All the three methods of national income accounting are explained with mathematical questions and answers. It is very helpful for the NCERT and SCERT plus two commerce and humanities students who have to learn these methods in the second chapter of macroeconomics.
All the three methods of national income accounting are explained with mathematical questions and answers. It is very helpful for the NCERT and SCERT plus two commerce and humanities students who have to learn these methods in the second chapter of macroeconomics.
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale.
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
The presentation is about Depreciation of Assets and its methods. There are many methods for calculating Depreciation but this presentation focuses on most widely used methods- Straight line method, Written down value method and Annuity method.
Example of each method is given, which gives you an easy learning of Depreciation.
Good for Beginners and Amateurs.
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale.
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
Production Function: Meaning, production with one variable input, the law of variable proportion, the laws of returns to scale. Economies of Scale
The presentation is about Depreciation of Assets and its methods. There are many methods for calculating Depreciation but this presentation focuses on most widely used methods- Straight line method, Written down value method and Annuity method.
Example of each method is given, which gives you an easy learning of Depreciation.
Good for Beginners and Amateurs.
Part IRequirement 1UnitsPriceTotalsSales60,000$12.50$750,000Variab.docxherbertwilson5999
Part IRequirement 1UnitsPriceTotalsSales60,000$12.50$750,000Variable Costs60,000$6.00$360,000.00Fixed Costs60,000$295,525$295,525.00Net Income$94,475.00Requirement 2Contribution Margin per Unit in Dollars = Selling Price – Variable CostsSelling PriceVariable Costs Contribution Margin per Unit $12.50$6.00$6.50Contribution Margin Ratio = Contribution Margin/Selling PriceContribution MarginSelling PriceContribution Margin Ratio$6.50$12.5052%Requirement 3Break-Even Point = Fixed Costs / Contribution MarginFixed Costs Contribution MarginBreak-Even Point in Units (Rounded)$295,52552%568,317Break-Even Point in Units X Selling Price per Unit = Break-Even Point SalesBreak-Even Point in UnitsSelling Price per UnitBreak-Even Point in Sales (Rounded)568,317$12.50$45,465Requirement 4AMargin of Safety in Units = Current Unit Sales – Break-Even Point in Unit SalesCurrent Unit SalesBreak-Even Point in SalesMargin of Safety in Units60,000$45,46514,535Requirement 4BMargin of Safety in Dollars = Current Sales in Dollars – Break-Even Point Sales in DollarsCurrent Sales in DollarsBreak-Even Point in Dollars Margin of Safety in Dollars$750,000$568, 312.50$181,688Requirement 4CMargin of Safety as a Percentage = Margin of Sales in Units / Current Unit SalesMargin of Safety in UnitsCurrent Unit SalesMargin of Safety Percentage14,53560,00024%Requirement 5Degree of Operating Leverage = Contribution Margin / Operating IncomeContribution MarginOperating IncomeOperating Leverage$655,525.00$750,000.000.8740Requirement 6Units$ Per UnitTotalsSales72,000$12.50$900,000Variable Costs72,000$6.00$432,000.00Fixed Costs72,000295,525$295,525.00Net Income$172,475.00Operating LeverageTimes % IncreaseIncrease would be XX%0.87445.2245.22Prior Income$94,475.00From Part 1Increase$78,000.00Prior Income X XX% AboveTotal$172,475.00Requirement 7Targeted Income = (Fixed Costs + Target Income) / Contribution MarginFixed Costs + Target IncomeDivided by Contribution Margin# of Units (Rounded)Fixed Costs$295,525Target Income$78,000Total$373,525$655,525.001# of Units Above X $ Per UnitProofRevenueXX,XXX X $XX.XX$78,000Variable CostsXX,XXX X $X.XX$432,000Contribution Margin$655,525Fixed Costs$295,525Net Income$360,000Requirement 8Sales MixCurrentSpecialtyTotalExpected Sales UnitsRevenue = Sales X Price$750,000$900,000$1,650,000Variable Costs X Units$360,000$432,000$792,000Contribution Margin$655,525$655,525$1,311,050Fixed Costs$295,525$295,525$591,050Operating Income$539,900Prior Net Income From Requirement 1$461,900.00Additional Operating Income(Operating Income Above Less Prior Income)$166,375.00Decision With ExplanationThe company needs to produce more of the umbrellas so as to increase the volume of sales that it will record in the market. Consequently, the profits realized by the firm will also increase. However, there is need for the costs of production to be reduced so as to increase the net revenue of the company.
Part IIRequirement 1Hampshire CompanyVariable Costing Income Statemen.
This insightful PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Chapter 10 from the field of Managerial Accounting, focusing on the important concepts of Standard costs and variances.Through visually engaging slides and concise explanations, this presentation covers the fundamental principles of costs and variances demonstrating their significance in assessing organizational performance. Gain insights into the process of developing flexible budgets, including variance analysis and the assessment of cost and variance behavior patterns. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how Standard costing and variances can be utilized as a strategic tool for driving organizational success.
Different techniques of costing in strategic management accounting discussed.
Marginal costing,budgetary control, standard costing,Activity based costing,responsibility costing.
This Presentation gives detailed information regarding Indian Mentha Oil Production, Exports, Imports, By Products produced, Spot Market Prices of Mentha for last consecutive six years along with fundamental & technical analysis and ways to tackle the price volatility of the Mentha Oil in India.
Food from across the world is available to consumers today, regardless of the season, location, or environment. However, the greater options and accessibility are accompanied by increasing complexity in the food supply chain.
With growing data and lengthening ecosystems within the industry, the importance of trust weighs heavier than ever before.
From the farmer, processor, retailer, to the consumer, IBM Food Trust™ uses trust to build transparency. The block chain solution is working to ensure that transparency enables the expanding food system.
With capabilities to enable safer food, longer product shelf lives, reduced waste, faster traceability, and better access to shared information, IBM Food Trust empowers to meet the new standard for transparency and trust.
The solution provides authorized users with immediate access to actionable food supply chain data - from farm to store and ultimately the consumer. The complete history and current location of any food item along with its accompanying information (i.e. certifications, test data, temperature data) can be readily available in seconds.
IBM Food Trust provides organization with a set of integrated modules to address the increased complexity and build trust in the industry.
Investment Environment & Opportunities in the State of AssamShekhar Jyoti Das
The Strategic location of Assam, in proximity to the growing ASEAN economies, provides easy access to a market of over 800 million consumers. All the major cities of ASEAN are located geographically closer to Assam, when compared to other major cities of India. Being contiguous to all the NE states other than Sikkim, Assam is the heart of Northeast. Thus, the demand from all the neighbouring NE states can easily be addressed from Assam.
A significant stretch (in North East) of the ongoing Trans Asian Highway, AH-1/ AH-2 project, passes through key districts of Assam. Some of the major projects being executed in the Region include Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project and the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway Project. Upon completion of these projects, the trade with ASEAN countries is destined to grow. Similarly, a part of the proposed Trans Asian Rail network, passes through key districts of Assam. All these infrastructural projects are set to boost trade with ASEAN and neighbouring countries. Hence Assam is set to be the destination of choice for setting up business ties with the ASEAN and neighbouring economies. The businesses operating out of Assam shall have logistical cost advantage over their competitors.
Analysis of the Economic Importance of the Betel Leaf for the Indian Economy, Observation, Explanation and Discussion of the reasons for the price fluctuation of betel leaf in the spot markets, strategies to manage the price fluctuations and various government schemes for increasing production and improving productivity to control the price of betel leaf in the Spot Market has been discussed in this paper
This Presentation gives a brief description regarding the IBM Food Trust Block-chain initiative along with its way of working, characteristics and benefits
A Presentation regarding SWOT, Porter's Five Forces & PESTEL Analysis along with Business Level & Financial Level Strategy of General Electric has been outlined in the Presentation.
The Presentation also states regarding the Strategy Implementation Process of General Electric
Optimization of Supply of ITC Prawns from Nellore to Domestic Market Presenta...Shekhar Jyoti Das
This project will accomplish to provide better plans and strategies to optimize the distribution network of the prawns in the domestic market. To gain a better percentage share in terms of volume and also controlling the pricing of the product is prime concern being a company with huge potential and emphasis on quality. With the lack of Cold Chain Infrastructure in the Country and with a mammoth geographical area it becomes a challenge for a homogenous development of the distribution network of the ITC Prawns in the nook & corners of the country. At the same time IFB & Sumeru have gained a very strong foot hold in various tier 2 & tier 3 markets.
Optimization of Supply of ITC Prawns from Nellore to Domestic MarketShekhar Jyoti Das
This project accomplishes to provide better plans and strategies to optimize the distribution network of the prawns in the domestic market. To gain a better percentage share in terms of volume and also controlling the pricing of the product is prime concern being a company with huge potential and emphasis on quality.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. What is Variance?
• Difference between an expected and actual
result such as between a budget and actual
expenditure.
3. HOW TO FIND OUT VARIANCE?????You should now be aware that the following cycle should take place:
Set budget amount
Compare budget amounts with actual amounts
Calculate total variance
Analyse total variance
Explain reasons for variance
Take action
4. Variance analysis
• Variance analysis, in budgeting is a tool of
budgetary control
• Assists in evaluating performance by means of
variances between budgeted amount and the
actual amount incurred/sold.
• Variance analysis can be carried out for both
costs and revenues
5. Variances – The Golden Rules
To calculate £ variance = A - B
To calculate the % variance = A – B X 100
B
Where A = Actual figure
B = Comparative figure
(Budget, Previous, Corresponding)
7. Adverse variances mean that the actual performance
has been worse thanexpected
-likely to reduceprofit
Adverse
(Bad for business)
InterpretationofVariances
8. Variances
Adverse or Favourable?
Adverse/Favourable results depend on
the variance being considered
Budget Actual Variance
£120,000 £125,000 £5,000
Budget Actual Variance
£120,000 £125,000 £5,000
Costs
Income
10. ProfitVariance
The difference between budgeted profit and
actual profit
This can be broken down to revenue variances
and costvariances
These variances can in turn be broken down
further
11. SalesVariance
Sales variance – Difference between actual
sales revenue and budgetedsales revenue
This can be broken downinto:-
-Sales volume variance (how sales differedfrom target)
Price variance (how actual price differedfrom
expected price)
12. CostVariances
Material price variance –Difference between the
budgeted cost of raw materials and the actual costs
Material usage variance – Difference between the
budgeted quantities of raw materials & supplies against
the actual quantitiesused
Labour rate variance – the budgeted wage bill compared to
the actual wagebill
Labour efficiency variance – the budgeted number of
man-hours to complete tasks compared to the actual
time taken
13. Causes of Variances
Direct Materials
Direct
Labour
Fixed
Overheads
Sales
Revenue
Quality
Wastage
Cost
Theft
Specification
change
Pay rise
Poor supervision
Skill level
Machines
-Breakdown
-Increase speed
–Decrease speed
Inflation
Supplier
change
Stepped
cost
Price
increase or
decrease
Volume sold
14. Use of variance analysis in Business
• Budget vs. Actual Costs
40,000
20,000
0
60,000
80,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
2011 2012
budgeted cost
actual cost
15. Use of variance analysis in Business
• Forecasting
– It uses patterns of past business data to construct
a theory about future performance
– Being able to mathematically forecast sales helps
understanding demand
16. Use of variance analysis in Business
• Sensibility in competition
-Variance of different metrics in a market helps
building products more sensibly
-analysis of variance in market monitoring indicates
key differences which helps towards achieving
competitive advantage