The bacterium Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri (also known as X. axonopodis pv. citri) is the cause of citrus canker. There are pustules on the fruit, stems, and leaves due to infection.
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Drying Preservation Tips
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Preservation of drying typically involves storing dried food or materials in a way that prevents moisture from re-entering and spoiling them. Here are some general tips:
Airtight Containers: Store dried items like food, herbs, or seeds in airtight containers to prevent moisture and air from getting in. Mason jars or vacuum-sealed bags work well.
Cool, Dark Place: Keep the containers in a cool, dark place to avoid exposure to heat and light, which can degrade the quality of the dried items.
Desiccants: Use desiccants like silica gel packets to absorb any residual moisture inside the containers.
Labeling: Clearly label containers with the date of drying and the contents to help with organization and tracking freshness.
Vacuum Sealing: Consider vacuum-sealing equipment for long-term preservation, as it removes air and seals items tightly.
Humidity Control: If you live in a humid environment, consider using moisture-absorbing products or a dehumidifier in the storage area.
Regular Inspection: Periodically check stored items for signs of moisture or spoilage and replace any compromised containers.
By following these tips, you can extend the shelf life of dried items and ensure they remain in good condition.
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Drying Preservation Tips
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Preservation of drying
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Preservation of drying typically involves storing dried food or materials in a way that prevents moisture from re-entering and spoiling them. Here are some general tips:
Airtight Containers: Store dried items like food, herbs, or seeds in airtight containers to prevent moisture and air from getting in. Mason jars or vacuum-sealed bags work well.
Cool, Dark Place: Keep the containers in a cool, dark place to avoid exposure to heat and light, which can degrade the quality of the dried items.
Desiccants: Use desiccants like silica gel packets to absorb any residual moisture inside the containers.
Labeling: Clearly label containers with the date of drying and the contents to help with organization and tracking freshness.
Vacuum Sealing: Consider vacuum-sealing equipment for long-term preservation, as it removes air and seals items tightly.
Humidity Control: If you live in a humid environment, consider using moisture-absorbing products or a dehumidifier in the storage area.
Regular Inspection: Periodically check stored items for signs of moisture or spoilage and replace any compromised containers.
By following these tips, you can extend the shelf life of dried items and ensure they remain in good condition.
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Drying Preservation Tips
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Drying Preservation Tips
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Preservation of drying
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Preservation of drying typically involves storing dried food or materials in a way that prevents moisture from re-entering and spoiling them. Here are some general tips:
Airtight Containers: Store dried items like food, herbs, or seeds in airtight containers to prevent moisture and air from getting in. Mason jars or vacuum-sealed bags work well.
Cool, Dark Place: Keep the containers in a cool, dark place to avoid exposure to heat and light, which can degrade the quality of the dried items.
Desiccants: Use desiccants like silica gel packets to absorb any residual moisture inside the containers.
Labeling: Clearly label containers with the date of drying and the contents to help with organization and tracking freshness.
Vacuum Sealing: Consider vacuum-sealing equipment for long-term preservation, as it removes air and seals items tightly.
Humidity Control: If you live in a humid environment, consider using moisture-absorbing products or a dehumidifier in the storage area.
Regular Inspection: Periodically check stored items for signs of moisture or spoilage and replace any compromised containers.
By following these tips, you can extend the shelf life of dried items and ensure they remain in good condition.
Send a message
Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. ChatGPT August 3 Version
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Drying Preservation Tips
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Preservation of drying
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Preservation of drying typically involves storing dried food or materials in a way that prevents moisture from re-entering and spoiling them. Here are some general tips:
Airtight Containers: Store dried items like food, herbs, or seeds in airtight containers to prevent moisture and air from getting in. Mason jars or vacuum-sealed bags work well.
Cool, Dark Place: Keep the containers in a cool, dark place to avoid exposure to heat and light, which can degrade the quality of the dried items.
Desiccants: Use desiccants like silica gel packets to absorb any residual moisture inside the containers.
Labeling: Clearly label containers with the date of drying and the contents to help with organization and tracking freshness.
Vacuum Sealing: Consider vacuum-sealing equipment for long-term preservation, as it removes air and seals items tightly.
Humidity Control: If you live in a humid environment, consider using moisture-absorbing products or a dehumidifier in the storage area.
Regular Inspection: Periodically check stored items for signs of moisture or spoilage and replace any compromised containers.
By following these tips, you can extend the shelf life of dried items and ensure they remain in good condition.
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The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri, producing lesions and cankers on citrus plants.
Cankers are open wounds or dead tissue surrounded by living tissues.
The disease was first reported in Japan in 1904.
It is a serious disease and is worldwide in distribution.
It is particularly serious in India, China, Japan and Java.
In 1915, Hesse first established the bacterial nature of the disease and described the organism as Pseudomonas citri.
Breed et al (1948) included it under Xanthomonas citri.
The Material is Useful for School and Undergraduate students.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri, producing lesions and cankers on citrus plants.
Cankers are open wounds or dead tissue surrounded by living tissues.
The disease was first reported in Japan in 1904.
It is a serious disease and is worldwide in distribution.
It is particularly serious in India, China, Japan and Java.
In 1915, Hesse first established the bacterial nature of the disease and described the organism as Pseudomonas citri.
Breed et al (1948) included it under Xanthomonas citri.
The Material is Useful for School and Undergraduate students.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
Citrus Canker.pptx
1. Citrus Canker
Presented By :
Prof. Shubhangi Patil,
Department of Botany,
Miraj Mahavidyalaya,
Miraj
Plant Pathology For U.G. Students
2. Introduction
• It causes necrotic lesions on fruit, leaves and twigs.
• Losses are caused by reduced fruit quality and quantity and
premature fruit drop.
• The market value of the canker affected fruits is very much
reduced.
• The most serious bacterial disease, affecting all types of
important citrus crops.
3. Host Plant: Citrus species Viz. C. medica ( Lemon),
C. reticulata (Orange), C. limetta ( Sweet Lemon / Mosambi)
Family: Rutaceae
Causal Organism : Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri
Xanthomonas axonopodis is a rod-shaped Gram-negative
bacterium with polar flagella. A number of types of citrus
canker diseases are caused by different variants of the
bacterium
4. • It is a gram negative, monotrichous, capsulated bacillus
which is strictly aerobic in nature.
• It is 1.5-3 micrometer in length and 0.5-1.5 micrometer in
breadth.
• The bacteria does not produce endospores and cannot
reduce nitrates.
(a) Bacterial Canker of Citrus, (b) Bacterial colonies c) Gram negative bacteria
5. Symptoms
•Necrotic lesions produced on young leaves, twigs and
fruits.
•Attack on leaves, twig, petiole, branches, fruit, thrones.
•Small, round, watery, translucent raised, yellow brown
spots on leaves and old branches.
•Spots- white to greenish & finally rupture–rough corky.
•Rough lesions surrounded by-yellow brown to green
raised margin & watery yellow halo.
•Crater like appearance is common in leaves.
•Fruitlesion become rough & corky.
• Defoliation
6. Symptoms
Raised canker lesions
on lower leaf surface
Corky lesions with
crater in center
Water-soaked
margin around
necrotic area
Yellow halos around
leaf lesions
Canker lesions on
fruit
Canker lesions on
stem
7. • Bacteria develops symptoms on leaves, stem and fruits.
• During warm, rainy weather they ooze out of lesions and, if splashed
onto young tissues, bacteria enter them through stomata or wounds.
• Bacteria infect older tissues only through wounds.
• Several cycles of infection can occur on fruit; therefore, fruits often
have lesions of many sizes.
• Free moisture and strong winds seem to greatly favor the spread of
the bacteria.
• The disease seems to be much more severe in areas in which the period
of high rainfall coincide with the period of high mean temperature,
whereas it is not important in areas where high temperatures are
accompanied by low rainfall.
Disease Cycle
9. Control Measures
• Strict quarantine measures should be practiced to
exclude the pathogen in canker-free citrus producing
areas.
• Selection of healthy nursery plants.
• Eradication of bacterium by burning all infected and
adjacent trees to prevent the spread of the pathogen.
• Prune the affected parts and spray with bactericide
(copper oxy-chloride).
• Wind break should be used to stop the movement of
pathogen due to wind.
10. References
• (2017, 5 17). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_canker.
• Agrios, G. N. (2006). Plant Pathology (Fifth ed.).
Elsevier Academic Press.
• Gottwald, T. R., Graham, J. H., & Schubert, T. S. (2002.,
August 12). Citrus Canker: The Pathogen and Its Impact.
