Virus and bacteria in High Tunnels
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by Michelle Grabowski
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Virus and bacteria in High Tunnels
- 1. Identifying Virus and Bacterial Diseases in High Tunnels Michelle Grabowski
- 2. What’s Different and Why? • High tunnels provide a unique environment • Excess heat and humidity • Plants are handled more • Tight spacing of plants • Insects pest like thrips and white flies more likely than in field conditions © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 3. Viruses
- 4. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) UFL S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station • Dark & light green mottle • Small, curled or distorted • Plants may be stunted S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 5. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) • Fruit Symptoms S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station • Poor yield • Distorted fruit • Uneven color S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station • Delayed ripening • Brown discoloration of inner walls © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. JP Jones, UFL
- 6. Tobacco Mosaic Virus • Infects over 150 genera – petunia, pepper, weeds • Can come in on seed coat • Very durable MSU Extension – Transmitted on tools, hands, clothing, leaf debris – Survives in plant debris in soil, on strings, poles, cross bars in tunnel, in cigarettes • Symptoms develop rapidly in heat © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 7. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) • Bronzing of leaves • Small darks spots on leaves, streaks on petioles & stems © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 8. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 9. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) • Early infection results in no fruit • Later infection – Ring spots on green fruit – Yellow to white rings on mature fruit © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. W.M. Brown, Bugwood.org
- 10. TSWV • Infects 300 species in 34 families P.M.J. Ramakers, APS Bugwood.org • Can spread in seed • Not as durable as TMV • Not easily transmitted on tools, hands, and from rubbing C.Hesselein, Bugwood.org • Thrip larvae pick up TSWV • Adult thrips transmit TSWV © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 11. Identifying Virus Diseases with Immuno Strips • Agdia.com • 5 for $32-37 • 25 for $105-120 • Strips for many viruses • Most specific to 1 pathogen • A few combo strips © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 12. UMN Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic • Will identify the problem regardless what it is • Lab techniques – Electron Microscopy – ELISA – RT-PCR • http://pdc.umn.edu © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 13. Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels • Purchase seed from a reputable supplier that uses and acid treatment of seed • Purchase only transplants that have been tested and found to be virus free © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 14. Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels • Do not grow ornamentals with tomatoes and other crops • Control weeds in tunnels • Maintain a weed free buffer outside of tunnel • Do not allow use of tobacco products in the tunnel © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 15. Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels • Workers must have clean clothing and wash hands before entering the house • Wash hands and tools regularly while working • Immediately bag and remove infected plants • Manage thrips and other insect pests – TSWV, CMV • Sanitize strings, poles, boards and all surfaces in the tunnel after TMV infection © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 16. Sterilizing Equipment & Hands • Soap and water • Carnation instant nonfat dry milk (20% wt/vol) • 1:10 bleach water solution (0.6% bleach) • Virkon (1% wt/vol) Lewandowski, D. J. Hayes, A.J. and Adkins, S. 2010. Surprising results from a search for effective disinfectants for Tobacco Mosaic virus – contaminated tools. Plant Disease 94:542-550 © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 17. Bacteria
- 18. Tomato Pith Necrosis Pseudomonas corrugata Photos from M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 19. Pith Necrosis P. corrugata M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 20. Tomato Pith Necrosis Pseudomonas corrugata • Favored by high humidity, cloudy weather, high N, rapid growth • Soil borne, possibly seed borne UFL • Does not appear to spread between plants on tools, hands etc © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 21. Managing Pit Necrosis • Reduce humidity through ventilation • Provide adequate but not excessive fertilizer • Remove entire plant as soon as symptoms develop, bag the plant and bury and remaining debris • Copper fungicides are ineffective © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 22. Bacterial Canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis • In field conditions or with overhead irrigation see • Birds eye fruit spots • Classic cankers at leaf axil D.Cuples Agri-Food Canada © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. D.Cuples Agri-Food Canada
- 23. Bacterial Canker C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis MSU © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. ASTA MSU P.Bachi, UKY Bugwood.org
- 24. Bacterial Canker C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis • Lives on surface of the seed & inside seed coat • Survives 5 yrs on seed – 2-3 yrs in plant debris – 1 month in soil or on plastic or cement – 1 year on plant material (wood stakes etc) or rock wool • Survives better in cool dry conditions than warm wet conditions © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 25. Bacterial Canker C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis • Enter through wounds or stomata • Spread on workers hands, clothing, tools, splashing water, forceful pesticide application • Favored by high temps (75-90F) wet conditions, low light and nutrient imbalance • May not see symptoms for 2-7 weeks © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 26. Managing Bacterial Canker • Use certified disease free seed or treat seed in hot water for 25 min. at 125F • Reduce overhead watering of seedlings • Start with clean potting mix, pots & trays • Regularly disinfect cutting tools & worker hands • Copper fungicides are ineffective © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
- 27. Managing Bacterial Canker • Immediately bag and remove infected plants • Remove several neighboring plants as well • Do not leave cull piles or plant debris near the tunnel • Control solanaceous weeds in & around the tunnel • Disinfect tunnel, crates, tools between crops • Rotate away from tomato & pepper 2-3 years © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Editor's Notes
- Survives in the seed coat but not in embryo – acid treatment of seed will kill the virusCan also treat with trisodium phosphate or heatSurvives in powdered leaf debris in soil for 2 years, in moist soil for 1 month, in lab culture in fridge – 50 years
- most host species (over 100) are in solanaceae, compositae, and leguminosaeincludes tomato, potato, pepper, celery, eggplant, many legumes and lettuce, annual and perennial ornamentals and weedsCome in on infected ornamental cuttings or weedsWeeds including prickly lettuce, chickweed, spiny amaranth, lambsquarter, black nightshade, shepherd’s purse, galinsoga, and burdock are all important weed hosts
- Also have SqMV, CMV, ZYMV, Pepper mild mottle virus, Potato virus Y
- Lab cost $45-59, Electron microscope and RT PCR - $75-105
- Carnation instant nonfat dry milk (20% wt/vol), 1:10 bleach water solution (0.6% bleach) performed as and Virkon (1% wt/vol) well as getting a brand new razor (almost no transmission)
- Found on alfalfa roots and rotting carrot but no other hosts known, only economic problem on tomato
- In greenhouse seeLeaf scorchingWiltDiscoloration of pith and vascular systemNetting on fruit
- Can also survive on wooden stakes
- Can also survive on wooden stakes