hepatitis

1. MICROBIOLOGY APPLIED
ASSIGNMENT
HEPATITIS

2. INTRODUCTION:
 Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the
liver.It’s commonly caused by na viral infection, but there
are other possible causes of hepatitis.
 These include autoimmuno hepatitis and hepatitis that
occurs as a secondary result of medications,drugs,toxins
and alcohol.
 Autoimmuno hepatitis is a disease that occurs your body
makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
 Viral hepatitis has emerged as a major public health
problem throughout the world affecting several hundreds
or millions of people.
 Hepatitis and jaundice are not the same jaundice is the
term used for yellowish discolouration of sclera the white
part of the eye.
 Jaundice occurs due to various reasons one of which is
hepatitis
 Viral infections of the liver that are classified as hepatitis
include hepatitis,B,C,D and E

3.  The basis of epidemiology and clinical hepatitis was
classified into two types. It is also differentiated on the
basis of serology and molecular markers
 One type occurred sporadically or as epidermis, affecting
mainly children and young adults and transmitted by
feaces oral route. This was called ejective or infections
hepatitis, later termed type a hepatitis .
 About 98% of hepatitis is caused by hepatitis A,B,C,D
and E viruses. Bother viruses cause the remaining 2%. It
include
 Non- A,Non- B,Non-C, Non-E hepatitis viruses
 Yellow fever viruses
 Herpes simplex viruses
THE FIVE TYPES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS:-
HEPATITIS A:
 This type derives from an infection with the
hepatitis. A virus(1+AV) this type of hepatitis is
most commonly transmitted by consuming food or
water contaminated by faeces from a person infected
with hepatitisA
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES:
 It is a 27-nm non-enveloped, symmetricall
(+)RNA virus,with icosahedral symmetry
 Most of its characters mimic picornavirus family.
Only one sterotype of the virus, is known.
 It is non-cytopatheic when grown in cell culture.

4. SYMPTOMS:
i. Fever
ii. Malaise
iii. Anorexia
iv. Nausea
v. Vomiting
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Serological techniques are available that include:-
a. Immuno electron microscopy
b. Complement fixation
c. Radioimmunonasasay
d. Enzyme immunoassay
TREATMENT:
Hepatitis A isn’t usually treated.Best rest may be
recommended if symptoms cause a great deal of discomfort
 Improvement of sanitation
 Prevention faecal contamination and direct contact
with infected individual
PREVENTION:
 Consumption of water from safe water source
 Avoidance of uncovered food or beverages from
street vendors
 Avoidance of fruits,salads,uncooked vegetables that
have not been washd or treated in boiler water

5. HEPATITIS B:
 This type derives from an infection with the
heoatitis B virus.This type is transmitted through
puncture wounds or contact with infectious body
fluids such as blood,saliva or semen.
 Infection drug use,having sex with an infected
partner or snaring razors with an infected person.
 Increase your risk of getting hepatitis B.
 It’s estimated by the CD that 1.25 million people in
the united states have chronic hepatitis B and 350
million people world wide live with this chronic
disease
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES:
 HBV is a 42-nm spherical virus that possesses
several antigens
 There are three envelope polypeptides that are
called as HBs Ag, HBc Ag, HBe Ag
 HBV belongs to the family Hepadnaviridae
 The nucleocapsid(27nm) of the virion consists of
the viral genome surrounded by the core anrtigen.
SYMPTOMS:
Incubation period varies widely from 40days
6months,but is often about 2-3months
 Discomfort
 Tiredness
 Fever

6.  Chills
 Loss of appetite
 Diarrhoea
 Jaundice
 Darkening of urine
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Several types of blood tests are recommended for
diagnosis of hepatitis
LIVER ENZYME TEST:
Blood levels of liver enzymes such as
alanine,aminotransferase and asparate.
Aminotransferase are elevated in early stages of viral
hepatitis
DETECTION OF HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS:
ELISA test is used for the detection of HBs Ag.
ELISA can also be used for the detection of hepatitis
antibodies
PREVENTION:-
 Recombinant HB vaccine
 Plasma derived vaccine
TREATMENT:
 Acute hepatitis B doesn’t require specific treatment.

7.  Chronic hepatitis B is treated with antiviral
medications
 This form of treatment can be costly because it must
be followed for several months or years.
 Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also requires
regular medical evaluation and monitori ng to
determibne if the virus is progressing.
 The CDC recommenas hepatitis B vaccination for
all new borns direct contact with the infected body
fluids,typically through infection drug use and
sexual contact.
 HCV is among the most common blood borne viral
infections in the united states
 Approximately 27 million americans are currently
living with a chronic form of the infection
HEPATITIS D:
 This is also called delta hepatitis.Hepatitis D is a
serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus
 HDV is contact with infacted blood
 Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that occurs in
conjuction with hepatitis B infectin.
 It’s very uncommon in the united states
HEPATITIS E:
 Hepatitis E is a water borne disease caused by the
hepatitis virus
 HVE is mainly found in aresa with poor sanitation
and is tyoically caused by ingesting faecal matter

8.  This disease is uncommon in the united states.
However, cases of hepatitis E have been reported in
the middle east,asia,central America and Africa,
reports the CDC
 Hepatitis A and E are normally contacted from
eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated
water.
 Hepatitiss B,C and D are contracted through
contaminated blood.
 These forms of hepatitis can be either acute or
chronic.
Types B and C are usually become chronic.