2. SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional cooperation
• Established-1985.
• Headquartered in Kathmandu,
Nepal.
• The organization promotes
development of economic and
regional integration.
• 1st SAARC Summit was held on 8th
Dec 1985.
• Official language- English.
• Members: 8 members.
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3. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the
world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the
global economy, as of 2015.
Present secretary general - Amjad B. Hussain of
Pakistan.
Observes: There are 9 states having observer status
of SAARC.
Australia, China, the European Union (EU), Iran,
Japan, Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea and the
United States 3
4. BRICS is an annual meeting of five countries.
In 2006, Brazil, Russia, India and China began a regular diplomatic coordination
initiative, with annual meetings of Foreign Ministers at the margins of the
General Debate of the UN General Assembly (UNGA).
First BRIC summit was held in- Yekaterinburg, in 2009.
The depth and scope of the dialogue among the Members of BRIC group – which
became BRICS in 2011 with the inclusion of South Africa.
10th BRICS summit will be held in Johannesburg, South Africa- 2018. 4
5. BRICS nations collectively account for 43% of the world population, with
around 25% of the world’s total land area and close to 30 % of the GDP with
around 17 % share in the world trade.
The financial architecture of BRICS:
1)The New Development Bank (NDB) or BRICS Development Bank is
a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states whose primary
focus of lending will be infrastructure projects and
2)The Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) for providing protection against
global liquidity pressures which includes currency issues.
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6. It is formed by the member countries dependent on Bay of
Bengal.
It was established on 6th June 1997.
BIMSTEC is an outcome of Bangkok declaration
Headquarters of BIMSTEC-Dhaka.
Member countries: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. 6
8. The IBSA Dialogue Forum (India, Brazil, South Africa) is an international
tripartite grouping for promoting international cooperation among these
countries.
On 6 June 2003, the Brasilia declaration was signed by the foreign
ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa which agreed on the urgent
need for reforms in the United Nations, especially the Security Council.
Focus on agriculture, education, energy, trade, culture, and defense
among others. 8
9. It is an international organization consisting of coastal states bordering
the Indian Ocean.
It is established on 6th March 1997
Headquarters of IORA- Ebene cyber city, Mauritius.
Presently it has 21 members.
Present secretary general- K V Bhagirath from India. 9
11. International forum for the governments and central
bank governors of 20 countries (19 countries +
European union).
Established : 1999
G20 aims to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion
of international financial stability.
Purpose : To Bring together industrialized and
developing economies to discuss key issues in the
global economy.
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12. G20 economies account for 80% of world trade, two-thirds of the world
population, and approximately half of the world land area.
In 2017 G-20 summit was held in Hamburg in Germany.
In 2019 G-20 summit will be held in Tokyo (Japan). 12
13. BBIN - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal
• Aims to formulate, implement and review quadrilateral agreements across
areas such as water resources management, connectivity of power, transport,
and infrastructure.
• Passenger protocol The passenger protocol agreed upon is document detailing
procedures for cross-border movement of buses and private vehicles for
transport facilitation in subregion.
• BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA): The agreement will permit member
states to ply their vehicles in each other’s territory for transportation of cargo
and passengers, including third country transport and personal vehicles.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing technical, advisory, and
financial support to BBIN MVA initiative.
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16. G4
• Members : India, Brazil, Germany and Japan.
• All members support each other’s bids for permanent seats on the United
Nations Security Council.
• Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent
members of the council since the UN’s establishment.
• Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last
decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5).
• G4 campaigns for U.N. Reforms, including more representation for developing
countries, both in the permanent and non-permanent categories, in the
UNSC. 16