A presentation on the planet Venus. Designed for 5th grade students. Contains basic facts, including the space probes that helped us learn about Venus. Includes quiz questions at the end.
A PowerPoint presentation designed for 5th graders that teaches facts about Mercury, including the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER probes that NASA sent to study it. This is Part 1 of the inner planets.
A PowerPoint presentation designed for 5th graders that teaches facts about Mercury, including the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER probes that NASA sent to study it. This is Part 1 of the inner planets.
Power Point notes that I use in class. I did not make this presentation. I got it from the internet, the reference is on the first page. I may have altered it from it\'s origninal state though.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
Power Point notes that I use in class. I did not make this presentation. I got it from the internet, the reference is on the first page. I may have altered it from it\'s origninal state though.
This is a presentation that I completed for EDU 290 in the Fall 2009. The intent of the assignment was to create a lesson that could be used by a student that missed the classroom instruction due to illness
A solar system refers to a star and all the objects that travel in orbit around it. Our solar system consists of the sun - our star - eight planets and their natural satellites (such as our moon); dwarf planets; asteroids and comets. Our solar system is located in an outward spiral of the Milky Way galaxy.
this power point presentation contain all the description about milky way galaxy & solar system with picture & sound...
by just clicking F11 this PPT will start...
The Solar System has nothing on the Universe. It's been around for 13.8 billion years, give or take a few hundred million. That means the Universe is three times older than the Solar System.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
8. https://youtu.be/z8aBZZnv6y8
Watch this 2:41 min. video on the planets’
orbits around the sun. Keep in mind that
the scale is not accurate. The real scale
is so large, it would be difficult to see each
planet.
9. How long do you think a Venus
year is?
Remember, a planet’s year is
how long it takes it to make 1
orbit (revolution) around the
Sun.
10. A Venus year (the time it takes for Venus to
orbit the Sun 1 time) is 225 Earth days.
A year on Venus
would end on August
13th
.
14. Knowing that Venus rotates in
the opposite direction as our
own planet, what can you
determine about sunrises and
sunsets on Venus?
Sunrise on Earth Sunset on Earth
15. You’re right, if you think it
means that the Sun rises in the
West, instead of the East!
Conversely, the Sun sets in the
East on Venus, not the West!
22. How Did Venus Get
Its Name?
The Romans believed that
gods and goddesses were
in charge of everything on
Earth. Venus is the
goddess of love, and they
named this planet for her.
24. Venus looks like this from space. We can
see its clouds that are made of sulfuric acid.
Wind blows these clouds at hurricane
speeds (about 224 mph).
25. If we could see beneath these clouds,
however, Venus would look more like this.
26. How Big Is Venus? Venus is only slightly smaller
than Earth. It also has about the same mass and
gravity as Earth. For this reason, Venus is often
called our “Sister Planet” or our “Twin Planet”.
27. Mercury and Mars are both
scarred by craters.
Mercury Mars
However...
.
28. ...Venus has a relatively smooth surface.
This is a computer-
generated picture of
what Venus looks
like on the surface.
It is based on radar
images.
29. It is likely that Venus’s craters were filled in by lava
from its many volcanoes, giving it a smooth
surface. Venus’s volcanoes are huge compared to
those of Earth.
Maat Mons volcano. This image
was generated from radar data
collected by the Magellan probe.
30. In fact, Venus has more
volcanoes than any other planet
in the solar system.
Active volcano on
Earth.
31. Volcanoes on Venus have created lava flows up to
more than 3,000 miles in length, longer than on
any other planet. (The U.S. is 3,000 miles across.)
Example of a lava flow on Earth.
32. Venus is the hottest world in the solar system. In
some places, it can be as hot as 1,000o
F.
33. Venus’s dense atmosphere is mostly carbon
dioxide that traps heat in a runaway version of the
greenhouse effect. As a result, the average
temperature on Venus reach 8700
F.
34. The atmosphere on Venus is made of 96.5%
carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, with minor amounts
of sulfur dioxide, argon, water, carbon monoxide,
helium and neon.
35. The atmosphere on
Venus is heavier than
that of any other
planet, leading to a
surface pressure 90
times that of Earth.
A soda can on Venus
would easily be
crushed by the
atmosphere’s
pressure. It would
also get totally melted
away.
36. The surface of Venus is extremely dry. This is
because ultraviolet rays from the sun evaporated
water quickly.
Photograph of Venus’s surface taken from Russian space probe.
37. There is evidence of lightning on Venus. It is not
from water clouds, however, like it is on Earth. It
comes from clouds of sulfuric acid.
38. Venus’s surface is 90% basalt. Basalt is a hard
rock that was once molten lava.
Examples of basalt found on Earth.
39. How do we know this much about Venus? More
than 20 space probes have been sent to Venus.
40. In 1962, NASA launched the Mariner 1 space
probe. It was to be the 1st
probe the U.S. would
send to another planet, but it failed to reach orbit.
46. The Soviet Union
(Russia) launched a
total of 16 space
probes to Venus
starting in 1961 and
ending in 1983.
47. They were named Venera stations. Venera is the
Russian word for Venus. The 1st
probe was the
Venera 1 and the last was the Venera 16.
This is a photo
of Venera 4.
48. Venera 1 was the 1st
space probe to reach
another planet. It did
a fly-by of Venus in
1961, beating the
United States by 1
year.
49. In Nov. 1965, The Soviet Union (Russia) launched
the Venera 3 space probe. It possibly crash-
landed on Venus on March 1, 1966, making
Venera 3 the first spacecraft to crash into the
surface of another planet. However, its
communications systems failed before it reached
the planet.
50. On Aug. 17, 1970, the Soviet Union (Russia)
launched their space probe, Venera 7.
51. Venera 7 entered
Venus’s atmosphere on
Dec. 15, 1970,
becoming the first
probe to ever land on
another planet.
It landed with the help of a
parachute.
52. Each of the Venera
probes to enter Venus’s
atmosphere only lasted
a few hours before
being destroyed by its
extreme heat and
pressure.
53. The first photos of Venus’s surface were sent by Venera 9 and
10. Venera 9 landed on Venus on October 22, 1975 and
operated on the surface of Venus for 53 minutes. Venera 10
landed on October 25 and survived for 65 minutes.
54. A shot of the rocky surface of Venus, taken by the
Soviet Venera 13 mission.
55. The most successful landing missions to Venus
were Venera 13 and Venera 14. They landed on
March 1 and March 5, 1982. They both survived
for more than an hour and managed to send the
first colored images of Venus.
59. The U.S. sent 2 more
spacecraft to Venus in
1978. The Pioneer Venus
Orbiter went into orbit
around the planet, while the
Pioneer Venus Multi-Probe
deployed four atmospheric
entry probes to investigate
the atmosphere.
60. In 1985, the Soviet Union (Russia) launched 2 Vega
spacecraft. Each deployed a surface lander and an
instrumented atmospheric balloon.
61. In 1989, the U.S. launched the Magellan mission.
The Magellan probe was actually launched from
the Space Shuttle Atlantis. It used a radar system
to create high-resolution maps of Venus’s surface.
62. In 2005, the European Space Agency launched a probe
called the Venus Express. It was designed to orbit Venus,
and allowed scientists to study Venus’s surface topography
as well as weather patterns. This picture is computer-
generated from data collected by the Venus Express.
63. In 2014, the Venus Express finally ran out of fuel
and began to dive into one of Venus’s polar
regions. Before its crash, it sent back data
revealing that the polar region was VERY cold at
-250 degrees F. The picture below is an artist’s
rendition of its dive into Venus.
64. Okay, it’s time to quiz yourself:
How many moons does Venus
have?
76. Question:
If Mercury is closer to the Sun
than Venus, why is Venus the
hottest planet in our Solar
System?
77. Answer:
The huge amount of carbon
dioxide in Venus’s atmosphere
creates a horrible green house
effect. Radiation from the Sun
(think heat) enters, but doesn’t
escape.
