This document summarizes a study analyzing a sample lesson from the Journal of Primary Education published in Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Period. The study observes that the lesson incorporated many teaching methods still used today, such as constructivism. It provides context on values education and moral education in Ottoman Empire, noting emphasis was placed on developing virtues and national/Western values in children through stories and historical figures. The period saw reforms in politics, education and culture following the 1908 constitution, and influences from thinkers like Dewey and Rousseau on developing critical thinking over rote memorization. Sample lessons were presented to train teachers observing model lessons at training schools.
Hooke’s LawName Abstract;Include instead of these .docxwellesleyterresa
Hooke’s Law
Name
Abstract;
Include instead of these lines the objectives of the lab (what you investigated), the short description of how you did it and the conclusions formulated based on the obtained results.
It should be ½ to 1 page long.
Picture of the experimental set up
Read the Instructions and Procedure from the HOL lab manual.
Record the cumulative stretch ( elongation) for one spring . Make sure you don’t stretch the spring beyond the elasticity limits.
Force (N)
Accumulated (cm) Elongation (stretch)
Accumulated (m) Elongation (stretch)
Data Point 1
Data Point 2
Data Point 3
Data Point 4
Data Point 5
Data Point 6
Data Point 7
Data Point 8
Data Point 9
Data Point 10
Hooke’s Law
1
Calculations and Analysis
1. Plot the Force (y-axis) vs elongation (x-axis) on a computer spreadsheet or on piece of paper. Insert the graph (Excel or picture) in the space below:
2. Find the spring constant for the spring in Newton/meters from the slopethe graph. (Refer to the Excel tutorial in the Introduction section or/and read ecampus instructions.
k=
3. A student measured 15s for the 20 complete oscillations for an object of 200g attached at the free end of a spring. Calculate the period of oscillation (T) and the spring constant (k).
Write the equation used and then the numerical values.
Al-Saadi 5
Al-Saadi, Ahmed
COM 1101 -13 – Composition & Rhetoric
November 6, 2017
Dr. J. Parla Palumbo
Essay three – Definition
Education
Education is the instructive process geared towards facilitating an individual to acquire knowledge (Smith). According to Smith, education is different from schooling in the approach that each takes towards the learners. In schooling, the leaners are objects for the teacher to work on, while in education, the learners are considered as human beings with whom the teachers should interact. Individuals can also acquire a belief system or develop constructive habits through the process of education. The essential nature of these benefits has led international communities to promote the agenda of education as a necessity and even recognize it as a fundamental human right under the World Health Organisation (WHO). Education takes many forms, but it is primarily any instruction that is geared towards the betterment of the human condition through the development of the learning capacity of man.
Education is an instructive process. This definition implies that there is an object and a subject in the education process. The subject is a more knowledgeable, or skilled individual while the object is the person that is being trained on how to acquire the values, knowledge or skill. Hence, the subject is generally acknowledged as the teacher or instructor while the object of the educational process is always the student. Education affects the thought process ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the role of philosophy of education in India. It outlines the philosophical approaches to education that emerged during different historical periods in India, including the Vedic period, medieval period, and modern period under British rule. It then examines in more detail the educational philosophies of four influential Indian thinkers: Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, and Swami Vivekananda. Their philosophies emphasized developing the learner's character and spirituality as well as practical and vocational skills. However, the current Indian education system faces challenges in addressing learners' interests and cultivating relevant values in a changing world. There is a need to re-examine the ideas of these
This document outlines the syllabus for the course "Contemporary India and Education" from the Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University.
It begins with course objectives focused on understanding social diversity, contemporary issues in India, educational policies over time, and language policies. The syllabus then lists 5 units that will be covered: the constitutional context of education in India, understanding social diversity, educational demands of individuals and communities, language policy, and implications of equality in educational opportunities. Suggested activities and textbooks are also provided. The document concludes with intended course outcomes.
Recently, there has been a concern in many parts of the world about the teaching strategies employed at higher education institutions (HEI). Empirical evidence shows that pedagogical practices affect the student engagement and academic excellence. Despite progress on the new innovative pedagogies globally, Somaliland HEI are still struggling with the old didactic teaching method which impedes students lifelong learning and future endeavors. Traditional teaching methods of HEI in Somaliland prevented students to unleash their potentials. Guided by the human capital theory, this study examined the status of lecturers’ application to modern pedagogical practices. The 35 lecturers at the University of Hargeisa, Somalia from the different faculties who had received postgraduate diploma in education provided by the university participated in this study. Employed by micro-teaching observation protocol of quantitative research design, the study found out lecture method as the most prevalent in their teaching practicum, with very low student cognitive engagement, inconsistencies with the instructional behavior and inadequate instructional aids. The study therefore proposed a cooperative jigsaw method as a veritable strategy for effective classrooms and better student engagement. The study recommends Somaliland higher education to adopt the policies, guidelines and regulations that guide the universities across the country.
Higher learning institute module organization vis à-vis the criteria of curri...Alexander Decker
This document discusses criteria for developing higher learning institute modules that promote problem solving skills. It outlines 6 criteria for curriculum development identified in the literature: 1) using real-world problems as learning contexts, 2) involving students in three phases of learning - focusing, finding out, and reflecting, 3) allowing recursion where students apply and extend their learning, 4) using graphic organizers, 5) emphasizing metacognition, and 6) supporting collaboration. The document argues module design in Ethiopian universities should focus on depth over coverage and developing lifelong learning abilities through problem-based approaches.
Final paper.docx Curriculum DevelopmentXimme Naranjo
This document provides an overview of curriculum development in Ecuador. It discusses how curriculum is defined and influenced by social and cultural factors. The Ecuadorian government is promoting reforms to create an inclusive, intercultural education system focused on developing skills for work, creativity, and civic values. Direct social influences include laws guaranteeing education access, while indirect influences include adding local authors to the curriculum. Economic factors like education budgets and cash transfer programs also shape the curriculum. Population diversity from immigration influences curriculum planning to meet varied student needs.
Hooke’s LawName Abstract;Include instead of these .docxwellesleyterresa
Hooke’s Law
Name
Abstract;
Include instead of these lines the objectives of the lab (what you investigated), the short description of how you did it and the conclusions formulated based on the obtained results.
It should be ½ to 1 page long.
Picture of the experimental set up
Read the Instructions and Procedure from the HOL lab manual.
Record the cumulative stretch ( elongation) for one spring . Make sure you don’t stretch the spring beyond the elasticity limits.
Force (N)
Accumulated (cm) Elongation (stretch)
Accumulated (m) Elongation (stretch)
Data Point 1
Data Point 2
Data Point 3
Data Point 4
Data Point 5
Data Point 6
Data Point 7
Data Point 8
Data Point 9
Data Point 10
Hooke’s Law
1
Calculations and Analysis
1. Plot the Force (y-axis) vs elongation (x-axis) on a computer spreadsheet or on piece of paper. Insert the graph (Excel or picture) in the space below:
2. Find the spring constant for the spring in Newton/meters from the slopethe graph. (Refer to the Excel tutorial in the Introduction section or/and read ecampus instructions.
k=
3. A student measured 15s for the 20 complete oscillations for an object of 200g attached at the free end of a spring. Calculate the period of oscillation (T) and the spring constant (k).
Write the equation used and then the numerical values.
Al-Saadi 5
Al-Saadi, Ahmed
COM 1101 -13 – Composition & Rhetoric
November 6, 2017
Dr. J. Parla Palumbo
Essay three – Definition
Education
Education is the instructive process geared towards facilitating an individual to acquire knowledge (Smith). According to Smith, education is different from schooling in the approach that each takes towards the learners. In schooling, the leaners are objects for the teacher to work on, while in education, the learners are considered as human beings with whom the teachers should interact. Individuals can also acquire a belief system or develop constructive habits through the process of education. The essential nature of these benefits has led international communities to promote the agenda of education as a necessity and even recognize it as a fundamental human right under the World Health Organisation (WHO). Education takes many forms, but it is primarily any instruction that is geared towards the betterment of the human condition through the development of the learning capacity of man.
Education is an instructive process. This definition implies that there is an object and a subject in the education process. The subject is a more knowledgeable, or skilled individual while the object is the person that is being trained on how to acquire the values, knowledge or skill. Hence, the subject is generally acknowledged as the teacher or instructor while the object of the educational process is always the student. Education affects the thought process ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the role of philosophy of education in India. It outlines the philosophical approaches to education that emerged during different historical periods in India, including the Vedic period, medieval period, and modern period under British rule. It then examines in more detail the educational philosophies of four influential Indian thinkers: Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, and Swami Vivekananda. Their philosophies emphasized developing the learner's character and spirituality as well as practical and vocational skills. However, the current Indian education system faces challenges in addressing learners' interests and cultivating relevant values in a changing world. There is a need to re-examine the ideas of these
This document outlines the syllabus for the course "Contemporary India and Education" from the Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University.
It begins with course objectives focused on understanding social diversity, contemporary issues in India, educational policies over time, and language policies. The syllabus then lists 5 units that will be covered: the constitutional context of education in India, understanding social diversity, educational demands of individuals and communities, language policy, and implications of equality in educational opportunities. Suggested activities and textbooks are also provided. The document concludes with intended course outcomes.
Recently, there has been a concern in many parts of the world about the teaching strategies employed at higher education institutions (HEI). Empirical evidence shows that pedagogical practices affect the student engagement and academic excellence. Despite progress on the new innovative pedagogies globally, Somaliland HEI are still struggling with the old didactic teaching method which impedes students lifelong learning and future endeavors. Traditional teaching methods of HEI in Somaliland prevented students to unleash their potentials. Guided by the human capital theory, this study examined the status of lecturers’ application to modern pedagogical practices. The 35 lecturers at the University of Hargeisa, Somalia from the different faculties who had received postgraduate diploma in education provided by the university participated in this study. Employed by micro-teaching observation protocol of quantitative research design, the study found out lecture method as the most prevalent in their teaching practicum, with very low student cognitive engagement, inconsistencies with the instructional behavior and inadequate instructional aids. The study therefore proposed a cooperative jigsaw method as a veritable strategy for effective classrooms and better student engagement. The study recommends Somaliland higher education to adopt the policies, guidelines and regulations that guide the universities across the country.
Higher learning institute module organization vis à-vis the criteria of curri...Alexander Decker
This document discusses criteria for developing higher learning institute modules that promote problem solving skills. It outlines 6 criteria for curriculum development identified in the literature: 1) using real-world problems as learning contexts, 2) involving students in three phases of learning - focusing, finding out, and reflecting, 3) allowing recursion where students apply and extend their learning, 4) using graphic organizers, 5) emphasizing metacognition, and 6) supporting collaboration. The document argues module design in Ethiopian universities should focus on depth over coverage and developing lifelong learning abilities through problem-based approaches.
Final paper.docx Curriculum DevelopmentXimme Naranjo
This document provides an overview of curriculum development in Ecuador. It discusses how curriculum is defined and influenced by social and cultural factors. The Ecuadorian government is promoting reforms to create an inclusive, intercultural education system focused on developing skills for work, creativity, and civic values. Direct social influences include laws guaranteeing education access, while indirect influences include adding local authors to the curriculum. Economic factors like education budgets and cash transfer programs also shape the curriculum. Population diversity from immigration influences curriculum planning to meet varied student needs.
This document summarizes a study examining perceptions of administrators in higher education regarding inclusive education of Syrian refugee students. Administrators experienced incongruity due to differences in language, behavior, culture and education systems between Syrian and Turkish students. Inclusion was seen as a tool to integrate refugees into the Turkish education system and culture. Administrators had no preparation for inclusion and learned through experience and improvisation. The study concluded inclusion programs and orientation for refugees and administrators, as well as events promoting social interaction, could improve inclusion of Syrian refugees in higher education.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to curriculum studies. It defines curriculum and differentiates between types of curriculum such as planned/intended, enacted, and hidden curriculum. It also discusses forces that influence curriculum construction such as political, economic, and social forces. The document then examines concerns from different stakeholders in the Malaysian context and provides examples of special interest groups that influence curriculum decisions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to curriculum studies. It defines curriculum and differentiates between types of curriculum such as planned/intended, enacted, and hidden curriculum. It also discusses forces that influence curriculum construction such as political, economic, and social forces. The document then examines concerns from different stakeholders in the Malaysian context and provides examples of special interest groups that influence curriculum decisions.
This document provides an overview of curriculum development and the forces that impact curriculum. It discusses how curriculum has been defined over time and includes multiple levels from societal to instructional. Social forces like changes in society, technology, and political movements influence curriculum development. Reform movements and changes to education policy also impact curriculum design. The document uses examples from the US and Ecuadorian education systems to illustrate how external initiatives and local factors shape curriculum.
This document provides an introduction to social studies as a field of study. It defines social studies as the multidisciplinary study of past, present, and future societies from cultural, economic, geographic, and political perspectives. The goals of social studies education are to help students understand their role in the world and develop critical thinking skills to participate competently as citizens. An effective social studies curriculum incorporates 10 themes including culture, time and change, individuals and groups, power and governance, and global connections. Principles of effective social studies teaching are that it be meaningful, integrative, value-based, challenging, and active. The document also discusses reasons for lack of student interest in social studies, including an emphasis on other subjects and ineffective teaching
This document provides a summary of a UNESCO sourcebook on values education titled "Learning to Be: A holistic and integrated approach to values education for human development". The sourcebook presents a model for holistic and integrated values education with the goal of developing individuals and promoting international understanding and a culture of peace. It identifies core values like health, truth, love, creativity, peace and justice that guide human development. It also emphasizes the process of internalizing values which can lead to inner peace and peace in broader contexts. The sourcebook includes practical teaching modules and aims to help educators facilitate the full development of learners' personality and potential.
This document discusses various concepts and models of curriculum implementation. It defines curriculum implementation as the process of putting the planned or officially designed course of study into practice through teachers translating it into syllabuses, schemes of work and lessons for students. Several models of curriculum implementation are described, including the ORC model which focuses on overcoming resistance to change, the LOC model which treats staff resistance as problematic, and the linkage model which emphasizes establishing links between research centers and curriculum users. Key issues that can affect implementation are also discussed, such as poor teacher involvement in curriculum planning and reform.
A Study Of Moral Education And Its Relationship With Character EducationApril Smith
This document summarizes research on moral education and its relationship to character education. It discusses how moral development continues during university years, as students face moral dilemmas and form their own value systems between ages 18-21. Moral education in universities can help guide students during this identity development. The document also reviews theories of moral development from Kohlberg and others. It examines qualities of moral education programs, such as modeling good values and facilitating moral reasoning. Finally, it notes similarities between moral education and character education, such as both aiming to teach virtues and develop good moral character.
The document discusses the four pillars of education as outlined in Jacques Delors' UNESCO report: learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, and learning to live together. The four pillars are based on a humanistic educational philosophy that views learning as a lifelong process focusing on the holistic development of the individual. Specifically, the four pillars aim to promote the formation of complete human beings through nurturing their intellectual, moral, social, physical, emotional, and creative potentials at all stages of development, as well as make individuals active contributors to their communities and global society.
This document defines curriculum and discusses its various types, including overt, societal, hidden, and null curriculums. It outlines the steps in curriculum development as identifying needs, setting goals and objectives, organizing committees, implementation, and evaluation. The impacts of curriculum on students and advantages like achieving goals and disadvantages like resistance to change are noted. Curriculum development in nursing aims to shape practice and includes all planned learning experiences.
This document discusses the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. It provides an overview of the key objectives of NPE 1986, which include all-round development, promotion of socialism, secularism and democracy, and developing human resources. It also discusses important aspects covered by NPE 1986 like minimum learning levels, education for the environment, and work experience. The document then covers the shift recommended by NCF 2005 from a syllabus-based approach to a learner-centric one. It discusses moving from rote learning to problem solving and from teacher-centered to learner autonomous education.
The document discusses the concept of the hidden curriculum. It begins by tracing the origin of the term to Phillip Jackson in 1968. It then provides several definitions of the hidden curriculum from various scholars that describe it as the unwritten and unintended lessons learned in school beyond the formal curriculum. The document also discusses theories around the hidden curriculum and implications, such as its role in socializing students and transmitting norms and values both intentionally and unintentionally. It concludes by stating that the hidden curriculum can be identified through social interactions in the school environment.
The document discusses diversity in the classroom from legal and practical perspectives. Legally, education law governs public and private schools and universities. In Indonesia, education law has evolved over time from ancient times to the present. Practically, diversity occurs in many forms in classrooms and it is important for educators to recognize different learners and meet their needs. Classroom practices around diversity have developed through both theory and experience shared between teachers.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to curriculum, including:
1. It defines curriculum as the lessons taught in a school or course, as well as the academic content.
2. It discusses different types of curriculum, such as the ideal curriculum, intended curriculum, implemented curriculum, and achieved curriculum.
3. It identifies three foundations that influence curriculum development: studies of learners and learning theory (psychology), studies of life (sociology and anthropology), and studies of knowledge (philosophy).
4. It outlines six different curriculum conceptions, including the academic rationalist conception, cognitive processes conception, and humanistic conception.
The document discusses a proposed consumer education curriculum module for a school district. In planning and designing the module, several considerations came up. These included who would implement the module, how long it would take learners to complete, and how it compares to traditional face-to-face instruction. The goal was to provide a blended or distance learning opportunity for consumer education students. In analyzing the module, aspects like content, learning objectives, assessments, and technology requirements would need to be evaluated.
This document provides an overview of the lifelong learning sector in the UK. It describes the diversity of institutions, programs, staff, and students that make up this sector. It discusses the changing policies and standards that have influenced the sector in recent decades. The book aims to identify and explore the many factors that define the lifelong learning sector and contribute to its complexity as an educational context.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated candidate teachers' views on teaching ethics principles. The study collected written responses from 54 fourth-year students at Bartin University Faculty of Education regarding how they would behave in relation to various ethics principles if they became teachers. The principles examined included professionalism, responsibility, justice, equality, health/safety, honesty/trust, impartiality, commitment to improvement. Students provided both positive and negative examples they had observed. Their responses suggested they aim to be well-planned, up-to-date teachers who use new techniques, teach with real examples, and make efficient use of time. The study aims to contribute to teacher training by assessing prospective teachers' understanding of ethics before entering the profession.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the Core Course I on Education in the Emerging Indian Society. The course aims to help student-teachers understand key concepts related to philosophy, education, sociology and the Indian education system. It covers 10 main objectives related to understanding the relationship between philosophy and education, different schools of philosophy and their implications for education, sociological factors influencing education, and challenges facing Indian society and education. The course content is divided into 10 units that will address these objectives, exploring topics like Indian and Western philosophy and education thinkers, the links between sociology and education, and issues in the Indian education system regarding access, equity and quality.
This document contains a pedagogic creed written by Kylie Bass that outlines their beliefs about education in 5 articles. The key points made are that education develops knowledge and skills to benefit society, the purpose is to enlighten citizens and strengthen government, and the school socializes children into roles to serve the social system. The subject matter should prepare students for the future and develop strengths and weaknesses. Teachers should utilize the hidden curriculum to help the transition to work and citizenship, and the method of teaching should engage the student and develop their powers. Finally, education is the means for social progress and reform by providing knowledge to impact social conditions.
This document summarizes a study examining perceptions of administrators in higher education regarding inclusive education of Syrian refugee students. Administrators experienced incongruity due to differences in language, behavior, culture and education systems between Syrian and Turkish students. Inclusion was seen as a tool to integrate refugees into the Turkish education system and culture. Administrators had no preparation for inclusion and learned through experience and improvisation. The study concluded inclusion programs and orientation for refugees and administrators, as well as events promoting social interaction, could improve inclusion of Syrian refugees in higher education.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to curriculum studies. It defines curriculum and differentiates between types of curriculum such as planned/intended, enacted, and hidden curriculum. It also discusses forces that influence curriculum construction such as political, economic, and social forces. The document then examines concerns from different stakeholders in the Malaysian context and provides examples of special interest groups that influence curriculum decisions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and issues related to curriculum studies. It defines curriculum and differentiates between types of curriculum such as planned/intended, enacted, and hidden curriculum. It also discusses forces that influence curriculum construction such as political, economic, and social forces. The document then examines concerns from different stakeholders in the Malaysian context and provides examples of special interest groups that influence curriculum decisions.
This document provides an overview of curriculum development and the forces that impact curriculum. It discusses how curriculum has been defined over time and includes multiple levels from societal to instructional. Social forces like changes in society, technology, and political movements influence curriculum development. Reform movements and changes to education policy also impact curriculum design. The document uses examples from the US and Ecuadorian education systems to illustrate how external initiatives and local factors shape curriculum.
This document provides an introduction to social studies as a field of study. It defines social studies as the multidisciplinary study of past, present, and future societies from cultural, economic, geographic, and political perspectives. The goals of social studies education are to help students understand their role in the world and develop critical thinking skills to participate competently as citizens. An effective social studies curriculum incorporates 10 themes including culture, time and change, individuals and groups, power and governance, and global connections. Principles of effective social studies teaching are that it be meaningful, integrative, value-based, challenging, and active. The document also discusses reasons for lack of student interest in social studies, including an emphasis on other subjects and ineffective teaching
This document provides a summary of a UNESCO sourcebook on values education titled "Learning to Be: A holistic and integrated approach to values education for human development". The sourcebook presents a model for holistic and integrated values education with the goal of developing individuals and promoting international understanding and a culture of peace. It identifies core values like health, truth, love, creativity, peace and justice that guide human development. It also emphasizes the process of internalizing values which can lead to inner peace and peace in broader contexts. The sourcebook includes practical teaching modules and aims to help educators facilitate the full development of learners' personality and potential.
This document discusses various concepts and models of curriculum implementation. It defines curriculum implementation as the process of putting the planned or officially designed course of study into practice through teachers translating it into syllabuses, schemes of work and lessons for students. Several models of curriculum implementation are described, including the ORC model which focuses on overcoming resistance to change, the LOC model which treats staff resistance as problematic, and the linkage model which emphasizes establishing links between research centers and curriculum users. Key issues that can affect implementation are also discussed, such as poor teacher involvement in curriculum planning and reform.
A Study Of Moral Education And Its Relationship With Character EducationApril Smith
This document summarizes research on moral education and its relationship to character education. It discusses how moral development continues during university years, as students face moral dilemmas and form their own value systems between ages 18-21. Moral education in universities can help guide students during this identity development. The document also reviews theories of moral development from Kohlberg and others. It examines qualities of moral education programs, such as modeling good values and facilitating moral reasoning. Finally, it notes similarities between moral education and character education, such as both aiming to teach virtues and develop good moral character.
The document discusses the four pillars of education as outlined in Jacques Delors' UNESCO report: learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, and learning to live together. The four pillars are based on a humanistic educational philosophy that views learning as a lifelong process focusing on the holistic development of the individual. Specifically, the four pillars aim to promote the formation of complete human beings through nurturing their intellectual, moral, social, physical, emotional, and creative potentials at all stages of development, as well as make individuals active contributors to their communities and global society.
This document defines curriculum and discusses its various types, including overt, societal, hidden, and null curriculums. It outlines the steps in curriculum development as identifying needs, setting goals and objectives, organizing committees, implementation, and evaluation. The impacts of curriculum on students and advantages like achieving goals and disadvantages like resistance to change are noted. Curriculum development in nursing aims to shape practice and includes all planned learning experiences.
This document discusses the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005. It provides an overview of the key objectives of NPE 1986, which include all-round development, promotion of socialism, secularism and democracy, and developing human resources. It also discusses important aspects covered by NPE 1986 like minimum learning levels, education for the environment, and work experience. The document then covers the shift recommended by NCF 2005 from a syllabus-based approach to a learner-centric one. It discusses moving from rote learning to problem solving and from teacher-centered to learner autonomous education.
The document discusses the concept of the hidden curriculum. It begins by tracing the origin of the term to Phillip Jackson in 1968. It then provides several definitions of the hidden curriculum from various scholars that describe it as the unwritten and unintended lessons learned in school beyond the formal curriculum. The document also discusses theories around the hidden curriculum and implications, such as its role in socializing students and transmitting norms and values both intentionally and unintentionally. It concludes by stating that the hidden curriculum can be identified through social interactions in the school environment.
The document discusses diversity in the classroom from legal and practical perspectives. Legally, education law governs public and private schools and universities. In Indonesia, education law has evolved over time from ancient times to the present. Practically, diversity occurs in many forms in classrooms and it is important for educators to recognize different learners and meet their needs. Classroom practices around diversity have developed through both theory and experience shared between teachers.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to curriculum, including:
1. It defines curriculum as the lessons taught in a school or course, as well as the academic content.
2. It discusses different types of curriculum, such as the ideal curriculum, intended curriculum, implemented curriculum, and achieved curriculum.
3. It identifies three foundations that influence curriculum development: studies of learners and learning theory (psychology), studies of life (sociology and anthropology), and studies of knowledge (philosophy).
4. It outlines six different curriculum conceptions, including the academic rationalist conception, cognitive processes conception, and humanistic conception.
The document discusses a proposed consumer education curriculum module for a school district. In planning and designing the module, several considerations came up. These included who would implement the module, how long it would take learners to complete, and how it compares to traditional face-to-face instruction. The goal was to provide a blended or distance learning opportunity for consumer education students. In analyzing the module, aspects like content, learning objectives, assessments, and technology requirements would need to be evaluated.
This document provides an overview of the lifelong learning sector in the UK. It describes the diversity of institutions, programs, staff, and students that make up this sector. It discusses the changing policies and standards that have influenced the sector in recent decades. The book aims to identify and explore the many factors that define the lifelong learning sector and contribute to its complexity as an educational context.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated candidate teachers' views on teaching ethics principles. The study collected written responses from 54 fourth-year students at Bartin University Faculty of Education regarding how they would behave in relation to various ethics principles if they became teachers. The principles examined included professionalism, responsibility, justice, equality, health/safety, honesty/trust, impartiality, commitment to improvement. Students provided both positive and negative examples they had observed. Their responses suggested they aim to be well-planned, up-to-date teachers who use new techniques, teach with real examples, and make efficient use of time. The study aims to contribute to teacher training by assessing prospective teachers' understanding of ethics before entering the profession.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the Core Course I on Education in the Emerging Indian Society. The course aims to help student-teachers understand key concepts related to philosophy, education, sociology and the Indian education system. It covers 10 main objectives related to understanding the relationship between philosophy and education, different schools of philosophy and their implications for education, sociological factors influencing education, and challenges facing Indian society and education. The course content is divided into 10 units that will address these objectives, exploring topics like Indian and Western philosophy and education thinkers, the links between sociology and education, and issues in the Indian education system regarding access, equity and quality.
This document contains a pedagogic creed written by Kylie Bass that outlines their beliefs about education in 5 articles. The key points made are that education develops knowledge and skills to benefit society, the purpose is to enlighten citizens and strengthen government, and the school socializes children into roles to serve the social system. The subject matter should prepare students for the future and develop strengths and weaknesses. Teachers should utilize the hidden curriculum to help the transition to work and citizenship, and the method of teaching should engage the student and develop their powers. Finally, education is the means for social progress and reform by providing knowledge to impact social conditions.
Similar to Values_Education_in_Ottoman_Empire_in_Th 2020-09-30 13_26_54.pdf (20)
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes scalar, generalized, and particularized forms. Scalar implicature communicates values on a scale. Generalized implicature does not depend on context, while particularized implicature occurs in specific contexts. Conversational implicature is more commonly used as it provides more content than generalized implicature, but can also cause misunderstanding.
This document discusses implicature, which refers to what a speaker suggests rather than literally says. There are two types of implicature: conversational implicature, which is implied based on conversational principles, and conventional implicature, which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature can be generalized or particularized. Scalar implicature communicates additional meaning based on a scale of values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of implicature.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
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With Metta,
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2. 1228 Educ. Res. Rev.
‘Values’ as an English word is defined in Oxford
dictionary as:
Principles or standards of behavior; one’s judgment of
what is important in life.
“Value is the sensitiveness a person shows for a person,
thing, event and situation. Adopting and internalizing
these sensitiveness that could happen in a humane,
cultural, spiritual, social and global terms constitutes the
essence of education” (Yaman, 2012: 17). In addition,
Aydın and Güler (2012) stress that values aim to improve
a person’s character as a whole by revealing his/her best
side and reach him/her to perfectionism. On the other
hand, values mean the judgment made accordingly with
needs and ideals about notions and things. Belief is
primary when values are the subject. People generally
act their values even though they are not aware of it in
every place and spot of their lives. As a result, values are
closely related with attitudes and behaviors and they
direct them (Güngör, 1993: 18). It could be asserted that
‘values’ are the choice of some priorities in the process of
behavior-determination. Values are precious things that a
person cares about and could sacrifice and they have a
strong relationship with human feelings, thoughts and
behaviors. Values education helps pupils develop values
and enables them to start a happy life (Akbaş, 2008:
340). The way for human beings to be happy and states
to reach their future in safe is to raise virtuous and moral
people (Yayla, 2005: 83). “Value is one of the three
problems in philosophy – the other two are being and
cognition. Ethics is a field consisting of values about
goodness, rightness, fairness, beauty and human of
philosophy” (Kıllıoğlu, 1988: 377-378). “Values are also
used as solidarity means in society. Common values
accepted by everybody are a significant effect providing
continuance and generating social solidarity” (Aydın,
2003: 37).
Under the light of the definitions stated above, values
education in general can be defined as the sort of
education that shapes one’s characteristic features, and
directs one into gaining values that establishes social and
global foundations for character.
Values Education in the Ottoman Empire
In the late period of Ottoman Empire, especially after
Constitution II, values education was handled as moral
education referring to both religious and humane values.
Much importance was given to moral education by the
group of people who thought the reason of Ottoman
Empire’s devastation and the bad situation of the social
life. Both writing a moral education book and studying
moral education at schools were given importance to
save the Ottoman Empire (Erdem, 2006:13).
The trials to save the country with the Constitution II
showed itself also in the field of education and Hakkı
Behiç, who considered character education as highly
significant, wrote two books in this period about values
education. The books ‘Social Consciousness (Malumat-ı
Medeniye)” and “Ethics (Ahlakiye)” were read at primary
and secondary schools until the very late period of the
Ottoman Empire. In the book obedience to laws, taxes,
army and duties for the country were mentioned (Doğan,
1994: 86-88).
Moral values were mentioned often in children maga-
zines published between the years of 1908 and 1918.
Moral advice was given to the children by stories, tales,
telling historical and religious people. Within this way,
national notions and Western values were presented to
children. The moral issues dealt in the magazines were
based upon brotherhood and patriotism (Gurbetoğlu,
2007: 81).
In the last period of the Ottoman Empire “The Journal
of Primary Education (İbtidâiyye Mecmuası)” was publish-
ed by the educators studying at high teacher training
school (Dârülmuallimîn) between February 1910 and
March 1926. In this magazine sample lessons about
values education prepared by education administrative
were presented.
The Period of Constitution II (July 25, 1908) as a period
of trials of a series of renewal and refreshments could be
considered as a period when significant actions for
education also for today were put into practice. The
unsteady political situation of Constitution II also affected
the ideas. It was also a period when drastic changes in
politics, education and culture happened. As a result, it
would be fundamental to mention the changes and
developments in education, especially primary education
as the subject of values education is affected directly by
them.
Notions such as rights, law and freedom were tried to
be taught to pupils in the period of Constitution II. In this
sense, the aims and objectives of the new curriculum
given to the teachers were introduced to teachers. Also,
the participation of students into the instruction was also
given importance and opportunity. John Dewey, J. J.
Rousseau, Claparede and H. Pesalozzi have been
recognized and effective on Turkish education system
since this period. For this reason, the prominent
educators opposed to the used teaching method based
on memorization at schools. For instance, İsmayıl Hakkı
Baltacıoğlu was affected by J. J. Rousseau and repeated
his words by saying: “The aim of education and teaching
is not to strengthen the memory, but to gain the skill to
decide, the spirit of entrepreneurship and courage.”
After this introduction about Constitution II, these strik-
ing features about this period could be listed as follows:
1. Satı Bey (Mustafa Sâtı Bey - Sâtı-El-Husri), who was
brought to the administration of Teacher Training Schools
(Dârülmuallimîn), started some actions affecting and
leaving a mark on the period. First, he changed most of
the educators at the institution and renewed the staff of
3. Teacher Training schools by hiring people he chose
himself.
2. He tried to realize education properly by founding the
“Training School (Tatbikat Okulu)”. Training School
provided critical experience for the teachers raised in that
period. Educators worked at Teacher School and
Training School distributed sample lessons and the pre-
service teachers observed them. This way, Training
School, at the primary level, both served the students it
has by giving lessons and pre-service teachers by
demonstrating sample lessons. Although this technique is
regarded as similar to the training lessons of pre-service
teachers today requiring to send them to primary schools,
this case is rather different. The reason is that pre-service
teachers at Teacher School saw the sample lessons
directly from the teachers working at Teacher School,
and training classrooms were also in the conference
rooms at Teacher School. Students at Training School
had the conversation and discussions with the teachers
and pre-service teachers at Teacher School themselves
after any lesson.
This way, educative discussions about student
psychology, classroom management and other areas of
education were made along with discussions about
teaching method and strategies. All these discussions
and sample lessons were published in the Journal of
Primary Education (Tedrisat-ı İbtidâiyye Mecmuası),
which could be regarded as the starting point of the
Ministry of National Education and had the characteristic
of the official media organ of the Ministry. The journal
started by Satı Bey and planned to be continued to be
published by the school principals of Teacher School
would take the name “Journal of Education (Tedrisat
Mecmuası)” later. In the Journal of Education, many
articles written by education experts about every aspect
of education were presented. These articles were both
reflecting the view of education of the period and rich
sources for the pre-service teachers. These beneficial
articles even for today’s education field of were
transmitted to teachers working in the land of the
Ottoman Empire by the means of the Journal of
Education. One other fructuous activity performed in that
period was that sample lessons in the Training School
were written directly and published in the Journal of
Education to be transmitted to teachers.
3. When it comes to the method and strategies used in
the Training School, it is observed that almost all of the
sample lessons performed were based on invention
learning approach and it was tried to avoid traditional
instruction. When the sample lessons and articles in the
Journal of Education are analyzed, it could be noticed
that constructivism tried to be applied today was
implemented in that period. As a result, it could be
expressed that constructivism was implemented in the
last period of the Ottoman Empire and the traditional
teaching methods were abandoned.
Oruc and Ilhan 1229
Values education today
Values education in educational context started at the
beginning of 20th
century. The very first studies about it
are from the United States of America (USA) under the
terminology of ‘character education’ in 1920s. In 1970s, it
has been placed in curriculums of many countries;
however, values education with its present meaning has
been made widespread in 1990s (Demircioğlu and
Tokdemir, 2008:73).
The implementation of values education between 1920
and 1930, especially at schools in the USA aimed to gain
ten moral values by means of education. The method for
this implementation of values education could be named
as ‘values education by inculcation’. The implementation
of values education was pursued as value explanation
and analysis between 1940-1970 under the name of
‘character and moral education’; however, it was
regarded as a means for education – not an objective or
goal -, and it was not prioritized. The underlying reason of
it is that cognitive skills and abilities were primary in
education as getting a chance to study at higher
education required cognitive abilities. Later, between the
years of 1970 and 1980, solutions were looked for
problems such as the increase of divorce rates and
negative effects of television on pupils’ lives. It was
popular that students concretize their own values. In
these years moral questioning and values realization
methods were accepted. After 1990s, values and
character education has surpassed academic achieve-
ment. The aim of schools has become raising children
who have their own values and realize themselves
instead of raising children who have completed their
cognitive abilities for higher education (Okudan, 2010:22-
24).
Analyzing the studies about values education of today,
it has been revealed that a view of education involving
values and moral development is confronted with the
name of enhanced character education and it has been
implemented in schools. This view of values education
involves the areas interrelated such as: character
education, moral education, social skills education and
citizenship education. Along with the importance of these
interrelated areas, the rapid change in social and
individual life increases the significance of values
(Tokdemir, 2007: 37).
Values education at schools is a rather comprehensive
notion and constitutes a significant part of affective
domain. Subjects containing a wide area such as love,
respect, tolerance, cooperation, adopting social values,
improving one’s ethical behaviors and character, and
generating a positive character could be considered in
values education (Tokdemir, 2007: 34-37).
Additionally, many studies about how to teach values
have been made in many countries with the aim of
stopping the increasing problems in the world (Stanley,
4. 1230 Educ. Res. Rev.
1983:242). Many systematic programs starting from
kindergarten are being practiced in many districts of the
world with the name of ‘character education’ to give
values education (Balat, 2004: 20).
UNESO has started many studies in cooperation with
schools. One of them is ‘Living Values Education
Program (LVEP)’ which aims to meet the needs of
children and prepare them a longer and happier life. In
this program, a unit has been generated for every value
defined. These values are: peace, respect, love,
cooperation, happiness, honesty, humility, responsibility,
simplicity, tolerance, freedom and unity (Tillman, 2000:
XII-1).
Historical or fictional stories could be benefited from by
using the method of ‘inculcation’ for the direct instruction
of values. By using these stories, it is aimed that
individuals behave with the consciousness of responsi-
bility in other areas of their lives (Akbaş, 2004:97).
While values education is being implemented at
schools, it should be dealt under three phases: moral
information, emotions and behaviors (Balat and Dağal,
2011:15).
Values education has also been investigated in Turkey in
which studies have been investigating solutions for
behavior problems of students in order to prevent
behavior problems. The curriculum of schools of Turkish
Ministry of Education is prepared accordingly with
educational policies’ aims and objectives. According to
Fundamental Law’s 2nd
clause and 1st
, 2nd
and 3rd
paragraphs raising people who adopt national, moral,
humane, ethical and cultural values, have a character
developed in a sober and healthy way, respect human
rights, feel the responsibility for the society, get the habit
of cooperating with other people is among the broad aim
of Turkish Ministry of National Education (MEB, 2000).
With the adoption of constructivism as the base
approach in new curriculums, it has been accepted that
the individual information, opinions, beliefs and values
that students obtain them affect their learning (MEB,
2005).
Since 2004, it has been tried to gain values to the
students by giving them in the curriculum in long terms.
When the curriculums of the lessons are analyzed, their
links with the values education are revealed.
It has been detected that values education has been
given much more importance with the program applied in
schools after the education year of 2005-2006 (Özen,
2012: 285).
In the curriculum of Life Sciences, Social Sciences and
other lessons values to be gained to the pupils are
included. For instance, values such as justice, honesty,
responsibility and self-confidence are given placed under
the title of attitude and value acquisition in Science and
Technology curriculum. The values to be taught are
defined for every unit in the curriculum of Religion and
Ethics and method and techniques are explained for
teachers in the manual. Training of thinking is put among
the subjects to be gained in the program of media
literacy.
For the values education to reach its objectives it is
highly significant that materials for values education are
developed, experienced teachers are present for the
effective use of new ideas and materials, and diverse
theories and methods are generated for the development
of values education (Dilmaç, 2002: 4).
The Project of Values Education is being implemented
in all of the official and private institutions of Turkish
Ministry of National Education. “Values Education
Project’’ aims to give some basic values to the pupils.
These values embracing our nation and all humanity are
practiced according to a schedule at schools. Project
Implementation Committee is responsible for the
implementation of the project in cities and town while a
committee of five people including a school principal, a
school counselor, a teacher, a parent and a student is
responsible for the implementation of the project. The
subjects and subtitles of values are planned according to
the behaviors that students are aimed to gain. The work
done at schools about values education is reported to the
district national education directorate every month. The
areas of activities to be carried out within the scope of the
project are these: slogans to be hanged on notice boards,
recommended books, theatrical plays, short moral
stories, classroom activities, role models, competitions,
writing poems, reciting, writing stories, reading stories,
drawing cartoons, painting, tournaments, debates and
school trips. These activities are explained with samples
in the Guideline of Values Education Project.
Provincial Directorate for National Education presents
samples by publishing plan frames and materials for
school administrates and teachers. For instance, within
the scope of Values Education Project directed by
Istanbul Provincial Directorate for National Education
quality primary, secondary and high school materials that
could be used by schools and teachers about 2013
January and February subject “Courtesy and Etiquette”
are published.
A list of values composed of 20 values has been
generated to be used in the curriculum of Turkish Ministry
of National Education. These values are ‘justice,
independence, peace, being scientific, study, solidarity,
sensitiveness, equality, tolerance, freedom, respect, love,
hospitality, responsibility, neatness, honesty, patriotism,
giving importance to health, altruism, and giving
importance to family ties ( Türk, 2009: 26).
In addition, there are other activities planned such as
violence prevention action plan which enhances values
education at schools, prevention harmful habits, and
honor council which encourages students for values. The
Ministry of National Education declares that incidents of
violence and bullying increases at schools each year, and
publishes action plans about prevention violence at
5. schools. With these activities, it is aimed to decrease the
future crime rate increases thanks to values education.
Under the light of the perspectives presented above,
values education in the Second Constitutional Period is
analyzed in this study with the data of a sample lesson
published in one of the most effective journals at the time.
The journal, the Journal of Primary Education (Tedrisat-ı
İbtidâiyye Mecmuası), is published by Satı Bey, who was
the head of Teacher Training Schools (Dârülmuallimîn)
and one of the best influencers of Turkish education. It is
hypothesized that the analysis of the sample lesson
published in a significant journal by a significant would
distribute the general perceptions and situation for values
education along with teacher education in the period.
METHODOLOGY
In this study, document analysis, one of the qualitative research
methods, has been used to illustrate how the ‘values education’ is
handled in the Second Constitutional Period. For this illustration, a
sample lesson published in one of the most prominent journals by
one of the most effective educators in Turkish history is taken and
analyzed. This way, the illustration is more comprehensive and
includes many aspects of education in the period. An article taken
from the Journal of Primary Education published by Satı Bey in the
Second Constitutional Period is analyzed. The article presents a
sample lesson for values education, which was named “Social
Consciousness Lesson (Malumat-ı Medeniyye Dersi)” with the
subject of “People always need each other”. Document analysis
involves the analysis of written material about the notion or notions
to be investigated. In this kind of study, researcher can obtain the
data he needs without observation or interview (Yıldırım and
Şimşek, 2006). In this study, the data are the sample lesson
presented in the Journal of Primary Education. Accordingly with the
technique of document analysis, the data (the sample lesson) is
analyzed and discussed.
The document is analyzed in terms of teaching methodology and
values education. The results are presented below.
FINDINGS
From the Journal of Primary education in the Second
Constitutional Period, a Sample Social Consciousness
lesson is analyzed in this study. The details of the sample
lesson and the text are presented as:
Sample Lesson – People Always Need Each Other
(Social Consciousness Lesson – Malumatı Medeniye
Dersi)
Values Education Subject: Help, the fact that human
beings always need each other
Name of the Text: People always need each other (Social
Consciousness Lesson)
Teaching Method and Technique: Raising curiosity by the
method of question-answer and make them think on the
value
Values Education Handled: Helping people, the need of
help every time in life
Oruc and Ilhan 1231
Year: 1
Number: 3
Page: 105-111
Prepared By: Satı Bey
Sample Lesson Text
The winter has come; from now on forest will be formed
in the mornings now and then. When it is frozen, it is hard
to walk. Even sometimes, people slip and fall, don’t they
kid? What would you do if you saw a child slipped and
fell?
Student: Sir, I would go near him/her and lift him/her.
Teacher: Well done, what have you done by lifting
him/her up?
Student: I have helped him/her, sir.
Teacher: I wonder would one of the passer-by help you if
you slipped and fell.
Student: They would, sir.
Teacher: So, people …
Student: Help each other.
Teacher: I wonder if you have received any help from
someone this morning.
Student: Sir, if I slip and fall, someone will lift me up.
Teacher: I am not asking when they will help you, my
child. I am asking whether you have received any help
from someone this morning. Have you received or not?
Please tell me. 4
Student: Sir, I have received help from my mother.
Teacher: Ok. What kind of help was it?
Student: My mother clothed me, gave me food and
prepared my lunch box.
Teacher: From whom else have you received help?
Student: From my father, sir. He gave me money.
Teacher: Whom else?
(Every pupil says one by one. Some mention their sister,
some aunt, some brother.)
Teacher: Who are them to you: your sister, your brother,
your aunt?
Student: They are our relatives, our family.
Teacher: So you have received a help from your relatives
this morning. I wonder if you have received help from
someone who is not your relative.
A child: Sir, a doctor came to our house. My sister was
sick, and he took care of her.
Teacher: So, the doctor has helped your sister. Has he
also helped you?
Student: No sir, he helped my sister.
Teacher: Think about it: Wouldn’t you feel sorry if your
sister got worse, God forbid!
Student: How wouldn’t I sir? She was sick lately and I
cried.
Teacher: When your sister is well?
Student: I would be happy, sir.
Teacher: So, the doctor helps both you and your sister by
6. 1232 Educ. Res. Rev.
taking care of your sister. He saves you from despair and
makes you happy, doesn’t he?
Student: Yes, sir.
Teacher: Have you receive help from anyone else?
Students: ...
Teacher: Then, let me ask you something. 4! You told me
that your mother gave you food this morning, what did
she give to you?
Student: She gave me bread and milk, sir.
Teacher: Had your mother made the bread herself?
Student: No, sir. The bread maker had brought the flour.
A child abruptly: I got it, sir. We received help from the
bread maker.
Teacher: Well done, my child. But think more: did the
bread maker make the bread himself?
Student: No, sir. We received help from the baker.
Teacher: Ok. From what did the baker make the bread?
Student: From flour, sir.
Teacher: Ok, who made the flour 5?
Student: The miller made sir. He helped us, too.
Teacher: From what did the miller make the flour?
Student: From wheat, sir.
Teacher: Did he grow the wheat himself 2?
Student: No, sir. The farmer grew. He plowed the farm,
planted the wheat, harvested and blended.
Teacher: So you have received help from the farmer for
your bread. Have we received any help from someone
else? Who took the wheat to the mill and the flour to the
bakery?
Student: Carriers, porters…We received help from them,
too.
Teacher: Do you see, children? While eating just some
bread we are receiving help from so many people. Now
please count the helpers.
Student: Porter, baker, miller, farmer, porter, carrier…
Teacher: Ok. Do you think nobody else helped for the
bread?
Student: Sir, I drank milk. The milkman…
Teacher: It is true, my child, but let’s leave the mild aside.
Let’ finish the helpers for the bread. Has anyone else but
the ones we listed helped for the bread, let’s think. With
what did the farmer plow the farm?
Student: With plough, sir.
Teacher: Did he make the plough himself?
A child: The ironsmith, sir. I got it, the ironsmith helped.
Student: Well done, my child, the ironsmith made the
plough. So, he also helped us. From what is the plough is
made?
Student: From iron, sir.
Teacher: From where is the iron mined?
Student: From underground.
Teacher: Does the ironsmith himself mine the iron?
Student: No, sir. The laborers mine it. The sink mines
shaft. There is the picture. Our teacher told us the
previous day.
Teacher: So all the laborers helped for our bread, didn’t
they?
Student: Sir, the iron is not found from the mine shaft as
itself, it is found with soil. Many laborers work to separate
iron from the soil. So, they helped us, too.
Teacher: Yes, my child. They also helped us. But the
helpers have not finished with them. How did the iron go
to factories and then stores?
Student: By ship, train, and car.
Teacher: Who started the train, the ship; who made
them? If you think about them, it will not be possible to list
the helpers even just for bread. Did they pay much effort
you think?
Student: Sir, the bakers paid so much effort in front of the
fire!
Teacher: And the farmer gets tired, he sweats under the
Sun!
Student: And the ironsmith and the laborer working in the
mine; they get all tired and pay so much effort. And the
miners work in the dark, sir.
Teacher: So, my children, we find the bread thanks to
these people and their efforts. Our other food is similar,
isn’t it?
Student: They are all similar, sir.
Teacher: Think! The food we eat, the clothes we wear,
the houses we sleep in, I mean everything we use were
handled by many people. We have received and are
receiving help from uncountable men. What would we do
without them? Could we make them on our own? I mean
could our mothers make the bread themselves? Couldn’t
your fathers sew your clothes?
Student: No, sir, they don’t know.
Teacher: Then they would learn. The baker was not born
as a baker! He learns a way to bake the bread. Wouldn’t
it be possible if we learnt it made our own bread, sew out
clothes, I mean did everything on our own?
Student: How could that have happened sir!
Teacher: Why not? Don’t the people in villages do
everything on their own? Have you ever seen a village?
Student: Yes, I have, sir. The village of Mekri .
Teacher: Is that a village? Village is only its name.
Student: Sir, I have seen. We used to go to a village on
the mount of Tekfur with my dad.
Teacher: Wow! Were there any tailors or so there?
Student: No, sir. There is an oven in every house. They
make their own bread, sew their own clothes.
Teacher: Women in villages bake bread and sew clothes.
Additionally they rove, sew socks, knit clothes, milk cows,
make butter, thresh, and feed chicken.
Student: How much they work!
Teacher: With this, can we say that they do everything on
their own?
Student: Yes, sir, they do everything on their own.
Teacher: Do they make the plough to plow?
Student: No, sir. They buy it.
Teacher: Can’t they make it on their own?
Student: They can, if they learn ironworking.
Another student: Sir, even if they make the plough from
iron themselves, they cannot mine the iron!
7. Teacher: why not?
Student: They need to sink a shaft. They need big and
deep shafts. How could a man do it on his own?
Teacher: Well done, my child. One person can never
mine on his/her own. A farmer can never make the iron of
the plough. Aren’t needle, nail, and pickax and shovel like
plough?
Student: Sir, people in villages buy them, they cannot
make them on their own!
Teacher: What could they do without them, then?
Student: They could do nothing, sir.
Teacher: So, even the people in villages need each other
to live. Is there any person who can live without any help,
then?
Student: There is none. Everyone needs each other.
Teacher: If a man wants to do everything on his own and
receive no help from anyone, it will not be possible. Even
if he learns the basic things to do, he cannot handle all.
Because neither his power nor life span will be enough
for it. Do you agree?
Student: Yes, sir. There is so much to do even just for
bread. How can a man handle them all?
Teacher: Well done, my child. Ha, I have just
remembered a story. Let me tell it you before I go.
A ship was caught by the storm in the middle of the seas
and hit the rocks by shaking and shaking; it was wrecked.
The crew in it sank and died. Only one of them (His name
was Robinson) could hold a rock and survived. But, the
rock he held on was on a desert island. There was no
village or human being on it! Robinson got hungry and
cold, but he could not find any house to walk into or
person to give him food! And he did whatever he could by
climbing a tree, found some wild fruit and ate it. When it
was night, he wanted to sleep in a tree hole. But he heard
all the wild animals’ voices all night. He was frightened by
falling into their hand. He could not sleep. What’s more,
he was trembling by the cold all night. He spent a few
days like this. But he came into such a condition that he
said: “Oh my God, I wish I had sunk like my friends and
died. Then I wouldn’t be suffering like this now.” Then he
came to himself and said “Maybe, something I could use
is left over there.” Skipping from one rock to another, he
went to the big rock they hit and took the sail, pickax,
adze and knife. He saw wheat sacks, too and took them
on the rock. He started to feed himself by wheat, dig
holes, prepared traps, and started to eat the animals fell
on the trap by cutting them with the knife. Moreover, he
thought the wheat would finish and decided to grow
wheat. He dug the soil with the tree parts he found and
the pickax and planted wheat. Finally, he made a tent
with the sail of the ship, then he removed the wood of the
ship to the land. He made a cottage for himself and lived
on that desert island for year on himself. He saw ships for
a couple of times passing and called for help by his body
language. But the ships did not see him. He became
Oruc and Ilhan 1233
happy when he saw a ship, but he cried when he
understood that it was not coming to the island. Finally
one day, he saw a ship passing close for God’s sake. He
climbed high immediately and started to call the ship. The
people on the ship saw him and came near the island to
see what was going on. So, they saved Robinson.
Children: He suffered a lot, but for God’s sake they saved
him.
Teacher: Look! Robinson could live for years thanks to
his wisdom. But it was not Ok although he didn’t receive
any help from anyone.
A child abruptly: But sir, he took the pickax, knife and sail.
What would he do if he didn’t find them?
Teacher: Well done, my child. So even when Robinson
was living alone on the desert island, he was receiving
help. It is always like this. Mankind can never live
somewhere without receiving help from other people.
People always need each other. If we are receiving help
from many people, what should we do?
Student: We should also help other people.
Teacher: As we benefit from other people’s work and
efforts, live thanks to them; then we should do things
other people can benefit from.
Warning: While this lesson is being discussed, it should
be mentioned that people like us are called “helpless
(hemnu)” and words like help, contribution and some
necessary vocabulary. It should be discussed how other
items such as a shirt or a house (other than bread) are
made with the help of people. The process of making a
shirt or house should be found starting from its basic
form, the needle, the string and the buttons to the sewing
machine, cloth patch, the needle factory, their wood and
iron; and starting from the shirt’s blank and transforming
works, the rock, wood, lime, sand, tile to zinc, nail, their
factories, forests, mine forests, tool for rock and sand. All
the process of making a shirt or sand should be learned
and analyzed.
This vocabulary and explanation serves both the
learning of help and the need for help, strengthen this
notion in their minds, and the process of making items
(Satı Bey, 1908).
Analysis
In this sample lesson human beings’ inability to live alone
and their need of each other is handled as for values
education. In the general framework of the lesson, the
fact that people cannot live alone is concluded. Helping is
explained with the “I would lift him/her up” answer of the
question “What would you do if you saw someone slipped
and fell?”
The fact that people need each other is explained to
the pupils with the remarks: “I wonder would one of the
passer-by help you if you slipped and fell” and “I wonder
8. 1234 Educ. Res. Rev.
if you have received any help from someone this
morning”.
The teacher directs the lesson with questions from
daily life, in general. This way, he makes the students
think and creates curiosity.
The fact that children’s mothers gave bread to them is
regarded as help and the process from the bread to flour,
to the miller, carriers of wheat, plough used to harvest,
iron to make the plough, laborers who mine the iron is
explained with question-answer method. Shortly, it is
described that bread cannot be on our tables without
someone receiving help from another. In the ‘warning’
part, it is requested from teachers to teach the idea of
need for help by giving similar examples.
It is aimed that the teacher starts with different
examples with the method of question-answer and the
students reach the idea that it is impossible to live without
any help from people. For instance, it is understood that
students started to think that they cannot live without any
help from one of the answers of students: “There is so
much to do even just for bread. How can a man handle
them all?”
In the final part of the lesson, it is told the students that
it is impossible to live without people’s aid on a desert
island by telling the story of Robinson.
Additionally, there is a note part for the teachers at the
end of the lesson. It is called ‘warning’ in the journal and
the vocabulary, method and strategy a teacher will use
while teaching is explained (Bey, 1908).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The sample lesson published in the Journal of Primary
Education by Satı Bey is analyzed and it could be
concluded that values education is regarded as a solution
and an important essence for the society. In the first
place, it should be noted that Ottoman Empire gave much
importance to values education so as to ensure its
continuity and create a sense of social integration among
community in the last period of its reign. Thus, Kurt
(2013) indicates that during the period between 1839 and
1918, values education can be observed in school
syllabuses, textbooks and sample lessons with the aim of
preventing empire’s collapse. In that period, the opinion
that the collapse of the Empire would only be prevented
by education was widely accepted (Akyüz, 2014).
Moreover, Kurt (2013) stresses that in values education
classes of that period, methods such as direct teaching,
question and answer, case study and various positive
and negative reinforces were used. The sample lesson
analyzed within the scope of this study also reflects
Bey’s perception of education. In his widely known book,
‘Fenni Terbiye’, Bey treated education within following
three sections: physical education, mental education and
moral education (Aksoy, 2008). The final part of that book
signals the importance and place given to values educa-
tion in the Second Constitutional Period of the Ottoman
Empire.
It could be concluded from the sample lesson
presented values education held a major place in the
Second Constitutional Period of Ottoman Empire. The
main idea of the lesson is transmitted to all students with
question-answer technique. The syllabus of values
education is prepared elaborately in accordance with the
needs of the Empire, a textbook is prepared and the
teachers were educated especially for the values
education lessons. Moreover, when the sample lesson is
analyzed with the glasses of an educator, it would be
noticed that the students are put in the center of the
lesson. The teacher did not give a speech about the topic
‘help’. Instead, the background information of the
students is elicited and the teacher directed students
accordingly with their background information, and this
practice fits the basics of constructivism. Also, it should
be noted that the examples are all driven from the daily
lives of the students, which is a fundamental element of
constructivism. Lastly, the directions for the teachers
presented in the journal show that teacher education is
also regarded as important. Key figures and explanations
are presented to the teachers so that the lesson flow
would be unproblematic and the message of the lesson is
transmitted to every student in the classroom.
It is concluded form Satı Bey’s Journal of Primary
Education and the sample lesson published in it values
education held a major place in the Second Constitutional
Period and the method of the lesson is compatible with
constructivism used popularly in today’s world of
education .
Conflict of Interests
The author has not declared any conflict of interests.
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