The document discusses essential considerations for developing and executing buy-sell agreements, particularly focusing on valuation issues that arise during ownership transactions. Key topics include standards of value, valuation dates, levels of value, and different valuation approaches like appraisal, formula, and agreed-upon value. Best practices are suggested for drafting these agreements, including defining valuation terms and incorporating input from qualified valuation experts.

1. Sean Saari, CPA/ABV, CVA, MBA
Robert A. Ranallo, CPA/ABV, JD, CVA, CFF
July 9, 2019
Valuation Issues in Developing
and Executing Buy-Sell
Agreements

2. 2
Learning Objectives
After completing the session,
participants will be able to…
• Draft and review buy-sell agreements
with an understanding of the related
valuation considerations
• Proactively plan with clients to address
valuation-related issues that arise in
connection with buy-sell agreements
“In the long run, men hit only what they aim at.” – Henry David Thoreau

3. 3
Quote of the Day
“There is no such thing as an absolute
value in this world. You can only estimate
what a thing is worth to you.”
Charles Dudley Warner 1829-1900, American Writer

4. 4
Overview of Buy-Sell Agreements
A best practice for closely-held businesses
with multiple owners is to have a buy-sell
agreement in place to govern the purchase
and sale of ownership interests
When an ownership transaction is not
imminent, the valuation provisions included in
buy-sell agreements are oftentimes not
heavily scrutinized, but…
When an ownership transaction occurs and
the buy-sell must be followed, VALUATION is
often the most significant issue

5. 5
Triggering Events
There are a number of factors that could trigger a
transaction/valuation under a buy-sell agreement:
• Resignation
• Retirement
• Termination
• Disability
• Death
• Owner discretion
Unless the business is sold before any of the
above occur, the valuation provision of the buy-
sell agreement will eventually govern the
economics, structure and terms of the transaction

6. 6
Key Valuation Factors
Standard of value
• Will drive the structure and assumptions used
in valuation
Valuation date
• Value may vary significantly based on the
valuation date and what was “known or
knowable” at that time
Level of value
• Inclusion/exclusion of discounts for lack of
control and lack of marketability can have a
material impact on value

7. 7
Standard of Value
Fair Market Value
• Most common standard of value (and typically most appropriate as
well)
• “The price at which property would change hands between a willing
buyer and a willing seller, when the former is not under any
compulsion to buy, the latter is not under any compulsion to sell,
and both parties have reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts” –
Revenue Ruling 59-60
• “Hypothetical willing buyer and willing seller”

8. 8
Standard of Value
Strategic Value
• Value to a particular buyer including potential synergies that may be
created as a result of an acquisition
Another “Defined” Standard of Value
• Buy-sell agreements may include a definition of a “non-standard”
standard of value
 “Market Value”
 “Value”
• Beware of defining a standard of value in the buy-sell agreement rather
than relying on Fair Market Value
 Standards of value created specifically for buy-sell agreements often have
no basis in financial theory and are not generally accepted in the valuation
profession
 The definition may be open to interpretation and could result in materially
different conclusions of value depending upon how it is interpreted

9. 9
Valuation Date
Any number of valuation dates could be assigned
in the buy-sell agreement
• End/beginning of year
• End of month/quarter immediately preceding
triggering event (most common)
• Date of the triggering event
• Any date identified in the buy-sell agreement
Be aware that valuation standards prevent an
appraiser from considering in his or her conclusion
of value any facts that were not “known or
knowable” as of the valuation date
Values are not static and will change depending
upon the valuation date

10. 10
Level of Value
Not all values are created equal – the level of value being
determined has a significant impact on value
• Controlling or non-controlling (majority interest vs. minority interest)
• Marketable or non-marketable
“Fair Market Value” generally includes consideration of any
applicable discounts for lack of control and lack of marketability
Best practice is to specify in buy-sell agreement whether discounts
for lack of control, lack of marketability or any other factors will be
considered

11. 11
Level of Value
Lack of Control
• Reflects the potential impairment to value
as a result of a non-controlling ownership
interest not being able to control the
company and its decisions
 Distributions
 Management/owner compensation
 Management/owner perks
 Major business decisions
 Redemption of the ownership interest
 Liquidation of the company

12. 12
Level of Value
Lack of Marketability
• Reflects the impairment to value resulting
from the fact that an ownership interest in a
privately-held company has no ready
market for resale (which creates increased
uncertainty, longer holding periods and
additional costs to convert the ownership
interest into cash)
• Significantly higher discounts applied when
valuing non-controlling (minority) ownership
interests (compared to controlling
ownership interests)

13. 13
Level of Value
What impact does the inclusion/exclusion of lack of control and
lack of marketability discounts have?
• Inclusion – Favors buyer
 Pro: Provides most accurate indication of “fair market value” and
reflects what the ownership interest could likely be sold for to a third
party
 Con: May allow a controlling owner to obtain additional controlling
ownership at a discounted value
• Exclusion – Favors seller
 Pro: Allows the selling party to be bought out at a value that reflects the
amount that would be received if the company as a whole were to be
sold
 Con: Penalizes the buyer and causes them to pay more for the
ownership interest than what a third party would likely pay for it

14. 14
Valuation Approaches
Appraisal
• Valuation prepared by third-party valuation
expert
Formula
• Valuation based on formula outlined in buy-
sell agreement
Agreed-upon value
• Valuation based on agreed-upon value
determined by owners

15. 15
Appraisal
Key Considerations
• Standard of value/valuation date/level of value
• What credentials must the valuation expert
possess?
• Will the valuation be prepared in accordance with
a particular set of valuation standards?
• Will a single-appraiser or multiple-appraiser
model be used?
• If a multiple-appraiser model is used, how will the
final value be selected?
• How will the valuation expert be selected?
• Must the valuation expert be independent from
the company’s accountant?
• How will appraisal costs be allocated among the
parties involved?
• What level of analysis/deliverable will be
required?

16. 16
Appraisal
Pros
• Most accurate value
 Considers current status of
business, industry and economy
as of the valuation date
 No “winner” or “loser” based on
the value/transaction price
• Value should be transparent and
understandable to all parties
Cons
• Time-consuming
• Expensive
• Can be burdensome if multiple
appraisers are involved

17. 17
Formula
Key Considerations
• Standard of value/valuation date/level of value
• Formula should produce appropriate value when
initially established
• Metric upon which formula is based
 Revenue
 EBITDA
 Net Income
 Book Value (BEWARE!)
 Other financial metrics or rules of thumb
• Does the formula accurately determine equity
value (and not an enterprise value)?
• Will the formula be revisited in the future and
updated if necessary?

18. 18
Formula
Cash
Enterprise
Value
Debt
Value
Equity
Value
Market
Value of
Invested
Capital
Reconciling Equity Value to Enterprise Value

19. 19
Formula
Furnishings
House
Value
Debt
Value
Equity
Value
Total Value
of Home
and
Furnishings
How the Value of Your Home is an
Enterprise Value

20. 20
Formula
Pros
• Often simple to apply
• Less expensive to implement and
execute than appraisal
• Predictable
Cons
• Changes in business, industry
and economy may not be
accurately considered
• Difficult to reflect expected
growth or decline in the business
• Formulas can get stale as
businesses and industries
change over time
• If initial formula is not
reasonable, the valuation results
are likely to be unreasonable in
future years
• May differ materially from value
that would be determined in an
appraisal

21. 21
Agreed-Upon Value
Key Considerations
• Standard of value/valuation date/level of value
• How often will the agreed-upon value be
updated?
• Are there any mechanisms in place to ensure
that updates to the agreed-upon value are
made as required?
• What happens if there has been no recent
update to the agreed-upon value before a
triggering event?
• How will the agreed-upon value be
determined?
• What happens if the parties cannot agree on a
value?

22. 22
Agreed-Upon Value
Pros
• Simple to apply (at least in theory)
• Least expensive to implement
and execute
• Agreement of parties on value
avoids valuation issues
Cons
• The agreed-upon redemption
price will likely become stale over
time
• Requires agreement of parties to
set and update the agreed-upon
redemption price, which can be
difficult to obtain in practice
• May differ materially from value
that would be determined in an
appraisal

23. 23
Other Considerations
Who will acquire the selling party’s
ownership?
• Other owner(s)
• Company
• Some combination of other owner(s) and the
company?
Treatment of life insurance proceeds
• Included or excluded in the value of the
business?

24. 24
Life Insurance Example
No Insurance Proceeds Available
Owner A - 50% Owner B - 50%
Company Exiting Owner Purchasing Owner
Pre-Insurance Proceeds Value 20,000,000$ 10,000,000$ 10,000,000$
Insurance Proceeds - - -
Post-Insurance Proceeds Value 20,000,000$ 10,000,000$ 10,000,000$
Insurance Proceeds Included in Buyout Price
Owner A - 50% Owner B - 50%
Company Exiting Owner Purchasing Owner
Pre-Insurance Proceeds Value 20,000,000$ 10,000,000$ 10,000,000$
Insurance Proceeds 13,000,000 6,500,000 6,500,000
Post-Insurance Proceeds Value 33,000,000$ 16,500,000$ 16,500,000$
Insurance Proceeds Excluded in Buyout Price
Owner A - 50% Owner B - 50%
Company Exiting Owner Purchasing Owner
Pre-Insurance Proceeds Value 20,000,000$ 10,000,000$ 10,000,000$
Insurance Proceeds 13,000,000 n/a 13,000,000
Post-Insurance Proceeds Value 33,000,000$ 10,000,000$ 23,000,000$

25. 25
Suggestions/Takeaways
1. Get input from a qualified, credentialed valuation expert when
drafting buy-sell agreements
2. Define the standard of value, valuation date and level of value
3. Utilize the appraisal methodology for the most accurate value
4. Avoid imprecise language and clearly define the valuation
provisions
5. Address how insurance proceeds will be treated in the
valuation

26. 26
Summing It Up
After completing the session,
participants will be able to…
• Draft and review buy-sell agreements
with an understanding of the related
valuation considerations
• Proactively plan with clients to address
valuation-related issues that arise in
connection with buy-sell agreements

27. 27
Closing Quote
“It’s the little details that
are vital. Little things
make big things happen.”
– John Wooden

28. 28
Questions?
Bob Ranallo, CPA/ABV, JD, CVA, CFF
Partner
Phone - (440) 449-6800 x7131
Email - branallo@skodaminotti.com
Sean Saari, CPA/ABV, CVA, MBA
Partner
Phone - (440) 449-6800 x7221
Email - ssaari@skodaminotti.com