The document discusses a wireless sensor network architecture for smart buildings. It describes a hybrid star and mesh network topology that would connect various sensors installed in a building to a cloud server. This would allow remote monitoring of sensor data for temperature, light, movement and moisture. Users would be able to access this sensor data remotely through the cloud server to better manage building operations and efficiency. The network would use IPv6 and a real-time data transmission protocol to reliably communicate sensor readings from devices to the cloud database.
The document discusses various network connecting devices:
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) connect computers to external networks and require proper installation including setting parameters, configuration, and interfacing.
- Hubs connect multiple nodes through a single device but reduce bandwidth by broadcasting all data to all ports. Switches improve on hubs by only sending data to relevant ports.
- Bridges and routers segment networks and determine the best path to send data between different network segments.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
A hub is a physical layer device that works with bits and broadcasts all traffic to all ports, creating one broadcast domain and collision domain. A switch is an intelligent layer 2 device that works with MAC addresses, maintains an address table, and can segment traffic into multiple collision domains based on the number of ports. Switches use store and forward, fragment free, or cut-through switching modes with different latency levels. Access, distribution, and core layer switches are used in a hierarchical design model with access switches connecting end devices and core switches connecting distribution switches for high-speed backbone traffic.
VLAN Virtual Area Network ,Switch,Ethernet ,VIkram SnehiMR. VIKRAM SNEHI
A VLAN allows computers on different physical LAN segments to communicate as if they were on the same LAN. VLANs logically segment LANs into different broadcast domains by using frame tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to. There are two main types of VLAN configurations - static, where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic, where assignments are made via network management software based on device MAC addresses.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Network switches, functions & role in networksIT Tech
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Energy efficient platform designed for sdma applications in mobile wireless ...marwaeng
This document describes an energy-efficient mobile wireless sensor network platform called DataTruck that is designed to support space-division multiple access (SDMA) applications. The DataTruck node uses an ARM920T microprocessor and IEEE 802.15.4 radio to collect and relay data from static sensor nodes. It integrates a smart antenna system to concurrently receive data from multiple static nodes using the same radio frequency channel. Experiments showed that DataTruck can efficiently collect data and reduce average data transmission delay through the use of SDMA technology.
The document discusses various network connecting devices:
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) connect computers to external networks and require proper installation including setting parameters, configuration, and interfacing.
- Hubs connect multiple nodes through a single device but reduce bandwidth by broadcasting all data to all ports. Switches improve on hubs by only sending data to relevant ports.
- Bridges and routers segment networks and determine the best path to send data between different network segments.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
A hub is a physical layer device that works with bits and broadcasts all traffic to all ports, creating one broadcast domain and collision domain. A switch is an intelligent layer 2 device that works with MAC addresses, maintains an address table, and can segment traffic into multiple collision domains based on the number of ports. Switches use store and forward, fragment free, or cut-through switching modes with different latency levels. Access, distribution, and core layer switches are used in a hierarchical design model with access switches connecting end devices and core switches connecting distribution switches for high-speed backbone traffic.
VLAN Virtual Area Network ,Switch,Ethernet ,VIkram SnehiMR. VIKRAM SNEHI
A VLAN allows computers on different physical LAN segments to communicate as if they were on the same LAN. VLANs logically segment LANs into different broadcast domains by using frame tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to. There are two main types of VLAN configurations - static, where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic, where assignments are made via network management software based on device MAC addresses.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Network switches, functions & role in networksIT Tech
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Energy efficient platform designed for sdma applications in mobile wireless ...marwaeng
This document describes an energy-efficient mobile wireless sensor network platform called DataTruck that is designed to support space-division multiple access (SDMA) applications. The DataTruck node uses an ARM920T microprocessor and IEEE 802.15.4 radio to collect and relay data from static sensor nodes. It integrates a smart antenna system to concurrently receive data from multiple static nodes using the same radio frequency channel. Experiments showed that DataTruck can efficiently collect data and reduce average data transmission delay through the use of SDMA technology.
Information Technology
Rrjeta Kompjuterike. Computer Networks.
Vetëm për qëllime edukative. For Educational Purposes Only.
NOTE: Some text does not display correctly (behind image) because SlideShare deformed it during upload.
Disa nga tekstet nuk duket mire apo duken mas fotove ketu ka faj SlideShare.
Difference between a layer 3 switch and a routerIT Tech
A Layer-3 switch is primarily a Layer-2 switch that has been enhanced with some routing capabilities, allowing it to run routing protocols and terminate Layer-3 interfaces. A router is a dedicated Layer-3 device that performs routing functions. A switching router uses switching technology like ASICs for speed and performance, while also supporting some Layer-2 bridging functions, making it primarily a router. The differences have blurred as technologies have merged, but routers generally perform more complex routing tasks using CPUs, while switches and Layer-3 switches use ASICs for hardware-based switching and routing at wire speed.
The difference between a hub, switch and router webopediaHarikiran Raju
A hub replicates all data received on one port to all other ports, potentially slowing the network. A switch only sends data to the destination port to improve efficiency. A router connects multiple networks and determines the best path to send data between them using protocols like ICMP. Modern routers integrate switching, routing, security and other functions into one device.
Routers and switches are networking devices that connect computers and networks, but they operate at different layers and have different functions. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) and use IP addresses to direct traffic between networks, while switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and use MAC addresses to direct traffic within a local area network. Some key differences are that routers can perform tasks like network address translation, have fewer ports, and take longer for routing decisions than switches.
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: Network switch
By: Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a multilingual online encyclopedia created and maintained as an open collaboration project by a community of volunteer editors using a wiki-based editing system. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web. It is also one of the 15 most popular websites as ranked by Alexa, as of August 2020. It features exclusively free content and has no advertising. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded primarily through donations.
The RUGGEDCOM RSG2488 is the first utility-grade, field upgradable, non blocking 28 Gigabit port layer 2 switch with hot-swappable dual redundant power supplies. The RSG2488 is designed to reduce rack space needs, cut sparing costs and minimize time-to-repair while eliminating routine maintenance and separate timing cabling, delivering increased network availability and lowest total cost of ownership.The RSG2488’s modular flexibility provides up to 28 non-blocking ports that can be configured as 10/100/1000TX copper, 100FX or 1000SX fiber.
The document provides information on DCS networks from ABB and Siemens. The ABB network uses Ethernet cables for the operation network and a high-speed serial network for communications. It discusses improvements made to the network design to enhance HMI availability. The Siemens network uses a CS275 bus system that uses token passing and distributed control to improve availability. Both networks aim to maximize availability of operator interfaces and communication between field devices, controllers, and engineering stations.
Scada protocols-and-communications-trendsSandip Roy
The document discusses SCADA protocols and communication trends. It describes how SCADA systems monitor and control processes across multiple locations using RTUs connected via local and wide area networks. Common protocols discussed include Modbus, ModbusX, DNP, ASCII, and IEEE 60870. The document also outlines legacy networks using low speeds of 300-1200 bps and how newer networks enable higher speeds of 9600 bps to meet increased data demands.
Node B equipment in 3G networks were previously configured individually through the RNC. Using cloud computing, multiple Node B's can now be managed simultaneously through a common server. When one Node B is configured, all other Node B's connected to the same RNC via the cloud are also configured at the same time. This allows for faster and more efficient management of network equipment.
A network switch receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN) instead of broadcasting to all devices like a hub. There are two main types of switches - unmanaged switches which cannot be configured and are used for simple networks, and managed switches which provide advanced features like quality of service, remote management, and virtual LANs for larger networks. Layer 2 switches use MAC addresses to segment traffic while layer 3 switches can route between VLANs using IP addresses. Smart switches have some management capabilities but lack advanced features of full managed switches.
Network switch and switching Jenil patel semcom collegejackmakani
This document discusses network switches. It begins by defining a network switch as a device that connects multiple computers within a local area network (LAN). It then discusses how switches work at the data link layer to selectively forward data to only the destination computer, unlike hubs which broadcast data to all connected computers. The document also covers different types of switching techniques including store and forward, cut through, fragment free, and adaptive switching. It concludes by listing some benefits of using network switches such as high-speed data exchange, full-duplex communication, low latency, and dedicated communication between devices.
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It discusses key components of SCADA including field instrumentation, remote stations, communication networks, and central monitoring stations. It also describes common SCADA configurations, modes of communication, and differences between SCADA and DCS systems. The goal is to introduce SCADA basics and provide context for those familiar and unfamiliar with these systems.
The document discusses network devices and operating systems, specifically focusing on Cisco's NX-OS operating system designed for Nexus switches and MDS Fibre Channel switches. It also discusses the differences between switches and routers, as well as Cisco's Catalyst brand of switches, their operating systems (CatOS and IOS), interfaces, and models. The document concludes with a brief overview of D-Link Corporation and their position as a leading networking company.
In this talk, we will explain the functioning of Wireless LANs in theory and in practice.
We will present the IEEE 802.11 standard in general and MAC protocols in particular, by discussing the functions of MAC sublayer management entity and the MAC layer frames in detail.
We will discuss the changes in the states of a WiFi client as it goes through the process of WiFi communication.
Towards the end, we will briefly talk about various vantage points ( at the client side as well as in the air ) that allow us to capture network traffic.
Detailed description about Hubs Switches Modems and their workingrockingprashik
The document discusses various networking devices including hubs, switches, and modems. It provides details on how each device works, types of each device, their applications and merits and demerits. Hubs connect devices on a network but do not filter or manage traffic. Switches can filter traffic and improve network performance by sending data only to its destination port. Modems modulate digital signals for transmission over phone lines and are used to connect networks across long distances.
The document discusses the basic functional blocks of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output subsystems. It describes the CPU as having a control unit and execution unit. Memory is used to store data and programs and comes in volatile and non-volatile forms like RAM and ROM. The document also provides a brief history of computer generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and describes the Von Neumann architecture. It discusses data representation using fixed-point and floating-point number systems.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It chooses the best path within the network to send data from one PC to another. Routers use internal components like a CPU, RAM, and flash memory to run an operating system like Cisco IOS, which allows it to perform routing functions. Routers have external ports that connect to both local area networks and wide area networks. Routers can also act as firewalls by hiding private IP addresses and only exposing a public IP address to the internet, protecting devices on the private network.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
The document summarizes the capabilities and features of the SpiderCloud Wireless Services Node, which is an enterprise small cell platform that supports both 3G and LTE radio access. The Services Node can control up to 100 small cell radio nodes across an area of over 1 million square feet, with a single platform that simplifies configuration, mobility management, and backhaul integration. It provides carrier-grade security, quality of service controls, and capabilities for self-optimizing networks and applications.
This document discusses network virtualization and its history. It provides the following key points:
1) Network virtualization aims to decouple virtual networks from physical infrastructure through techniques like tunneling and encapsulation, allowing independent address spaces and topologies.
2) Early work included overlay networks for deployment and experimentation. Virtualization is now used in data centers to isolate tenant traffic and connect virtual machines across sites.
3) The OpenVirteX project aims to advance network virtualization by exposing the entire physical topology to virtual network controllers and allowing independent address spaces and topologies through header rewriting. This would provide more flexibility than existing solutions.
Information Technology
Rrjeta Kompjuterike. Computer Networks.
Vetëm për qëllime edukative. For Educational Purposes Only.
NOTE: Some text does not display correctly (behind image) because SlideShare deformed it during upload.
Disa nga tekstet nuk duket mire apo duken mas fotove ketu ka faj SlideShare.
Difference between a layer 3 switch and a routerIT Tech
A Layer-3 switch is primarily a Layer-2 switch that has been enhanced with some routing capabilities, allowing it to run routing protocols and terminate Layer-3 interfaces. A router is a dedicated Layer-3 device that performs routing functions. A switching router uses switching technology like ASICs for speed and performance, while also supporting some Layer-2 bridging functions, making it primarily a router. The differences have blurred as technologies have merged, but routers generally perform more complex routing tasks using CPUs, while switches and Layer-3 switches use ASICs for hardware-based switching and routing at wire speed.
The difference between a hub, switch and router webopediaHarikiran Raju
A hub replicates all data received on one port to all other ports, potentially slowing the network. A switch only sends data to the destination port to improve efficiency. A router connects multiple networks and determines the best path to send data between them using protocols like ICMP. Modern routers integrate switching, routing, security and other functions into one device.
Routers and switches are networking devices that connect computers and networks, but they operate at different layers and have different functions. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) and use IP addresses to direct traffic between networks, while switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and use MAC addresses to direct traffic within a local area network. Some key differences are that routers can perform tasks like network address translation, have fewer ports, and take longer for routing decisions than switches.
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: Network switch
By: Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a multilingual online encyclopedia created and maintained as an open collaboration project by a community of volunteer editors using a wiki-based editing system. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web. It is also one of the 15 most popular websites as ranked by Alexa, as of August 2020. It features exclusively free content and has no advertising. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded primarily through donations.
The RUGGEDCOM RSG2488 is the first utility-grade, field upgradable, non blocking 28 Gigabit port layer 2 switch with hot-swappable dual redundant power supplies. The RSG2488 is designed to reduce rack space needs, cut sparing costs and minimize time-to-repair while eliminating routine maintenance and separate timing cabling, delivering increased network availability and lowest total cost of ownership.The RSG2488’s modular flexibility provides up to 28 non-blocking ports that can be configured as 10/100/1000TX copper, 100FX or 1000SX fiber.
The document provides information on DCS networks from ABB and Siemens. The ABB network uses Ethernet cables for the operation network and a high-speed serial network for communications. It discusses improvements made to the network design to enhance HMI availability. The Siemens network uses a CS275 bus system that uses token passing and distributed control to improve availability. Both networks aim to maximize availability of operator interfaces and communication between field devices, controllers, and engineering stations.
Scada protocols-and-communications-trendsSandip Roy
The document discusses SCADA protocols and communication trends. It describes how SCADA systems monitor and control processes across multiple locations using RTUs connected via local and wide area networks. Common protocols discussed include Modbus, ModbusX, DNP, ASCII, and IEEE 60870. The document also outlines legacy networks using low speeds of 300-1200 bps and how newer networks enable higher speeds of 9600 bps to meet increased data demands.
Node B equipment in 3G networks were previously configured individually through the RNC. Using cloud computing, multiple Node B's can now be managed simultaneously through a common server. When one Node B is configured, all other Node B's connected to the same RNC via the cloud are also configured at the same time. This allows for faster and more efficient management of network equipment.
A network switch receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN) instead of broadcasting to all devices like a hub. There are two main types of switches - unmanaged switches which cannot be configured and are used for simple networks, and managed switches which provide advanced features like quality of service, remote management, and virtual LANs for larger networks. Layer 2 switches use MAC addresses to segment traffic while layer 3 switches can route between VLANs using IP addresses. Smart switches have some management capabilities but lack advanced features of full managed switches.
Network switch and switching Jenil patel semcom collegejackmakani
This document discusses network switches. It begins by defining a network switch as a device that connects multiple computers within a local area network (LAN). It then discusses how switches work at the data link layer to selectively forward data to only the destination computer, unlike hubs which broadcast data to all connected computers. The document also covers different types of switching techniques including store and forward, cut through, fragment free, and adaptive switching. It concludes by listing some benefits of using network switches such as high-speed data exchange, full-duplex communication, low latency, and dedicated communication between devices.
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
This document provides an overview of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It discusses key components of SCADA including field instrumentation, remote stations, communication networks, and central monitoring stations. It also describes common SCADA configurations, modes of communication, and differences between SCADA and DCS systems. The goal is to introduce SCADA basics and provide context for those familiar and unfamiliar with these systems.
The document discusses network devices and operating systems, specifically focusing on Cisco's NX-OS operating system designed for Nexus switches and MDS Fibre Channel switches. It also discusses the differences between switches and routers, as well as Cisco's Catalyst brand of switches, their operating systems (CatOS and IOS), interfaces, and models. The document concludes with a brief overview of D-Link Corporation and their position as a leading networking company.
In this talk, we will explain the functioning of Wireless LANs in theory and in practice.
We will present the IEEE 802.11 standard in general and MAC protocols in particular, by discussing the functions of MAC sublayer management entity and the MAC layer frames in detail.
We will discuss the changes in the states of a WiFi client as it goes through the process of WiFi communication.
Towards the end, we will briefly talk about various vantage points ( at the client side as well as in the air ) that allow us to capture network traffic.
Detailed description about Hubs Switches Modems and their workingrockingprashik
The document discusses various networking devices including hubs, switches, and modems. It provides details on how each device works, types of each device, their applications and merits and demerits. Hubs connect devices on a network but do not filter or manage traffic. Switches can filter traffic and improve network performance by sending data only to its destination port. Modems modulate digital signals for transmission over phone lines and are used to connect networks across long distances.
The document discusses the basic functional blocks of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output subsystems. It describes the CPU as having a control unit and execution unit. Memory is used to store data and programs and comes in volatile and non-volatile forms like RAM and ROM. The document also provides a brief history of computer generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, and describes the Von Neumann architecture. It discusses data representation using fixed-point and floating-point number systems.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It chooses the best path within the network to send data from one PC to another. Routers use internal components like a CPU, RAM, and flash memory to run an operating system like Cisco IOS, which allows it to perform routing functions. Routers have external ports that connect to both local area networks and wide area networks. Routers can also act as firewalls by hiding private IP addresses and only exposing a public IP address to the internet, protecting devices on the private network.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
The document summarizes the capabilities and features of the SpiderCloud Wireless Services Node, which is an enterprise small cell platform that supports both 3G and LTE radio access. The Services Node can control up to 100 small cell radio nodes across an area of over 1 million square feet, with a single platform that simplifies configuration, mobility management, and backhaul integration. It provides carrier-grade security, quality of service controls, and capabilities for self-optimizing networks and applications.
This document discusses network virtualization and its history. It provides the following key points:
1) Network virtualization aims to decouple virtual networks from physical infrastructure through techniques like tunneling and encapsulation, allowing independent address spaces and topologies.
2) Early work included overlay networks for deployment and experimentation. Virtualization is now used in data centers to isolate tenant traffic and connect virtual machines across sites.
3) The OpenVirteX project aims to advance network virtualization by exposing the entire physical topology to virtual network controllers and allowing independent address spaces and topologies through header rewriting. This would provide more flexibility than existing solutions.
This document discusses various components of backbone networks including bridges, routers, and gateways. It describes common backbone architectures like serial, distributed, and collapsed backbones. Key technologies discussed include Ethernet, FDDI, and ATM. The document provides details on improving backbone performance through techniques like upgrading network components, increasing circuit capacity, and reducing network demand. It recommends designing backbones that can be easily upgraded and moving to Ethernet as the standard technology for both LANs and backbones.
The iControl SCADA system allows for both local control of individual facilities and management of large networks with thousands of devices and multiple communication protocols. It is designed for use in the energy sector. iControl can control any type of RTU or device regardless of manufacturer. It uses standard communication protocols and open file formats for easy configuration and import/export of data. As a client/server system, iControl also enables remote telecontrol of electrical grids from different locations through a floating client architecture.
The document discusses various telecom infrastructure and networking projects undertaken by Facebook and Telecom Infra Project (TIP). It mentions projects focused on wireless (5G), backhaul, core and management networks. Some key projects discussed include Access, Backhaul and Core projects under TIP, Open Cellular wireless access platform, Voyager networking solution, Terragraph 60GHz wireless system, and Project Aries beamforming technology. It also summarizes Facebook's initiatives in open source networking including FBOSS, Wedge 100 top-of-rack switch, osquery security tool and others.
The document discusses several open source projects undertaken by Facebook to develop telecommunications infrastructure and promote open standards, including:
1) Telecom Infra Project which focuses on wireless 5G and involves three projects on access, backhaul, and core networks with the goal of completion by 2018.
2) OpenCellular, an open source wireless access platform supporting 2G, LTE, and WiFi that anyone can customize.
3) Voyager, Facebook's first open source packet-optical transponder and routing solution for Open Packet DWDM networks.
4) Millimeter wave technology achieving a record nearly 20 Gbps data rate over 13 km using a bandwidth of 2 GHz.
This document contains exam questions and answers about networking topics such as wireless networking benefits, router types, Ethernet trunking, switch failure domains, router configuration commands, spanning tree protocol, device management, and high availability features. Some key points covered include the benefits of wireless flexibility and reduced costs, that a modular router should replace a fixed router that lacks interfaces, and that redundant power supplies and failover capabilities help maintain high network uptime.
This document discusses several high-speed network technologies: ATM provides circuit switching and packet switching benefits for flexible and efficient transmission; VLAN/LANE create logical network segments without physical constraints; Frame Relay and X.25 are packet-switched WAN protocols; FDDI and CDDI are high-speed backbone protocols using fiber and copper respectively; ISDN provides digital transmission over phone lines; and SONET/SDH are optical WAN standards used for backbones.
LTE is a cellular wireless system standard that uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. Key LTE technologies include bandwidth flexibility, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination, and a two-layered HARQ protocol to provide low latency and high reliability data transmission. LTE aims to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, support new services, and provide higher data rates and lower latencies compared to previous cellular standards.
A breakthrough campus core switch that extends intelligence from the edge to the core.
The Aruba 8400 campus core and aggregation switch series provide a game-changing solution, offering a flexible and innovative approach to dealing with the new application, security and scalability demands of the mobile-cloud and IoT era.
Combines a modern, fully programmable OS with carrier-grade hardware, leading performance, and incorporates the industry-first Network Analytics Engine to monitor and troubleshoot network, system, application and security related issues easily.
By enabling faster automation and network insights, the operating system reduces the time spent on manual tasks and addresses current and future demands driven by Mobility and IoT.
6 lte-a challenges and evolving lte network architectureCPqD
The document discusses the challenges of evolving LTE network architectures to support LTE-Advanced and heterogeneous networks. It outlines issues like network densification increasing costs, challenges of managing more complex networks with various technologies and interoperability concerns. The document then proposes that software defined networking (SDN) and cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architectures can help address these issues by increasing flexibility, scalability and programmability of the network while reducing costs. The summary concludes that SDN and C-RAN approaches will help mobile networks realize the full potential of LTE.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It uses towers to transmit high-speed Internet access to homes and businesses without wires. WiMAX operates using either line-of-sight or non-line-of-sight connections and can provide data rates between 30-40 megabits per second for mobile use and up to 1 gigabit per second for fixed locations. The WiMAX network is made up of towers, base stations, and an access service network that connects subscribers. It supports features like adaptive modulation, link-layer retransmissions, quality of service guarantees, and strong security.
This presentation is divided into two parts. The first part describes the mobility management on different layers of TCP/IP stack. In the second, a set of IoT standards is presented including a small description for each.
SDN 101: Software Defined Networking Course - Sameh Zaghloul/IBM - 2014SAMeh Zaghloul
This document provides an overview of software defined networking (SDN). It discusses how SDN enables data center teams to use software to efficiently control network resources, compared to traditional network switches. The document outlines several SDN topics and related technologies, including SDN standards, network function virtualization, use cases, sample projects, surveys, case studies, online courses, and software tools. It also includes sections on SDN architecture and how SDN is important for virtual environments and VM mobility.
The document describes a crowd management system that uses an ad-hoc wireless sensor network to monitor crowds and environments at large gatherings. The system aims to be scalable, portable, and require minimal configuration. Network motes deployed at entrances and exits log environmental data and route it to a base station over an efficient store-and-forward protocol. Each mote contains sensors to detect movement and environment and plugs into sensor boards. Trip switches at doors count entries and exits by detecting light beam breaks to determine people counts sent to a server. Issues in setting up the ad-hoc network include collisions, time synchronization, and interference, which networking algorithms aim to address.
Routers are networking devices that forward packets between logical networks. They are used to extend or segment large internetworks and connect TCP/IP networks and local area networks to the Internet. Routers have advanced features for quality of service, traffic filtering, and encryption. Switches offer intelligence beyond basic hubs and can read MAC addresses to selectively forward frames to specific ports. Bridges divide a network into segments and filter traffic between segments based on MAC addresses. Gateways connect networks that use different protocols by operating at the network layer.
Introduction to IoT
Defining IoT,
Characteristics of IoT,
Physical design of IoT,
Logical design of IoT,
Functional blocks of IoT,
Brief review of applications of IoT.
Smart Object
Definition,
Characteristics and Trends
Text Book
1. Arsheep Bahga (Author), Vijay Madisetti, Internet Of Things: A Hands-On Approach
Paperback, Universities Press,
Reprint 2020
2. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Robert Barton, Jerome Henry,
IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of
Things CISCO.
Internet of Things.
CSDLO5013
Unit 5-Performance and Trafficmanagement.pptxABYTHOMAS46
1) The document discusses performance modeling and analysis of wireless sensor networks. It covers topics like basic models, network models, performance metrics, and a case study on computing system lifespan.
2) A case study demonstrates a simple method to compute the system lifespan by making assumptions about the network topology, energy consumption factors, and data transmission rates.
3) Practical examples are given for evaluating routing protocol performance through simulation. Metrics like packet delivery ratio and energy consumption are measured under different network conditions.
Similar to VET4SBO Level 3 module 1 - unit 2 - 0.009 en (20)
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para usar la plataforma de aprendizaje en línea y las aplicaciones móviles del proyecto DIGITOUR para formadores. Explica cómo registrarse, acceder a los cursos y módulos, editar el contenido didáctico, gestionar las preguntas de autoevaluación, y utilizar las aplicaciones móviles compatibles con Android e iOS. Además, proporciona enlaces y contactos adicionales para obtener más información sobre el proyecto y recursos.
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VET4SBO Level 3 module 1 - unit 2 - 0.009 en
1. ECVET Training for Operatorsof IoT-enabledSmart Buildings (VET4SBO)
2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411
Level: 3 (three)
Module: 1 Interdependencies of building operation
sub-systems
Unit 1.2 Cases
2. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
• By enabling products from different vendors to interact with one another,
interoperable building systems based on the BACnet open standard improve
building management, increase operational efficiency and flexibility, and hold
down service and expansion costs.
• The power of today’s BACnet-based systems continues to increase as the
number of interoperable devices increases.
• Aplicable platforms: Atmel ATmega, ARM Cortex-M, and Linux-based systems.
• uBACstac - BACnet Protocol stack for small devices. With uBACstac you can build
simple BACnet-enabled devices such as meters, humidifiers, thermostats and
other application specific controllers.
• It supports different profiles like B-ASC and B-AAC profiles.
3. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
• The uBACstac design is very flexible.
• The uBACstac can be run on a wide range of architectures,
ranging from bare-metal micro-controllers to real-time OSs to
general purpose OSs.
• It does not impose any restrictions on the platform: no threads
are required, no synchronizationprimitives (mutexes,
semaphores, etc.), and no memory allocation(malloc/new).
These facilities can be used with uBACstac, but the portable
uBACstac code does not use these.
4. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
• uBACstac features a highly effective implementation of BACnet protocol.
• Zero copy architecture all the way from ASN.1 encodersin an application to sending data to a
UART, and back. The PDU payload is never copied or moved.
• State of the art MS/TP implementation with optional fully backward-compatible extension to
the BACnet standard allowing a window size of one on an MS/TP network.
• Low-level receive/transmit UART functions are fully decoupled from the portable MS/TP FSM
implementation, allowing the most effective implementation for a platform (DMA/ISR, even a
daughter micro-controller).
• The uBACstac is compatible with lock-free implementation. The libraries do not explicitly use
any synchronization primitives, so they are compatible with any synchronization
implementation.
5. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
• uBACstac features a highly effective implementation of BACnet protocol.
• Zero copy architecture all the way from ASN.1 encodersin an application to sending data to a
UART, and back. The PDU payload is never copied or moved.
• State of the art MS/TP implementation with optional fully backward-compatible extension to
the BACnet standard allowing a window size of one on an MS/TP network.
• Low-level receive/transmit UART functions are fully decoupled from the portable MS/TP FSM
implementation, allowing the most effective implementation for a platform (DMA/ISR, even a
daughter micro-controller).
• The uBACstac is compatible with lock-free implementation. The libraries do not explicitly use
any synchronization primitives, so they are compatible with any synchronization
implementation.
6. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
uBACstac features:
• A small-footprint BACnet stack for small devices with or without OS. Implements
state-of-the-art MS/TP and BACnet/IP with Foreign Device.
• Provides truly portable code—the same core uBACstac library, the portable
MS/TP implementation and the example application run on all platforms
unmodified, including bare-metal microcontrollers and embedded OSs.
• Supports a wide range of processors, from entry level 8-bit AVR to powerful 32-
bit ARM7 and Cortex-M, or even more powerful 64-bit processors running Linux.
7. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (uBACstac)
• Provides the stack in source code form, with example programs and reference ports
to a few hardware platforms, both with embedded OS and without OS. Also, for
ease of application development, includes a port to Linux and even Linux-on-
Windows as an "instrumental" platform.
• Implements a modular design, with clean separation between platform-dependent
and portable code.
• Provides highly configurable source code: unwanted features can be turned off,
decreasing the executable memory footprint.
• Makes it possible to implement a device conforming to the BACnet B-SS, B-SA, B-
ASC, and B-AAC profiles, optionally with COV notifications and more.
8. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• System that includes sensors that took measures for temperature, movement,
light and moisture with the aim to achieve a better management of the building
and also to make the building “smart” and efficient.
• Communication between the various sensors that can be installed in the building
and the Cloud Server with the users.
• The users would have remote access to sensors’ data, and they will be able to
make some actions.
Wireless Sensor Network Architecture for Smart Buildings, VenkataReddy Adama
9. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• The topology of the network would be hybrid, relaying on star and mesh topologies. This could
offer a reliable network, easy to be managed in error detecting and troubleshooting.
• The mesh topology which already is and will be more popular in the future provides many
benefits.
• One of these benefits is the tolerance that it has in errors. The star topology, which is widely used
in home networks, provides also fault tolerance but since the middle connection point is working
properly.
• The installed Cloud Server would operate autonomouslyby using a voltage stabilizer (UPS) to
avoid any problem.
10. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• All the users could easily connect to the network through the Wi-Fi
connection of the building and remotely through their mobile
providers.
• The installed network will support the communication protocol IPv6
and a Network Adaptive Multisensory Real-time Transmission
Protocol (NAMRTP).
• This protocol can transmit from the remote environment to the
database real-time multisensory data in a reliable way.
11. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• As a large number of devices may be placed at different locations throughout the
building, connecting them using wires, e.g., by Ethernet, is often not practical.
• The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard solves the problem of laying wires, but
the energy consumptionof the radio transceiver makes it infeasible to operate
devices on batteries.
• This problem is adressed by employing a wireless sensor network based on the
IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer standard which is optimized for energy efficient
communicationwith low data rates.
• The 6LoWPAN header compression scheme allows to efficiently send IPv6
packets over IEEE 802.15.4-based networks.
12. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• Auto-configurationof network nodes is a mandatory feature when managing
large networks.
• The statelessaddress auto-configuration mechanisms provided by the IPv6
protocol.
• After startup, a node sends a router solicitation request to the link-local multicast
address. A router will respond with a router advertisement message containing
configuration parameters for the current network. Otherwise, a sensor node can
obtain its IPv6 address by issuing a DHCP request.
• Once the address configuration phase has been completed, a node starts to
advertise its offered services to the other nodes in the network. We use the
Multicast DNS (mDNS) protocol [1] proposed by Apple which is also known as
Bonjour (formerly Rendezvous).
13. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• mDNS uses special DNS resource records to provide information
about services offered by a device such as the service type, domain
name and additional configuration parameters.
• A node can query a certain service type by sending a DNS packet to
the link-local multicast address.
• Nodes which offer services of the corresponding type will send an
answer. mDNS is implemented in many existing network peripherals,
e.g., printers, scanners and for different operating systems (currently
mainly Mac OS and Linux).
14. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• Web services allow the interaction between different devices over
the network in order to exchange data or to trigger certain actions.
• Data is exchanged between peers using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
• Traditional enterprise solutions tend to use the Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP) together with XML for the data representation.
Recently, a more lightweight solution called Representational State
Transfer (REST) has been proposed which is built on top of the GET,
POST, PUT and DELETE methods of HTTP.
15. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• Sensor nodes are responsible to provide information about their
sensors and actuators to the central monitoring server.
• One possibility to guarantee that the server has up to- date
information is that the sensor node periodically sends status
• messages to the monitoring server.
• An alternative approach would be that the server polls the state of
the sensors according to demand.
16. L3-M1-U1.2 Cases (measurement system)
• While the rest approach is preferable if no actuators are connected to
the sensor node, the second variant offers more flexibility since the
same interface can be used to read out the state of a sensor as well
as to modify the state of actuators.
• Our approach implements a RESTful Application Programming
Interface (API) on sensor nodes to provide access to sensors and
actuators through the Web.
19. L3-M1-U1.3 Demonstrations through existing
platforms
The FIPA Agent Management Reference model
McArthur, S. D. J and Davidson, E. M. and Catterson, V. M. and Dimeas, A. L. and Hatziargyriou,
N. D. and Ponci, F. and Funabashi, T. (2007) Multi-agent systems for power engineering applications -
part 2: technologies, standards and tools for building multi-agent systems. IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, 22 (4). pp. 1753-1759. ISSN 0885-8950 OPEN ACCESS
22. L3-M1-U1.3 Demonstrations through existing
platforms
Agent design methodology stages and their output, used during the
design of the PEDA system
Layered architecture employed by JADE agents
23. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• A fundamental breaktrough is occurring in building controls,
driven by a new generation of powerful Internet of Things
(IoT) devices.
• These networked sensors and controls can be quickly and
cost-effectively deployed in commercial buildings and
industrial sites to generate large amounts of valuable data
for analytics and automation.
24. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Building managers benefit from this granular new data and
control capability with the ability to fine-tune processes at a
greater number of building systems to lower energy and
maintenance costs.
• The resulting savings can provide compelling return on
investment (ROI), even for buildings under 100,000 square
feet.
25. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Building management systems (BMS) or building automation systems
(BAS) are the traditional solution to addressing the problem of energy
waste.
• The average cost to deploy a basic BMS is about $2.30 per square
foot, equivalent to $250,000 for a 100,000 square foot building.
• This cost means low ROI is a challenge, which limits most BMS
deployments to the major subsystems, such as HVAC and lighting in
high-traffic areas, and of only the largest buildings, over 100,000
square feet.
26. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• BMS is rarely deployed into buildings under 100,000 square
feet, which constitute about 90% of the total building stock in
the U.S.
• Even in the 10% of larger buildings, BMS often isn’t used in
low-traffic areas such as warehouses, stockrooms, or garages,
or to distributed equipment such as pumps, generators, or
parking lot lights on campuses and industrialsites.
• Hundreds of millions of square feet of real estate and millions
of remote equipment assets are not monitored or managed at
all for energy or operational savings.
27. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Solutions are now arriving in the form of IoT-generation
connected devices.
• Advancements in sensor and controls technology now enable a
new wave of advanced, non-invasive, cost-effective, and quick-
to-install products.
• Because properly-deployed and connected IoT products can
overcome the capital barriers of installing traditional BMS, a
vanguard applicationfor these devices is for energy
management in buildings and remote equipment.
28. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• For the first time, these new products can be cost-effectively
deployed by non-specialized personnel and extend the reach of
existing BMS systems,
• or even begin to replace BMS in mainstream applicationsin
under-100,000 square foot buildings.
• The “big data” these new IoT devices generate can be gathered
into cloud-basedmanagement and analytics services via
existing networks, and the devices can be easily monitored and
controlled by facilities managers via smartphones and tablets.
29. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Focusing on HVAC, lighting, and some types of
electrical loads, it is reasonable to expect savings in
the range of 10% to 25% when implementing proactive
energy management programs in mid-sized buildings.
Source:
https://www.iotone.com/
30. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Adding IoT-based controls and monitoring to a building can
cost from just $5,000 to $50,000, which is a fraction of
traditional BMS costs.
• The process typically requires a systems integrator or in-house
electrician and IT network professional.
• An energy engineering specialist is recommended to analyze
the data and make recommendations on process optimization
and automation in order to maximize savings.
31. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Focusing on HVAC, lighting, and some types of electrical loads, it is reasonable
to expect savings in the range of 10% to 25% when implementing proactive
energy management programs in mid-sized buildings.
• For a typical 75,000 square foot building, this equates to an annual potential
savings of $15,000 to $50,000 per year.
• Some buildings can save over $100,000 annually, and ROI can occur in six months
to two years. Beyond the pure monetary savings, additional benefits related to
sustainability and environmental stewardship can also be realized, with detailed
data to support them.
32. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
Solving the interoperability challenges
• Perhaps the biggest challenge to providing cost-effective, high-ROI energy
management to mid-sized buildings has been the lack of interoperability
between devices.
• The interoperability problem is compounded by the need to interconnect both
legacy equipment in the buildings
• There are dozens of protocol standards and literally hundreds of different
implementations just among the best-in-class of these devices.
33. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
Data Are Expensive to Acquire & Utilize
• The cost of sensors has dropped precipitously in recent years. In 2004,the
average cost per sensor was $1.30.In 2020,the average cost per sensor is
expected to be $0.38.Unfortunately, the cost reductions in sensors have not
resulted in a significant decrease in the cost of a full BMS installation.
• As of 2014,the cost to deploy a basic BMS was at least $2.50per square foot
and could be as high as $7.00 per square foot. While the cost of sensors has
plummeted, the cost of equipment controls has remained stubbornly high.
34. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
There May be Limited Value for Data
• Datahave little value on its own. A data set is only as good as the insights that
can be derived.
• In the case of BMS data, insights usually involve equipment schedules, set
points, and systemconfiguration optimizations.
• For example, by identifying that the HVAC system is running when the
building is unoccupied, a building can make significant reductions to
operating expenses through utility consumption.
35. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• Likewise, highly granular data sets around startup and shutdown processes may yield
optimization insights for system configuration.
• There are plenty of examples of poorly configured building management systems that can
yield significant savings if optimized.
• However, this is much more likely to be the case in unique building types, such as hotels and
stadiums that have constantly varying occupancy rates and schedules. For office and
multifamily apartment buildings, which have relatively consistent schedules and occupancy
rates year-round, the BMS may already be close to optimized.
• While there is likely to be “performance drift” in any building type over time, the point is
that no amount of data will yield significant results if the system is already close to
optimized and rarely requires changes.
36. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
Scalability
• The final limitation of using BMS data to optimize a portfolio of buildings is the
inherent lack of scalability.
• Perhaps each building in the portfolio has the same BMS vendor, but that is highly
unlikely.
• Each vendor is going to have its own proprietary data protocol, which requires a
developing and maintaining a number of different processes and integrations.
• Not only is this hard to manage and maintain, but the BMS vendors often have
competing products and thus are incentivized to make their data inaccessible to
third parties.
37. L3-M1-U1.4 Costs analysis
• While part of the difficulty of extracting BMS data may be competitive, there is also
a legitimate concern about security.
• Building data is not only valuable to competitors, because it is tied to controls of
building equipment, it can be extremely dangerous to occupancy if manipulated.
• There is also the consideration that a portfolio will contain a mix of properties with
and without building management systems installed.
• Leveraging BMS data to find operational waste may be effective in portions of the
portfolio, but a separate solution will be required for the buildings without a BMS.
• This requires an additional round of diligence and technology evaluations that will
slow down rollout and stifle scalability. The point is, relying on BMS data to drive
operational improvements will necessarily run into scalability issues.
39. Thank you for your attention.
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/thank-you-polaroid-letters-2490552/
40. Disclaimer
For further information, relatedto the VET4SBO project, please visit the project’swebsite at https://smart-building-
operator.euor visit us at https://www.facebook.com/Vet4sbo.
Downloadour mobile app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vet4sbo.mobile.
This project (2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411) has been funded with support from the European Commission (Erasmus+
Programme). Thispublicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible
for any use which may be made of the informationcontainedtherein.