This report gives the brief detail about the types of cameras used for video surveillance and its applications.

1. Video Surveillance
By
Mihika Shah
09BIT059
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Ahmedabad 382481
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2. Video Surveillance
Seminar
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology
By
Mihika Shah
09BIT059
Guided By
Prof. Purvi Kansara
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Ahmedabad 382481
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3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “Video Surveillance” submitted by Mihika Shah
(09BIT059) , towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Information Technology of Nirma University is the record of work carried out by
him/her under my supervision and guidance. In my opinion, the submitted work has reached a level
required for being accepted for examination.
Prof. Purvi Kansara Prof.D.J.Patel
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.,
Department of Computer Science & Engg., Institute of Technology,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Prof. Vipul Chudasama
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science & Engg.,
Institute of Technology,
Nirma University,
Ahmedabad.
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4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Purvi Kansara, Assistant Professor in
Department of computer science and engineering for her valuable time and guidance that
made the seminar project work a success. Thanking all my friends and all those who had
helped me in carrying out this work. I am also indebted to the library resources centre and
interest services that enabled us to ponder over the subject of Video Surveillance.
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5. ABSTRACT
Most existing surveillance systems require human interaction where security guards watch the
monitor wall and manually trigger alarms when they detect security violations. Due to the lack of
attention of the operator, the possibility of missing alarms is high, even for well-trained security
personnel. These issues lead to the need for an automated video surveillance system, an artificial
intelligent system, which is designed to automatically detects, tracks, and records security
violations in a monitored scene. In this seminar, I have discussed the automation of surveillance
through CCTV cameras and IP cameras. The architecture of the cameras and their advantages and
disadvantages are also discussed. Video surveillance is having vast number of applications. I have
specifically focused on farm surveillance.
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6. CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 7
1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….. 7
Chapter 2 Video surveillance automation ………………………………………… 8
2.1 Manual Surveillance …………………………………………… 8
Chapter 3 Types of Camera ……………………………………………………….. 9
3.1 Analog Camera ……………………………………………………… 9
3.1.1 Architecture of analog camera …………………………… 9
3.1.2 Types of analog camera ………………………………….. 10
3.1.3 Advantages of analog camera ……………………………. 10
3.1.4 Disadvantages of analog camera …………………………. 11
3.2 IP Camera ……………………………………………………………. 11
3.2.1 Architecture of IP camera ………………………………… 11
3.2.2 Advantages of IP camera …………………………………. 13
3.2.3 Disadvantages of IP camera ………………………………. 13
Chapter 4 Applications of Video Surveillance …………………………………………. 14
4.1 Farm Surveillance ……………………………………………………. 14
Conclusion
References
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7. Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
In this world of 21st century, new technologies and new tools are coming up for living our life very
easily. But it comes up with some dangerous risks. Security has become a major aspect in each
and every field. The best method by which you can make your system away from threats is video
surveillance. It is playing a major role in the area of security. The word ‘surveillance’ means to
monitor the activities of an individual or a group or to observe a specific area. It is having number
of applications like banks, hotels, hospitals, farms, industries, traffic points etc. The first video
surveillance system was installed by Siemens A.G at Test Stand VII to observe the launching of
rockets. And later on, it was used for observing public area.
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8. Chapter 2
2.1 Video Surveillance Automation
2.1.1 Manual Surveillance
Before video surveillance came into existence, operators were hired to monitor the system to
protect it from threats. But the manual surveillance was having some disadvantages as
follows:
• It is very impractical.
• It is very costly because we need to pay the operators.
• It makes problem because of the lack of attention of the operators.
• It needs the awareness for the situation
To solve the above problems, video surveillance came into existence. It has benefits over
manual surveillance:
• Computer catches the video and monitors the activities.
• More channels can be used by buying more servers and licenses. Once we have
bought it, then it can be used afterwards without paying to anybody.
• It is cheaper than manual surveillance.
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9. Chapter 3
Types of Cameras
There are two types of cameras which are used for video surveillance:
1. Analog Camera
2. IP camera
3.1 Analog Camera
An analog video camera transmits signals via coaxial cable to a single central location for
monitoring, recording, and video analysis. While the recent trend is a push towards IP network
cameras, CCTV cameras are still widely used, and offer a cost-effective answer to many
common surveillance scenarios. CCTV technology has been around since the 1940's, and
became a major player in the security industry around 1970. The two main categories of
CCTV cameras are fixed cameras and pan/tilt/zoom models which can rotate horizontally and
vertically to cover more area.
3.1.1 Architecture of Analog Camera
Figure 3.1 – architecture of analog camera
The basic components of the analog camera are as follows:
1. Camera
Cameras are the starting point for most CCTV systems. There are designed for monitoring
very specific locations, to day/night cameras, and powerful PTZ domes for patrolling
large areas.
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10. 2. Monitor
Operators view footage from a central location on a monitor higher lines of resolution for
better picture quality. Monitors can be dedicated (meaning they display video from a
single camera), or call-up (meaning operators can access multiple cameras at the same
time).
3. Cables
Coaxial cable is required for transmitting video footage from the cameras. This is one of
the drawbacks of analog CCTV, as the cable can be expensive and difficult to install,
especially for larger camera networks, and those where cameras must be positioned in
difficult locations.
4. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
DVRs convert the analog footage to digital, which helps to extend storage capacity, makes
it much easier to search archived footage, and also allows users to stream video over a
network for remote viewing from multiple locations.
3.1.2 Types of Analog Camera
Basically there are two types of analog camera:
1. Fixed Camera
Fixed analog cameras point in a single direction, which makes them perfect for
monitoring very specific areas of interest. They're also preferred for applications where
it's beneficial to install cameras in clearly visible locations. For this reason, fixed cameras
are quite effective for capturing footage of suspicious activity. The direction of the
camera is set during installation.
2. PTZ Camera
PTZ cameras are ideal for wide-area surveillance. They give operators the ability to
remotely control pan, tilt, and zoom functions to follow activity and to zoom in for
detailed monitoring. This is an area where analog CCTV cameras fall behind their IP
camera counterparts. With IP cameras, the pan/tilt/zoom functions are controlled
manually or automatically and delivered over a single network cable, while analog
cameras require additional wiring to perform similar functionality.
3.1.3 Advantages of Analog Camera
• Lower initial cost - In most cases, analog cameras cost less up front than IP network
cameras.
• Wide-spread compatibility - Mixing and matching camera models and surveillance
equipment form different manufacturers is easy with an analog CCTV setup.
• Lower initial cost - Analog cameras tend to handle low-light situations better than IP
cameras on average, though IP camera technology is improving in this regard.
3.1.4 Disadvantages of Analog Camera
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11. • Expensive cabling - For large-scale surveillance applications, analog cameras require
complicated cabling schemes that can be quite expensive and also challenging to
install.
• Limited features - Many of the advanced features now available with IP cameras (for
instance: megapixel resolution, digital zoom, and video analytics), aren't available in
analog CCTV models.
3.2 IP Camera
Figure 3.2- IP Camera
An IP camera captures and sends video footage over an IP network, allowing users to view,
record, store, and manage their video surveillance images either locally or remotely over the
network infrastructure. The camera can be placed wherever there's an IP network connection.
It has its own IP address and unlike a webcam, doesn't require a connection to a PC in order to
operate. Along with streaming video footage, network cameras can include a number of
additional functionalities, such as pan/tilt/zoom operation, motion detection, audio
surveillance, integration with alarms and other security systems, automated alerts, intelligent
video analytics, and much more. Many IP cameras can also send multiple streams of video,
using different compression technologies for live viewing and archiving. IP cameras offer
flexible installation, ease of use, higher-quality images, stability, and scalability as new
cameras can be added to the network at any time.
3.2.1 Architecture of IP Camera
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12. Figure 3.3 – Architecture of an IP Camera
The basic components of IP camera are as follows:
1. IP Camera
IP camera is the front part of the system. It is used to capture the images of an area. It
is available with different quality levels.
2. Network Video Software (NVR)
NVR is the software that provides the tools for monitoring and analyzing surveillance
footage, as well as recording. More advanced NVR software platforms offer
simultaneous viewing of multiple cameras, and multiple recording modes (including
continuous, scheduled, and triggered recording). Other features may include the
ability to handle large image files with high frame rates, fast search capabilities,
pan/tilt/zoom control, audio support, and remote access via web browser as well as
cell phones and other handheld devices. Some software programs also support
intelligent surveillance using sophisticated video analytics such as facial recognition
and advanced motion detection.
3. Power over Ethernet
Power over Ethernet ( PoE) is a technology that allows LAN-enabled devices, such as
network cameras and IP telephones, to be powered over an IP network infrastructure
using standard Ethernet cabling. IP-based surveillance system featuring PoE cameras,
each individual camera transmits data and receives power via a single Ethernet cable,
eliminating the need for complicated and expensive cabling because the system
operates along an existing network. Power over Ethernet allows for flexible camera
installation as cameras can be placed in areas where power outlets aren't readily
available. Power is supplied directly from the data ports that the cameras and other
network devices are connected to.
4. Image Sensor
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13. When light passes through a camera lens, it goes to the image sensor and activates the
pixels on the sensor. Each pixel registers the amount of light it sees, and this creates
the image your camera records. Two types of image sensors are used:
(i) CCD Technology
Charge-coupled devices, or CCD image sensors, have been used in
cameras for more than 30 years. They specialize in low-light situations to
create images that are less noisy, as their sensors are more sensitive to light
than CMOS sensors. CCD sensors are more expensive and complex than
other sensors, and can use up to 100 times the power a CMOS sensor
would use.
(ii) CMOS Technology
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductors, CMOS sensors have a faster
readout which allows them to produce high-resolution images. CMOS
sensors are smaller, easier to integrate into cameras, and use less power
than their CCD counterparts.
5. Monitor
It is placed at a central location to view footage. It can be viewed from single camera
or multiple cameras.
3.2.2 Advantages of IP Camera
• Flexibility: It can be moved anywhere in the IP network
• It has high resolution of the captured images
• Encryption and authentication : Transmission of data is done through encryption
• Remote access : Cameras can be viewed from any computer anywhere in the world
• PoE : Cameras can operate without additional power. PoE protocol is used to feed
them through internet cable
3.2.3 Disadvantages of IP Camera
• Initial price of the camera is high.
• Lack of standards : Various IP camera can encode the video differently.
• Technical barrier : Installation of IP camera, router requires a technician who
knows CCTV technology
• System becomes open to hackers via internet.
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14. Chapter 4
Applications of Video Surveillance
• Airports
• Railway Station
• Military
• Retails
• Government
• Home and residential
• Industrial
• Entertainment
• Healthcare
4.1 Farm Surveillance
There are many countries in the world that depend on agriculture for its livelihood. Farming
Indeed has been a core component of the society that cannot be neglected. A technological
advancement has its impact on the industry as well. There are several ways to decrease manpower
and increase productivity using innovative automated machinery. Security is incredibly important
for farms and other agricultural environments. Video surveillance can help ensure farm
operations run smoothly, making certain that consumers receive a safe quality product in the end,
while protecting animals, equipment and facilities from harm and misuse.
There are several video cameras that are placed in remote areas where approach of thieves and
other trespassers would have been hard to detect. Video cameras also allow the productivity of
the employee to be tracked and ensure that all of them perform their task with high efficiency.
Each of the underperforming people will be questioned and will be under constant check.
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15. Conclusion
As now the security has become the major aspect of every application, the best way in which we can
incorporate this feature is through video surveillance. Many cameras with advanced features are
available in market today. The footages which are stored can be later used for analysis or in the case of
crime. IP cameras are now days very much in use at the places like traffic point, malls, railway
stations, airports, hotels etc.
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16. References
1. http://www.videosurveillance.com/cctv-technology/intro-to-cctv.asp
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance
3. Stephen Russo, Director of Security and Privacy Technology, IBM Corporation : Digital
Video Surveillance.
4. http://homeowner.hubpages.com/hub/Video-surveillance-cameras-for-farms-and-
agriculture
5. http://www.videosurveillance.com/farms.asp
6. http://www.farmcameras.com/
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