This document provides instructions for an exercise where students analyze water well data from an area of interest. The exercise involves: 1) Choosing an area and finding a topographic map, 2) Finding water well logs, 3) Interpreting the logs, 4) Creating lithologic columns, 5) Calculating well elevations, 6) Creating stratigraphic columns, 7) Comparing multiple columns, and 8) Creating cross-sections. The document walks through each step and provides an example analyzing wells near Charlotte, Michigan.
Lab 06_ FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPESLAB 06 FLUVIAL PR.docxVinaOconner450
Lab 06_ FLUVIAL PROCESSES
AND
L
AND
SCAPES
LAB 06: FLUVIAL PROCESSES
AND
L
AND
SCAPES
Note:
Please refer to
the
GETTING STARTEDmodule to learn how to maneuver through,
and
how to answer
the
lab
question
s, in
the
Google Earth (
) component.
KEY TERMS
You should know
and
underst
and
the
following
terms
:
Alluvial fan
Drainage divide
Oxbow Lake
Basin
Drainage pattern
Sinuosity
Braided streams
Entrenched me
and
er
Stream discharge
Cutbanks
Hydrograph
Stream order
Delta
Me
and
ering river
Water
shed
Drainage density
Me
and
er scar
LAB LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After successfully completing this module, you should be able to do
the
following
tasks:
·
Describe
the
concepts of sub-basins
and
water
sheds
·
Identify different human
water
uses of a river
·
Construct a stream order
for
a river system
·
Compute drainage density of a given basin
·
Identify drainage patterns of river networks
·
Explain how braided rivers
and
me
and
ering rivers are
for
med
·
Identify
the
physical features common to a me
and
ering river system
·
Describe
the
physical conditions necessary to
for
m alluvial fans
INTRODUCTION
This module examines fluvial processes
and
l
and
scapes.
Topic
s include
water
sheds, drainage patterns
and
densities, stream order, me
and
ering
and
braided streams,
and
alluvial fans. While
the
se
topic
s may appear to be disparate, you will learn how
the
y are inherently related.
The
modules start with four opening
topic
s, or vignettes,
which
are found in
the
accompanying Google Earth file.
The
se vignettes introduce basic concepts of fluvial processes
and
l
and
scapes. Some of
the
vignettes have animations, videos, or short articles that will provide ano
the
r perspective or visual explanation
for
the
topic
at h
and
. After
read
ing
the
vignette
and
associated links, answer
the
following
question
s. Please note that some links might take a while to download based on your Internet speed.
Expand
the
INTRODUCTION
folder
and
the
n
select
Topic
1:
Introduction
Read
Topic
1:
Introduction
Question
1:
Which
of
the
following
is a
reason
for
the
location
select
ed
for
the
first
English
settlement
in
the
New
World
,
Jamestown
,
VA?
A.
Prime
agricultural
l
and
B.
On
the
advice
from
the
Native
Americans
C.
Deep
water
port
D.
The
l
and
was
al
read
y
cleared
Read
Topic
2: Rivers of Life
Question
2:
If our ability to predict floods has improved significantly, why does economic loss continue to rise? (Check all that apply).
A.
Increased urbanization
B.
Increased population
C.
Increased development along coasts
D.
Increased real estate values
Read
Topic
3: Rivers of
Was
te
Question
3:
What are potential outcomes or conditions resulting
from
too much nitrogen running off
from
agricultural
fields? (Check all that apply).
A.
Eutrophication of
water
bodies
B.
Decrease in crop production
C.
Contamination of ground
wate.
Effect of Petrophysical Parameters on Water Saturation in Carbonate FormationIJERA Editor
Assessment of petrophysical parameters is very essential for reservoir engineers. Three techniques can be used to
predict reservoir properties: well logging, well testing, and core analysis. Cementation factors and saturation
exponents are crucial for calculation, and their values pose a pronounced effect on water saturation estimation. In
this study, a sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of cementation factor and saturation
exponent variation, as it applies to logs and core analysis, for use in water saturation estimates. Measurements of
water saturation resulting from these variations showed a maximum spread difference of around fifteen percent.
Lab 06_ FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPESLAB 06 FLUVIAL PR.docxVinaOconner450
Lab 06_ FLUVIAL PROCESSES
AND
L
AND
SCAPES
LAB 06: FLUVIAL PROCESSES
AND
L
AND
SCAPES
Note:
Please refer to
the
GETTING STARTEDmodule to learn how to maneuver through,
and
how to answer
the
lab
question
s, in
the
Google Earth (
) component.
KEY TERMS
You should know
and
underst
and
the
following
terms
:
Alluvial fan
Drainage divide
Oxbow Lake
Basin
Drainage pattern
Sinuosity
Braided streams
Entrenched me
and
er
Stream discharge
Cutbanks
Hydrograph
Stream order
Delta
Me
and
ering river
Water
shed
Drainage density
Me
and
er scar
LAB LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After successfully completing this module, you should be able to do
the
following
tasks:
·
Describe
the
concepts of sub-basins
and
water
sheds
·
Identify different human
water
uses of a river
·
Construct a stream order
for
a river system
·
Compute drainage density of a given basin
·
Identify drainage patterns of river networks
·
Explain how braided rivers
and
me
and
ering rivers are
for
med
·
Identify
the
physical features common to a me
and
ering river system
·
Describe
the
physical conditions necessary to
for
m alluvial fans
INTRODUCTION
This module examines fluvial processes
and
l
and
scapes.
Topic
s include
water
sheds, drainage patterns
and
densities, stream order, me
and
ering
and
braided streams,
and
alluvial fans. While
the
se
topic
s may appear to be disparate, you will learn how
the
y are inherently related.
The
modules start with four opening
topic
s, or vignettes,
which
are found in
the
accompanying Google Earth file.
The
se vignettes introduce basic concepts of fluvial processes
and
l
and
scapes. Some of
the
vignettes have animations, videos, or short articles that will provide ano
the
r perspective or visual explanation
for
the
topic
at h
and
. After
read
ing
the
vignette
and
associated links, answer
the
following
question
s. Please note that some links might take a while to download based on your Internet speed.
Expand
the
INTRODUCTION
folder
and
the
n
select
Topic
1:
Introduction
Read
Topic
1:
Introduction
Question
1:
Which
of
the
following
is a
reason
for
the
location
select
ed
for
the
first
English
settlement
in
the
New
World
,
Jamestown
,
VA?
A.
Prime
agricultural
l
and
B.
On
the
advice
from
the
Native
Americans
C.
Deep
water
port
D.
The
l
and
was
al
read
y
cleared
Read
Topic
2: Rivers of Life
Question
2:
If our ability to predict floods has improved significantly, why does economic loss continue to rise? (Check all that apply).
A.
Increased urbanization
B.
Increased population
C.
Increased development along coasts
D.
Increased real estate values
Read
Topic
3: Rivers of
Was
te
Question
3:
What are potential outcomes or conditions resulting
from
too much nitrogen running off
from
agricultural
fields? (Check all that apply).
A.
Eutrophication of
water
bodies
B.
Decrease in crop production
C.
Contamination of ground
wate.
Effect of Petrophysical Parameters on Water Saturation in Carbonate FormationIJERA Editor
Assessment of petrophysical parameters is very essential for reservoir engineers. Three techniques can be used to
predict reservoir properties: well logging, well testing, and core analysis. Cementation factors and saturation
exponents are crucial for calculation, and their values pose a pronounced effect on water saturation estimation. In
this study, a sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of cementation factor and saturation
exponent variation, as it applies to logs and core analysis, for use in water saturation estimates. Measurements of
water saturation resulting from these variations showed a maximum spread difference of around fifteen percent.
3Week 4 iLab InstructionsSCI230iLab Title Groundwater P.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3
Week 4 iLab Instructions
SCI230
iLab Title: Groundwater Processes and Contamination
Scenario/Summary:
In either confined or unconfined aquifers, excessive extraction can deplete groundwater. Declines in the level of the Ogallala aquifer have become quite serious in some places, as seen in Figure 13.8a and c: High Plain Aquifer. If one person depletes the groundwater in their area, the drop in the water table may spread to other areas. How does water in an aquifer behave—more like water in a bathtub or more as if it is contained in an egg-carton-like configuration (see Figure 13.8b)? The bathtub analogy applies if the aquifer acts as a common pool, so a general lowering of the water table occurs when a person pumps the aquifer from one location. For the egg carton model, the aquifer is compartmentalized so a person pumping in one location does not influence neighboring areas.
Deliverables:
1. Read through the lab instructions document below before executing the lab steps and creating the report.
2. Refer to Owen, Earth Lab: Exploring the Earth Sciences, ISBN-13: 9780538737005, Lab 13: Groundwater and Karst Topography, Groundwater Depletion and Ground Water Contamination, pages 302–307.
3. Follow all procedures in the lab instructions for the items you will need to include in your report.
4. After executing all steps contained in the lab instructions, submit a single Word document containing your report to the Week 4 Dropbox.
Grading Rubric
Category
Points
Description
Questions 1a and 1b [See Figure 13.8: High Plains Aquifer, page 303]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Questions 2a–2c [See Figure 13.9: Ground Water Contamination, page 304, Figures 13.10: Water-Table Contours and 13.11: Groundwater Flows, page 305]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Total
30
A laboratory report will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.
iLab Steps
Step 1: High Plains Aquifer Depletion
Figure 13.8 (a) Map of the High Plains Aquifer showing changes in the water level between 1980 and 1995. The aquifer is also called the Ogallala Aquifer; its extent is outlined in black on the map, and its water-level changes are indicated with different colors. (b) Two models for how aquifers work. (Top) Aquifers may act like bathtubs, where draining from one part may drain the whole thing; or (bottom) in the egg-carton model, one person pumping does not affect neighbors’ water levels. Most aquifers are probably between these two extremes. (c) The same map area as in (a) but with water level change data up to 2005.
1a. Study the map in Figure 13.8a: High Plains Aquifer, page 303.
i. What do the blue and lavender colors indicate? The orange and red?
ii. Where was the aquifer most depleted? Where was the aquifer rising? Does the whole aquifer act like a bathtub? Why, or Why not?
iii. What problems can you envision for hous.
Water supply Engineering Notes by Sudip Khadka.pdfSudip khadka
branch of engineering concerned with the development of sources of supply, transmission, distribution, and treatment of water. The term is used most frequently for municipal water works, but applies also to water systems for industry, irrigation, wastewater reuse, and other purposes
This presentation by Justin Gibson, a PhD student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, was presented at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute’s Research Forum on Thursday, May 11, 2017. Justin is a 2016-2017 student support grantee of the Institute.
Concerns regarding a large mall project along Ira Needles next to the Erb St. landfill. Impacts to a large wetland complex and concerns for local water risks. Shared with City of Waterloo and Regional council.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
3Week 4 iLab InstructionsSCI230iLab Title Groundwater P.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3
Week 4 iLab Instructions
SCI230
iLab Title: Groundwater Processes and Contamination
Scenario/Summary:
In either confined or unconfined aquifers, excessive extraction can deplete groundwater. Declines in the level of the Ogallala aquifer have become quite serious in some places, as seen in Figure 13.8a and c: High Plain Aquifer. If one person depletes the groundwater in their area, the drop in the water table may spread to other areas. How does water in an aquifer behave—more like water in a bathtub or more as if it is contained in an egg-carton-like configuration (see Figure 13.8b)? The bathtub analogy applies if the aquifer acts as a common pool, so a general lowering of the water table occurs when a person pumps the aquifer from one location. For the egg carton model, the aquifer is compartmentalized so a person pumping in one location does not influence neighboring areas.
Deliverables:
1. Read through the lab instructions document below before executing the lab steps and creating the report.
2. Refer to Owen, Earth Lab: Exploring the Earth Sciences, ISBN-13: 9780538737005, Lab 13: Groundwater and Karst Topography, Groundwater Depletion and Ground Water Contamination, pages 302–307.
3. Follow all procedures in the lab instructions for the items you will need to include in your report.
4. After executing all steps contained in the lab instructions, submit a single Word document containing your report to the Week 4 Dropbox.
Grading Rubric
Category
Points
Description
Questions 1a and 1b [See Figure 13.8: High Plains Aquifer, page 303]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Questions 2a–2c [See Figure 13.9: Ground Water Contamination, page 304, Figures 13.10: Water-Table Contours and 13.11: Groundwater Flows, page 305]
15
The answers are complete and accurate. Interpretations of the results are included and correct.
Total
30
A laboratory report will meet or exceed all of the above requirements.
iLab Steps
Step 1: High Plains Aquifer Depletion
Figure 13.8 (a) Map of the High Plains Aquifer showing changes in the water level between 1980 and 1995. The aquifer is also called the Ogallala Aquifer; its extent is outlined in black on the map, and its water-level changes are indicated with different colors. (b) Two models for how aquifers work. (Top) Aquifers may act like bathtubs, where draining from one part may drain the whole thing; or (bottom) in the egg-carton model, one person pumping does not affect neighbors’ water levels. Most aquifers are probably between these two extremes. (c) The same map area as in (a) but with water level change data up to 2005.
1a. Study the map in Figure 13.8a: High Plains Aquifer, page 303.
i. What do the blue and lavender colors indicate? The orange and red?
ii. Where was the aquifer most depleted? Where was the aquifer rising? Does the whole aquifer act like a bathtub? Why, or Why not?
iii. What problems can you envision for hous.
Water supply Engineering Notes by Sudip Khadka.pdfSudip khadka
branch of engineering concerned with the development of sources of supply, transmission, distribution, and treatment of water. The term is used most frequently for municipal water works, but applies also to water systems for industry, irrigation, wastewater reuse, and other purposes
This presentation by Justin Gibson, a PhD student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, was presented at the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute’s Research Forum on Thursday, May 11, 2017. Justin is a 2016-2017 student support grantee of the Institute.
Concerns regarding a large mall project along Ira Needles next to the Erb St. landfill. Impacts to a large wetland complex and concerns for local water risks. Shared with City of Waterloo and Regional council.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
vdocument.in_exercise-water-wells-lithology.ppt
1. Exercise:
Water Wells & Lithology
Brought to you by Core Kids, WMU-
MGRRE Geosciences K-12 Outreach
Program
Exercise created by Niah Venable, Amanda Walega and
Susan Grammer with web content by Niah Venable
A special thanks to
8th grade teacher Becky Dalecki, Portage North Middle School and to the
8th grade science teachers and students at Mattawan Middle School.
With generous support from:
2. This exercise can be adapted for:
High school students wishing to do an independent
project using real data from their local area.
Middle school students whose teachers can lead them
through accessing data and constructing stratigraphic
columns as a class according to the instructions on this
website.
Later elementary students who can use this exercise to
visualize what is underground in their area.
3. 1. Choose an area of interest (e.g. Charlotte, MI)
2. Find the corresponding topographic map
3. Find water well data from the area of interest
4. Interpret water well driller’s logs
5. Create lithologic columns
6. Calculate the Well Elevation
7. Create stratigraphic columns
8. Create cross-sections for comparison
Exercise Steps
4. 1. Pick an Area of Interest
For this example we will look at water wells around
Charlotte, MI.
Charlotte is located in Eaton County.
First we need to get a topographic map of the area
near Charlotte. This map will give us political and
landform information such as section numbers and
elevation contours for use in this project.
5. 2. Find a Topo Map
Browse to the State of Michigan,
Department of Natural Resources
homepage:
www.michigan.gov/dnr
From there browse to Publications
and Maps, then Online Maps. Go
to Topographic Quadrangles by
Location.
Use the dropdown list to find the
county, in this case it is Eaton. A
quick link to this page is:
www.michigan.gov/dnr/1,1607,7-
153-10371_14793-31264--,00.html
Click Download.
6. 2. Find a Topo Map cont.
The next screen shows a
green and yellow version of a
political map with the
locations of cities and towns
with a blue grid overlay of
the quadrangle names.
Click on the quad labeled
“Charlotte” in Eaton and
Carmel townships.
7. A pdf of the
Charlotte quadrangle
will open in Adobe
Acrobat. We can
save this and use as-is
or copy and zoom to
a portion of the map
using MS Word or
image handling
software.
2. Find a Topo Map cont.
8. 3. Find Water Well Data
Browse to the State of
Michigan, Department of
Environmental Quality
homepage:
www.michigan.gov/deq
From there click Water, then
browse to Drinking Water, to
Water Well Construction, then
click on Scanned Water Well
Record Retrieval System.
A quick link to this page is:
www.deq.state.mi.us/well-logs/
9. 3. Find Water Well Data cont.
The information used to find
the topo and the map itself
provide the county, township
and section data we need to
search the well retrieval
database.
We are interested in Eaton
County so two searches need
to be done by township, one
for Eaton in sections 6, 18
and 19; and one for Carmel
in sections 12, 13, and 24.
We will omit section 7 of
Eaton township, due to an
absence of usable logs.
10. After selecting the county,
township(s) and section(s)
of interest, we will be able
to review a pdf file
containing the scanned
images of driller’s reports
from each area.
The pdf driller’s reports or
logs will look like this. The
number of logs available
for each section varies.
3. Find Water Well Data cont.
11. 4. Interpreting Driller’s Logs
The driller’s log header
contains well location
information and often a
hand-drawn map with
street names, which may
prove useful if the
quarter-quarter location
information is not
recorded, or recorded
incorrectly.
12. 4. Interpreting Driller’s Logs cont.
The driller’s log lithology
information is listed by
type of material,
thickness of each unit,
and total depth. The
formation descriptions
are more likely to be
generic than scientific.
The total drilled depth of
this well is 100 feet
below the surface.
13. Other information
provided by the driller’s
log is the owner of the
well, the depth, the
completion date and how
the well was completed.
It will also list possible
sources of contamination,
pump type, and who
drilled the well.
The static water level is
equal to the depth to the
water table, in this case it
was encountered 36 feet
below the surface.
4. Interpreting Driller’s Logs cont.
14. Lithologic or stratigraphic
columns can be created
from driller’s logs using
the formation descriptions
provided by the driller and
the depths to and the
thicknesses of each unit.
5. Creating Lithologic Columns
From 0-12 feet below the surface the
driller encountered clay.
From 12 to 16 feet below the surface
they found sand.
From 16 to 54 feet below the surface
they found clay.
From 54 to 60 feet below was gravel.
From 60 to 100 feet below the surface
they found “sandrock”, most likely the
sandstones of the Saginaw Aquifer.
15. 5. Creating Lithologic Columns cont.
A basic form created in
Excel is useful for
plotting lithogy and other
well information for
viewing as a lithologic or
stratigraphic column.
The lithologic key can be
modified depending on
the type of earth material
encountered in the wells.
16. 5. Creating Lithologic Columns cont.
Using the driller’s log
depths below the surface
as a guide, we plot the
lithologic types on the
column with the
lithologic key patterns
and colors as fill.
Next, we mark the water
level on the column
using the symbol from
the key.
Hammond
17. To calculate the well elevation
values in feet above sea level and
to convert the lithogic column to
a stratigraphic column, we must
first determine the well surface
elevation.
This is done using a topographic
map since most of the driller’s
reports do not provide well
elevations.
6. Calculate the Well Elevation
18. Using the topo map of Charlotte
and the location information
provided in the driller’s report
we find that the example well is
located here.
Contour lines in this area range
between 910 feet and 920 feet
above sea level. Interpolating
the location between the two
contours gives us a value of 918
feet above sea level.
6. Calculate the Well Elevation cont.
19. 6. Calculate the Well Elevation cont.
We record the well
elevation in the blank to the
right. And then place the
value on the top line of the
scale on the right side of the
lithology column.
Next we subtract the depths
in ten foot increments from
the elevation value until the
bottom of the well is
reached.
20. 7. Create Multiple Strat Columns
To compare the hydrogeology from several wells
around the Charlotte area we must create more
stratigraphic columns.
Repeat steps 3 through 6 to create these columns.
For this example we will use driller’s logs from
Eaton township, sections 18 and 19, and Carmel
township, sections 12, 13, and 24.
We will mark the locations of all the wells on the
topo map for reference.
21. All of the wells are now marked
on the topographic map for
reference.
Well elevation values have been
picked from the map and used to
convert the lithologic columns to
stratigraphic columns.
7. Multiple Strat Columns cont.
Mishler
Hammond
City
Burt
Archer
Porter
22. 7. Multiple Strat Columns cont.
Once the stratigraphic
columns are created, a
depth datum is picked.
The depth datum is used
to compare the lithology
and water levels in all
wells at corresponding
depths.
Well Name and Elevation Range:
Hammond: 918-818 ft.
Burt: 890-790 ft.
City: 912-872 ft.
Archer: 895-775 ft.
Porter: 900-800 ft.
Mischler: 945-835 ft.
The depth datum should be
880 feet above sea level since
all wells intersect that depth.
23. 8. Cross-Section Creation
The geographic area
covered by the wells
can be divided into two
cross-sectional lines
running approximately
North to South
They are labeled A to
A’ and B to B’.
A
A’
B’
B
24. 8. Cross–Section Creation cont.
The wells in each cross-section can be compared by
lining them up on the datum value.
880 ft.
~ 1.5 mi.
~ 1 mi.
A A’
25. 8. Cross–Section Creation cont.
It is important to remember the distances between
wells when making cross-sectional comparisons.
880 ft.
~ 1.75 mi.
~ 2 mi.
B B’
26. 9. Interpretation
The cross-sections combined with the well
locations on the topo map give a spatial
comparison of the earth materials encountered
at depth and how those materials vary over a
distance between wells.
The wells are about 1 to 2 miles apart and the
relief between the highest and lowest wells is 55
feet. Static water levels range between a max
elevation just under 900 ft. to just over 875 ft.
27. 9. Interpretation cont.
The glacial sediments found above the
sandstone and shale bedrock in this area show
variation in type and thickness from well to well,
which is typical of these kinds of materials.
Generally though, the glacial deposits in the A-
A’ wells consist of clay and gravels, while the
deposits in the B-B’ wells are mainly sand and
clay.
28. 9. Interpretation cont.
The Charlotte wells show no significant
variation in static water levels. Dramatic
variations in static water levels could be due
to draw down effects in heavy-use areas.
The sandstone and shale bedrock elevations vary
by 60 ft for all wells, but for each cross section,
the variation is between 25-45 feet.
29. 10. Summary
Topographic maps and water well driller’s
logs can be used to examine the near-surface
geology of Michigan.
The driller’s logs are also useful for determining
depth to the water table, potential nearby
contamination hazards, and other information.
The data needed for these exercises is readily
available on the internet from State of Michigan
sources.