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Viral hepatitis.pptx
- 2. INTRODUCTION 1. Viral hepatitis refers to a group of infectious diseases that affect the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to various liver-related health issues. These infections are primarily caused by several different viruses, each categorized by a specific letter (A, B, C, D, and E), with each type having unique characteristics and modes of transmission.
- 3. DEFINITION Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage.
- 4. TYPES 1.Hepatitis A(HAV): Typically transmitted through contaminated food or water, this type of hepatitis usually results in acute illness but rarely leads to chronic hepatitis.
- 5. 2.Hepatitis B (HBV): Transmitted through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child during childbirth.
- 6. 3.Hepatitis C (HCV): Mainly spread through contact with infected blood, often through sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia
- 7. 4.Hepatitis D (HDV): A rare form that only affects individuals with Hepatitis B and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other body fluids.
- 8. 3.Hepatitis E (HEV): Often spread through contaminated water, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
- 10. Agent ) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION: The human cases are the only reservoir of infection. ) PERIOD OF INFECTIVITY: The risk of transmitting HAV is greatest from 2 weeks before to 1 week after the onset of jaundice. ) INFECTIVE MATERIAL: Mainly man’s faeces VIRUS EXCRETION: HAV is excreted in the faeces for about 2 weeks before onset of jaundice and for up to 2 weeks thereafter.
- 11. > Host factors a) AGE: Infection with HAV is more frequent among children than in adults. However, people from all ages may be infected if susceptible. B) SEX: Both sexes are equally susceptible. C) IMMUNITY: Immunity after attack probably lasts for life. >Environmental factors: Cases may occur throughout the year. ■ In India the disease tends to be associated with periods of heavy rainfall.
- 12. Incubation period 10-50 days (usually 25 to 30 days).
- 13. MODE OF TRANSMISSION a) FAECAL-ORAL ROUTE: Major route of transmission. –By contaminated water, food or milk. B) PARENTERAL ROUTE (Rarely): -By blood and blood products or by skin penetration through contaminated needles. C) SEXUAL TRANSMISSION: -May occur mainly among homosexual men because of oral-anal contact.
- 14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Pain in upper right quadrant Enlarged tender liver Fever Malaise and exhaustion Anorexia, nausea and vomiting Jaundice, skin and sclera, itching Dark urine, pale stools Severity of illness varies
- 15. COMPLICATIONS • Varices • Anemia Renal failure • Infection • Coagulopathy • Encephalopathy • Sepsis
- 16. RISK FACTORS 1.Infected blood and blood product. 2. Needle stick injury- health care worker 3. Employment in medical or dental fields. 4. Intravenous drug abuse. 5. Un-protected sex, multiple sex partners. 6. Having had surgery or history of transfusion-612 7. Received a piercing or tattoo in unclean environment 8. Contaminated water and food, Traveler (ora-fecal). 9. Unknown
- 17. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 18. LAB DIAGNOSIS Microbiological/ Serological tests Biochemical tests Histology and immunohistology
- 19. PREVENTION Get the vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Use protection during sexual contact Don’t share needles to take drugs. Practice good personal hygiene such as thorough hand-washing with soap and water. Don’t use an infected person’s personal items.
- 20. VACCINATION There are two types of hepatitis A vaccine. The first type, the single-dose hepatitis A vaccine, is given as two shots, 6 months apart, and both shots are needed for long- term protection against hepatitis A. The other type is a combination vaccine that protects people against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
- 21. TREATMENT Supportive care, Dietary food Adequate rest and sleep
- 22. CONCLUSION Hepatitis is one of the main diseases of concern in the dental office. These viruses can be transferred by a single prick, therefore proper preventive measures must be adopted and a strict protocol to prevent transmission.