecting files. They typically spread through removable media like floppy disks, downloading infected files from the internet or email attachments, or installing software that contains viruses. Common types of viruses include Trojan horses, which disguise themselves as legitimate programs but perform hidden malicious actions without the user's knowledge or consent, and worms that can automatically spread to other computers. Salami attacks involve small, repeated thefts that individually go unnoticed but collectively result in significant losses.