This document discusses Nepal's experience with international trade agreements and intellectual property rules. It describes how Nepal became a member of the WTO in 2004 after negotiations that required adopting intellectual property rules beyond what was mandated. This has led to ongoing pressure to join the UPOV plant variety protection treaty. Civil society groups in Nepal organized to oppose UPOV membership. The document argues Nepal now faces risks from bilateral pressures to further strengthen intellectual property protections for seeds through its TIFA agreement with the US.