Programming is a very complex and challenging subject to teach and learn. A strategy guaranteed to deliver proven results has been intensive and continual training. However, this strategy holds an extra workload for the teachers with huge numbers of programming assignments to evaluate in a fair and timely manner. Furthermore, under the current coronavirus (COVID-19) distance teaching circumstances, regular assessment is a fundamental feedback mechanism. It ensures that students engage in learning as well as determines the extent to which they reached the expected learning goals, in this new learning reality. In sum, automating the assessment process will be particularly appreciated by the instructors and highly beneficial to the students. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of automatic assessment in the context of computer programming courses. Thus, a prototype based on merging static and dynamic analysis was developed. Empirical evaluation of the proposed grading tool within an introductory C-language course has been presented and compared to manually assigned marks. The outcomes of the comparative analysis have shown the reliability of the proposed automatic assessment prototype.
Computer based online written test system "Tao Software"Awais Chaudhary
This report includes all the description of "Tao" software which is used to conduct online written tests. It includes complete description of installation procedure and wor of "Tao" software
Generating a Domain Specific Inspection Evaluation Method through an Adaptive...Waqas Tariq
The growth of the Internet and related technologies has enabled the development of a new breed of dynamic websites and applications that are growing rapidly in use and that have had a great impact on many businesses. These websites need to be continuously evaluated and monitored to measure their efficiency and effectiveness, to assess user satisfaction, and ultimately to improve their quality. Nearly all the studies have used Heuristic Evaluation (HE) and User Testing (UT) methodologies, which have become the accepted methods for the usability evaluation of User Interface Design (UID); however, the former is general, and unlikely to encompass all usability attributes for all website domains. The latter is expensive, time consuming and misses consistency problems. To address this need, new evaluation method is developed using traditional evaluations (HE and UT) in novel ways.
The lack of a methodological framework that can be used to generate a domain-specific evaluation method, which can then be used to improve the usability assessment process for a product in any chosen domain, represents a missing area in usability testing. This paper proposes an adapting framework and evaluates it by generating an evaluation method for assessing and improving the usability of a product, called Domain Specific Inspection (DSI), and then analysing it empirically by applying it on the educational domain. Our experiments show that the adaptive framework is able to build a formative and summative evaluation method that provides optimal results with regard to the identification of comprehensive usability problem areas and relevant usability evaluation method (UEM) metrics, with minimum input in terms of the cost and time usually spent on employing UEMs.
CRITERION BASED AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF QUESTION PAPERvivatechijri
In any educational course curriculum, the courses are defined with learning objectives. Teachers conduct assessments to know if students have achieved certain learning objectives or not. The Proposed System provides a solution to choose challenging, well framed questions and make it easy for the user to generate it within a short period of time. The existing tools are rigid and support very basic or limited parameters. In our system we allow admin and user to input a set of questions and mark them with parameters such as difficulty level, complexity, type of question, module, min and max weightage. It contains two modules namely admin module and user module and the question management makes it an effortless task. From the entered input the paper is generated and saved as a .pdf file which can be kept for own or distributed as per the user or admin requirements. The required software and hardware are easily available and easy to work with. The goal is to simplify its current manual method, by means of computerised equipment and complete computer applications, in order to meet its needs, so that its important data/information can be stored for a longer period of time with easy access and manipulation. Basically the project describes how to manage for good performance and better services for the clients.
City i-Tick: The android based mobile application for students’ attendance at...journalBEEI
This paper presents City i-Tick, the android based mobile application for students’ attendance at a university. In this study, we developed mobile application for lecturers to take students’ attendance in City University, Petaling Jaya. Managing students’ attendance during lecture periods has become a difficult challenge. The research objectives for this study are to identify user requirement for City i-Tick, to design and develop City i-Tick, and to demonstrate the prototype of City i-Tick. The study is a narrative participatory design and exploits Design Thinking as the research methodology. City i-Tick was successfully validated by 14 lecturers and System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to determine the findings of the study. We found that City i-Tick is effective for lecturers in taking attendance because it is easy to use, easy to learn, and the users feel confident when using this application.
INTERFACE BASED PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS AND AUTOMATIC ASSESSMENT AND GRADING ...ijiert bestjournal
As the knowledge base in the Computer Science is gr owing,many new programming languages are being introduced. On one hand the software industry,whil e hiring a computer programmer,expects him to be a proficient in computer programming. But on other ha nd there is deficiency of computer programmers who are skilled in programming. So to bridge this gap it�s crucial to assess the programming abilities of stud ents. Testing and grading programming assignments manuall y requires more time and are less efficient as far as its correctness is concerned. Today,many software systems are available for cond ucting choice based assessment that are capable of assessing a student�s knowledge but not his skills. We have implemented system for assessment which is based on programming assignments that are submitted by students. The system in turn compiles these programs online. After compiling it successfully th e teacher of the corresponding subject can test it using this system,and grades it based on how many tasks have been accomplished. This paper reports about the des ign and implementation of automatic assessment of progr amming assignments. Report of the sample usage of t his software system is included.
University timetable construction is hardworking and complicated task when there are large
number of course arrays and limited resources. As a result, universities and some institutes tend to solve this
issue manually even; the results may not always fully optimal. In this paper, we discuss about a framework of
utilizing timetable management system to a medium scale university for resource optimization. Our endeavor
through the overall research was to develop an automated timetable management system to the faculty of IT at
university of Moratuwa to overcome the mentioned scheduling issues. We conducted a preliminary study and
hypothesized it can be achieved by using Genetic Algorithm. In the solution, each individual called chromosome
and it was evaluated using a fitness function in the implementation process. Five great Chromosomes with
higher fitness value considered as optimal solution or timetable schedules. The timetable administrator can
further refine the most suitable timetable. Tools such as PHP, Yii with MVC architecture and MYSQL were used
in this system. Finally, this system was tested and evaluated in the university background and we suggest this
framework is more desirable for medium scale universities.
Applying User Experience and Usercentered Design Software Processes in Underg...IJCI JOURNAL
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored by various authors looking to close the gap between industry and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a tailored agile process for development of educational software tools. This process is based on both Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) and User-Centered Design (UCD) approaches. The course is executed in two phases: the first half of the course’s semester presents theory on agile and mobile applications development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The introduction of UX and UCD exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected from an agile process can enhance Quality in Use features. Since 2019 two of the projects have been extended in agreement between the client and students. Students, clients and users have found value in the generated products.
A Generic Tool For Generating And Assessing Problems Automatically Using Spre...Tony Lisko
This document describes a new tool called ACME_Spreadsheet that can automatically generate, assign, correct, provide feedback, and grade spreadsheet exercises for educational purposes. Spreadsheets are commonly used in fields like mathematics, statistics, economics, and business. While other systems exist for automatically grading spreadsheets, ACME_Spreadsheet improves on previous approaches through its end-to-end workflow from exercise design to feedback and grading, and its low technical requirements for instructors. The tool allows instructors to assign individualized spreadsheet exercises to students that are then automatically graded. It provides feedback to support student learning. ACME_Spreadsheet is part of a broader platform called ACME that aims to continuously improve higher education through automated assessment tools.
Computer based online written test system "Tao Software"Awais Chaudhary
This report includes all the description of "Tao" software which is used to conduct online written tests. It includes complete description of installation procedure and wor of "Tao" software
Generating a Domain Specific Inspection Evaluation Method through an Adaptive...Waqas Tariq
The growth of the Internet and related technologies has enabled the development of a new breed of dynamic websites and applications that are growing rapidly in use and that have had a great impact on many businesses. These websites need to be continuously evaluated and monitored to measure their efficiency and effectiveness, to assess user satisfaction, and ultimately to improve their quality. Nearly all the studies have used Heuristic Evaluation (HE) and User Testing (UT) methodologies, which have become the accepted methods for the usability evaluation of User Interface Design (UID); however, the former is general, and unlikely to encompass all usability attributes for all website domains. The latter is expensive, time consuming and misses consistency problems. To address this need, new evaluation method is developed using traditional evaluations (HE and UT) in novel ways.
The lack of a methodological framework that can be used to generate a domain-specific evaluation method, which can then be used to improve the usability assessment process for a product in any chosen domain, represents a missing area in usability testing. This paper proposes an adapting framework and evaluates it by generating an evaluation method for assessing and improving the usability of a product, called Domain Specific Inspection (DSI), and then analysing it empirically by applying it on the educational domain. Our experiments show that the adaptive framework is able to build a formative and summative evaluation method that provides optimal results with regard to the identification of comprehensive usability problem areas and relevant usability evaluation method (UEM) metrics, with minimum input in terms of the cost and time usually spent on employing UEMs.
CRITERION BASED AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF QUESTION PAPERvivatechijri
In any educational course curriculum, the courses are defined with learning objectives. Teachers conduct assessments to know if students have achieved certain learning objectives or not. The Proposed System provides a solution to choose challenging, well framed questions and make it easy for the user to generate it within a short period of time. The existing tools are rigid and support very basic or limited parameters. In our system we allow admin and user to input a set of questions and mark them with parameters such as difficulty level, complexity, type of question, module, min and max weightage. It contains two modules namely admin module and user module and the question management makes it an effortless task. From the entered input the paper is generated and saved as a .pdf file which can be kept for own or distributed as per the user or admin requirements. The required software and hardware are easily available and easy to work with. The goal is to simplify its current manual method, by means of computerised equipment and complete computer applications, in order to meet its needs, so that its important data/information can be stored for a longer period of time with easy access and manipulation. Basically the project describes how to manage for good performance and better services for the clients.
City i-Tick: The android based mobile application for students’ attendance at...journalBEEI
This paper presents City i-Tick, the android based mobile application for students’ attendance at a university. In this study, we developed mobile application for lecturers to take students’ attendance in City University, Petaling Jaya. Managing students’ attendance during lecture periods has become a difficult challenge. The research objectives for this study are to identify user requirement for City i-Tick, to design and develop City i-Tick, and to demonstrate the prototype of City i-Tick. The study is a narrative participatory design and exploits Design Thinking as the research methodology. City i-Tick was successfully validated by 14 lecturers and System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to determine the findings of the study. We found that City i-Tick is effective for lecturers in taking attendance because it is easy to use, easy to learn, and the users feel confident when using this application.
INTERFACE BASED PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS AND AUTOMATIC ASSESSMENT AND GRADING ...ijiert bestjournal
As the knowledge base in the Computer Science is gr owing,many new programming languages are being introduced. On one hand the software industry,whil e hiring a computer programmer,expects him to be a proficient in computer programming. But on other ha nd there is deficiency of computer programmers who are skilled in programming. So to bridge this gap it�s crucial to assess the programming abilities of stud ents. Testing and grading programming assignments manuall y requires more time and are less efficient as far as its correctness is concerned. Today,many software systems are available for cond ucting choice based assessment that are capable of assessing a student�s knowledge but not his skills. We have implemented system for assessment which is based on programming assignments that are submitted by students. The system in turn compiles these programs online. After compiling it successfully th e teacher of the corresponding subject can test it using this system,and grades it based on how many tasks have been accomplished. This paper reports about the des ign and implementation of automatic assessment of progr amming assignments. Report of the sample usage of t his software system is included.
University timetable construction is hardworking and complicated task when there are large
number of course arrays and limited resources. As a result, universities and some institutes tend to solve this
issue manually even; the results may not always fully optimal. In this paper, we discuss about a framework of
utilizing timetable management system to a medium scale university for resource optimization. Our endeavor
through the overall research was to develop an automated timetable management system to the faculty of IT at
university of Moratuwa to overcome the mentioned scheduling issues. We conducted a preliminary study and
hypothesized it can be achieved by using Genetic Algorithm. In the solution, each individual called chromosome
and it was evaluated using a fitness function in the implementation process. Five great Chromosomes with
higher fitness value considered as optimal solution or timetable schedules. The timetable administrator can
further refine the most suitable timetable. Tools such as PHP, Yii with MVC architecture and MYSQL were used
in this system. Finally, this system was tested and evaluated in the university background and we suggest this
framework is more desirable for medium scale universities.
Applying User Experience and Usercentered Design Software Processes in Underg...IJCI JOURNAL
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored by various authors looking to close the gap between industry and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a tailored agile process for development of educational software tools. This process is based on both Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) and User-Centered Design (UCD) approaches. The course is executed in two phases: the first half of the course’s semester presents theory on agile and mobile applications development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The introduction of UX and UCD exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected from an agile process can enhance Quality in Use features. Since 2019 two of the projects have been extended in agreement between the client and students. Students, clients and users have found value in the generated products.
A Generic Tool For Generating And Assessing Problems Automatically Using Spre...Tony Lisko
This document describes a new tool called ACME_Spreadsheet that can automatically generate, assign, correct, provide feedback, and grade spreadsheet exercises for educational purposes. Spreadsheets are commonly used in fields like mathematics, statistics, economics, and business. While other systems exist for automatically grading spreadsheets, ACME_Spreadsheet improves on previous approaches through its end-to-end workflow from exercise design to feedback and grading, and its low technical requirements for instructors. The tool allows instructors to assign individualized spreadsheet exercises to students that are then automatically graded. It provides feedback to support student learning. ACME_Spreadsheet is part of a broader platform called ACME that aims to continuously improve higher education through automated assessment tools.
IRJET- Evaluation Technique of Student Performance in various CoursesIRJET Journal
The document proposes a system to evaluate student performance in various courses using techniques like machine learning. It discusses challenges in predicting student performance and developing a model that incorporates students' academic records and evolving progress. The proposed system aims to track student academic and extracurricular information to predict suitable courses and analyze growth.
Online Intelligent Semantic Performance Based Solution: The Milestone towards...AM Publications
As we analyse the computer application undergraduate logical-based courses in an assorted
environment of online assignments and exams and offline lectures, and exhibit the impact on academic routine of
factors such as classroom attendance, web-based course complement, and homework. We present grades from both
ordinary front ends and where the latter method controls for unobserved variation among students. A system
tailored intelligent instructional evaluation will generate the students, teachers & administration concepts,
discussing the predisposition in estimation when the ordinary evaluation method is used, resulting from the fact
that it ignores unobserved assorted. It also reduces the administrator’s load and helps provide the flexibility to
teacher’s need for mass evaluation. The Online Intelligent Semantic Performance based Solution is web
applications that ascertain an association between the institutes and the students. Institutes enter on the site, the
concepts they want in the exam. The questions based on the relevant concept and the syllabus is displayed as a test
to the eligible students. The answers entered by the students are then evaluated and their score is calculated and
saved. This score then can be accessed by the institutes to determine the passes students or to evaluate their
performance. It has been successfully applied to the distance evaluation of basic operating skills of computer
science, such as the course of computer skills in Universities and the local examination for the under graduates in
faridabad, Haryana.
The document discusses the background and rationale for developing a Java program system to automate the freshmen needs assessment process at Lipa City Colleges. It notes that the current manual system is inefficient, time-consuming and prone to errors. The proposed system aims to quickly and accurately assess student needs by automating the questionnaire, evaluation and reporting functions. It also aims to make the assessment more accessible to students. The document outlines the objectives, significance and scope of the study, and reviews related literature on guidance counseling in the Philippines to support the need for this type of system.
AGILE, USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND QUALITY IN SOFTWARE PROCESSES FOR MOBILE APPL...ijseajournal
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored in an effort to close the gap between industry
and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a
tailored user-centered Agile process for development of educational digital tools. This process is based on
Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) approaches. The course is
executed in two phases: the first half of the semester presents theory on Agile and mobile applications
development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The
introduction of UX and user-centered design exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected
from Agile processes allows for different quality features development. Since 2019 two of the projects have
been extended and one project has been developed with the described process and course alumni. Students
and stakeholders have found value in the generated products and process.
AGILE, USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND QUALITY IN SOFTWARE PROCESSES FOR MOBILE APPL...ijseajournal
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored in an effort to close the gap between industry
and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a
tailored user-centered Agile process for development of educational digital tools. This process is based on
Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) approaches. The course is
executed in two phases: the first half of the semester presents theory on Agile and mobile applications
development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The
introduction of UX and user-centered design exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected
from Agile processes allows for different quality features development. Since 2019 two of the projects have
been extended and one project has been developed with the described process and course alumni. Students
and stakeholders have found value in the generated products and process.
Insights of effectivity analysis of learning-based approaches towards softwar...IJECEIAES
Software defect prediction is one of the essential sets of operation towards mitigating issues of risk management in software development known to contribute towards enhancing the quality of software. There is evolution of various methodologies towards resolving this issue while learning-based methodology is witnessed to be the most dominant contributor. The problem identified is that there are yet many unsolved queries associated with practical viability of such learning-based approach adoption in software quality management. Proposed approaches discussed in this paper contributes towards mitigating this challenge by introducing a simplified, compact, and crisp analysis of effectiveness associated with learning-based schemes. The paper presents its major findings of effectivity analysis of machine learning, deep learning, hybrid, and other miscellaneous approaches deployed for fault prediction followed by highlighting research trend. The major findings infer that feature selection, data imbalance, interpretability, and in adequate involvement of context are prime gaps in existing methods. The paper also contributes towards research gap as well as essential learning outcomes of present review work.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
This document summarizes research on techniques for cost estimation in software design. It begins by describing common cost estimation techniques like Constructive Cost Modeling (COCOMO) and Function Point Analysis. It then analyzes research trends in cost estimation, effort estimation, and fault prediction based on literature from 2010 to present. Fewer than 50 papers were found related to overall cost estimation, less than 25 for effort estimation, and only 9 for fault prediction. The document then reviews existing research addressing general cost estimation, enhancement of Function Point Analysis, statistical modeling approaches, cost estimation for embedded systems, and estimation for fourth generation languages and NASA projects. Most techniques use COCOMO or extend existing models with techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, or statistical
REGULARIZED FUZZY NEURAL NETWORKS TO AID EFFORT FORECASTING IN THE CONSTRUCTI...ijaia
Predicting the time to build software is a very complex task for software engineering managers. There are complex factors that can directly interfere with the productivity of the development team. Factors directly related to the complexity of the system to be developed drastically change the time necessary for the completion of the works with the software factories. This work proposes the use of a hybrid system based on artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems to assist in the construction of an expert system based on rules to support in the prediction of hours destined to the development of software according to the complexity of the elements present in the same. The set of fuzzy rules obtained by the system helps the management and control of software development by providing a base of interpretable estimates based on fuzzy rules. The model was submitted to tests on a real database, and its results were promissory in the construction of an aid mechanism in the predictability of the software construction
IRJET- Design and Development of Web Application for Student Placement Tr...IRJET Journal
This document describes a web application called Knack Track that is designed to provide student placement training. The application aims to be a standardized platform for students to receive training and assessments in various areas like programming languages, numerical skills, vocabulary, and reasoning. It allows administrators to activate assessments and programming courses, and monitor student activities. Students can take assessments and practice programming questions. Their progress can be tracked using reports. The goal is to make placement preparation resources easily and freely available to students in one online location.
A review paper: optimal test cases for regression testing using artificial in...IJECEIAES
This document provides a review of optimal test cases for regression testing using artificial intelligence techniques. It discusses regression testing and techniques used for test case selection and prioritization, including retest all, regression test selection, and test case prioritization. Metrics for evaluating the efficiency of these techniques are described, including average percentage of faults detected, average percentage block coverage, and average percentage decision coverage. The document also reviews various artificial intelligence techniques that have been used for regression testing, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and machine learning. It provides examples of studies that have applied these techniques to select optimal test cases and improve the efficiency of regression testing.
AN ENHANCED ELECTRONIC TRANSCRIPT SYSTEM (E-ETS)ijcsit
Transcript is an inventory system holding student academic record. This system has been implemented
conventional, electronically or implemented using web services approaches which have been devoid of
mobile computing approach and system classification rules. The proposed architecture provides an
assiduous pathway for the implementation of the aforementioned issues. This architecture has the
propensity for cutting down operational cost and hardcopy documentation while handling organizational
procedures and processes
Transcript is an inventory system holding student academic record. This system has been implemented conventional, electronically or implemented using web services approaches which have been devoid of mobile computing approach and system classification rules. The proposed architecture provides an assiduous pathway for the implementation of the aforementioned issues. This architecture has the propensity for cutting down operational cost and hardcopy documentation while handling organizational procedures and processes.
This document proposes an Enhanced Electronic Transcript System (E-ETS) that addresses limitations of existing transcript systems. The E-ETS incorporates mobile computing access, rule-based classification of student records, and a focus on tertiary education institutions. It describes components of the E-ETS like the transcript database, input access for lecturers, and transcript system rules for classifying student grades. The system aims to provide a more robust, flexible transcript system for students and lecturers to access academic records remotely using mobile devices. It also introduces an automated, rule-based approach to classifying student performance compared to subjective methods used by other systems.
A Proposed Model for a Web-Based Academic Advising SystemEswar Publications
Student advising is an important and time-consuming effort in academic life. Academic advising has been implemented in order to fill the gap between student and the academic routine, by moving advising, complaining, evaluating, suggesting system from the traditional ways to an automated way. The researcher surveyed the existing literature; as utilized that many institutions have implemented computerized solutions in order to enhance their overall advising experience. In this paper the researcher innovates an automated mechanism for
academic advising in the university system. The paper presents an overview of the development and implementation of a new model of e-Academic Advising System as a web-based application. The proposed model attempts to develop a model that the staff and advisor can access to follow-up the student complaints and suggestions. Also, the students who registered can through complain, evaluate & suggest in any subject. Finally, the head of the department can receive a KPIs reports to follow-up his department. Therefore, a need for a
system that could detect student’s problems and provide them with suitable feedback is raised. The aim of this paper is to implement a system which facilitates and assists academic advisors in their efforts to providing quality, accurate and consistent advising services to their students; also, to explore the design and implementation of a computerized tool to facilitate this process. This paper discussed the required methodologies used in the development of the Academic Advising System, it has been shown that Academic Advising is a Process more than a Final Product or system, a technical vision for Academic Advising System has been provided. The e-Academic Advising web-based developed and implemented by "Ruby on Rails" as a Web framework which runs via the
Ruby programming language and "PostgreSQL" as a Database Engine.
IRJET- Face Recognition based Mobile Automatic Classroom Attendance Manag...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a face recognition-based mobile automatic classroom attendance management system that does not require any extra equipment. It uses a filtering system based on Euclidean distances calculated using three face recognition techniques (Eigenfaces, Fisherfaces, and Local Binary Pattern) for face recognition. The proposed system includes mobile applications for teachers, students, and parents to manage attendance in real-time. It was tested among students and produced satisfactory results. The system aims to make attendance taking more efficient and less prone to errors compared to traditional paper-based methods.
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR VIRTUAL TEACHING ASSISTANCE (Case ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a research project that aims to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) virtual teaching assistant for an Introduction to Information Technology course. It discusses the challenges students face in large classes with limited interaction with lecturers. The researchers plan to design and test a chatbot using natural language processing to respond to students' questions about the course material. The document provides background on existing chatbots and their uses in education. It outlines the methodology, which will involve collecting a dataset from course materials and testing the accuracy and effectiveness of the chatbot responses through observations. The goal is to create an AI assistant that can help students learn the course content and address challenges in higher education.
IRJET- Predicting Academic Course Preference using Inspired MapreduceIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using MapReduce to analyze student data to predict academic course preferences for industrial training. Student data like feedback and preferences are collected and stored in a distributed file system.
2. MapReduce jobs are run on the data to extract patterns and determine the most popular course combinations selected by students. This can help students choose courses and help institutions meet demand.
3. The proposed system uses MapReduce to split the student data, perform mapping and reducing, and output the most common courses selected to guide decision making. This addresses issues with unstructured big data and helps match students to in-demand training courses.
Help through demonstration and automation for interactive computing systems: ...IJECEIAES
Usability is very important however, it is still difficult to develop interactive computing systems that meet all user’s specificities. Help systems should be a way of bridging this gap. This paper presents a general survey on recent works (building upon previous surveys) related to improving applications’ help through demonstration and automation and, identifies which technologies are acting as enablers. The main contributions are, identifying: i) which are the recent existing solutions; ii) which aspects must be investigated further; and iii) which are the main difficulties that are preventing a faster progress.
PORTAL FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENTIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a portal created for an Information Technology department to facilitate online assignment submission and management.
2) Key features of the portal include student registration and enrollment, a system for students to upload assignments and for professors to upload class notes, and a grading system to provide feedback to students.
3) The portal aims to modernize the academic process by allowing digital assignment submission and feedback rather than physical paper submission and handling, benefiting both students and faculty.
Embedded System Practicum Module for Increase Student Comprehension of Microc...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The result of applying the embedded system in education for students is successfully applied in
university. On the other side, many people in Indonesia use smart equipment’s (Hand phone, Remote), but
none of those equipments are used in education. University as the source of knowledge should overcome
the problem by encouraging the students to use a technology with learning about it first. Embedded
System Practicum Module Design needs a prototype method so that the practicum module that is desired
can be made. This method is often used in real life. A prototype considered of a part of a product that
expresses logic and physical of external interface that is being displayed and this method will fully depend
on user contentment. Embedded System Practicum Module Design is made to increase student
comprehension of embedded system course and to encourage students to innovate, so that many
technologies will be developed and also to help lecturers deliver course subjects. With this practicum it is
hoped that the student comprehension will increase significantly. The result of this research is a decent
practicum module, hardware or software that can help students to know better about technology and the
course subjects so that it will encourage the students to create an embedded system technology. The
result of the test has been done; there is an increase of learning value obtained by 7.8%.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Online Intelligent Semantic Performance Based Solution: The Milestone towards...AM Publications
As we analyse the computer application undergraduate logical-based courses in an assorted
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concepts they want in the exam. The questions based on the relevant concept and the syllabus is displayed as a test
to the eligible students. The answers entered by the students are then evaluated and their score is calculated and
saved. This score then can be accessed by the institutes to determine the passes students or to evaluate their
performance. It has been successfully applied to the distance evaluation of basic operating skills of computer
science, such as the course of computer skills in Universities and the local examination for the under graduates in
faridabad, Haryana.
The document discusses the background and rationale for developing a Java program system to automate the freshmen needs assessment process at Lipa City Colleges. It notes that the current manual system is inefficient, time-consuming and prone to errors. The proposed system aims to quickly and accurately assess student needs by automating the questionnaire, evaluation and reporting functions. It also aims to make the assessment more accessible to students. The document outlines the objectives, significance and scope of the study, and reviews related literature on guidance counseling in the Philippines to support the need for this type of system.
AGILE, USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND QUALITY IN SOFTWARE PROCESSES FOR MOBILE APPL...ijseajournal
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored in an effort to close the gap between industry
and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a
tailored user-centered Agile process for development of educational digital tools. This process is based on
Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) approaches. The course is
executed in two phases: the first half of the semester presents theory on Agile and mobile applications
development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The
introduction of UX and user-centered design exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected
from Agile processes allows for different quality features development. Since 2019 two of the projects have
been extended and one project has been developed with the described process and course alumni. Students
and stakeholders have found value in the generated products and process.
AGILE, USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND QUALITY IN SOFTWARE PROCESSES FOR MOBILE APPL...ijseajournal
Agile methods in undergraduate courses have been explored in an effort to close the gap between industry
and professional profiles. We have structured an Android application development course based on a
tailored user-centered Agile process for development of educational digital tools. This process is based on
Scrum and Extreme Programming in combination with User Experience (UX) approaches. The course is
executed in two phases: the first half of the semester presents theory on Agile and mobile applications
development, the latter half is managed as a workshop where students develop for an actual client. The
introduction of UX and user-centered design exploiting the close relationship with stakeholders expected
from Agile processes allows for different quality features development. Since 2019 two of the projects have
been extended and one project has been developed with the described process and course alumni. Students
and stakeholders have found value in the generated products and process.
Insights of effectivity analysis of learning-based approaches towards softwar...IJECEIAES
Software defect prediction is one of the essential sets of operation towards mitigating issues of risk management in software development known to contribute towards enhancing the quality of software. There is evolution of various methodologies towards resolving this issue while learning-based methodology is witnessed to be the most dominant contributor. The problem identified is that there are yet many unsolved queries associated with practical viability of such learning-based approach adoption in software quality management. Proposed approaches discussed in this paper contributes towards mitigating this challenge by introducing a simplified, compact, and crisp analysis of effectiveness associated with learning-based schemes. The paper presents its major findings of effectivity analysis of machine learning, deep learning, hybrid, and other miscellaneous approaches deployed for fault prediction followed by highlighting research trend. The major findings infer that feature selection, data imbalance, interpretability, and in adequate involvement of context are prime gaps in existing methods. The paper also contributes towards research gap as well as essential learning outcomes of present review work.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
This document summarizes research on techniques for cost estimation in software design. It begins by describing common cost estimation techniques like Constructive Cost Modeling (COCOMO) and Function Point Analysis. It then analyzes research trends in cost estimation, effort estimation, and fault prediction based on literature from 2010 to present. Fewer than 50 papers were found related to overall cost estimation, less than 25 for effort estimation, and only 9 for fault prediction. The document then reviews existing research addressing general cost estimation, enhancement of Function Point Analysis, statistical modeling approaches, cost estimation for embedded systems, and estimation for fourth generation languages and NASA projects. Most techniques use COCOMO or extend existing models with techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, or statistical
REGULARIZED FUZZY NEURAL NETWORKS TO AID EFFORT FORECASTING IN THE CONSTRUCTI...ijaia
Predicting the time to build software is a very complex task for software engineering managers. There are complex factors that can directly interfere with the productivity of the development team. Factors directly related to the complexity of the system to be developed drastically change the time necessary for the completion of the works with the software factories. This work proposes the use of a hybrid system based on artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems to assist in the construction of an expert system based on rules to support in the prediction of hours destined to the development of software according to the complexity of the elements present in the same. The set of fuzzy rules obtained by the system helps the management and control of software development by providing a base of interpretable estimates based on fuzzy rules. The model was submitted to tests on a real database, and its results were promissory in the construction of an aid mechanism in the predictability of the software construction
IRJET- Design and Development of Web Application for Student Placement Tr...IRJET Journal
This document describes a web application called Knack Track that is designed to provide student placement training. The application aims to be a standardized platform for students to receive training and assessments in various areas like programming languages, numerical skills, vocabulary, and reasoning. It allows administrators to activate assessments and programming courses, and monitor student activities. Students can take assessments and practice programming questions. Their progress can be tracked using reports. The goal is to make placement preparation resources easily and freely available to students in one online location.
A review paper: optimal test cases for regression testing using artificial in...IJECEIAES
This document provides a review of optimal test cases for regression testing using artificial intelligence techniques. It discusses regression testing and techniques used for test case selection and prioritization, including retest all, regression test selection, and test case prioritization. Metrics for evaluating the efficiency of these techniques are described, including average percentage of faults detected, average percentage block coverage, and average percentage decision coverage. The document also reviews various artificial intelligence techniques that have been used for regression testing, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and machine learning. It provides examples of studies that have applied these techniques to select optimal test cases and improve the efficiency of regression testing.
AN ENHANCED ELECTRONIC TRANSCRIPT SYSTEM (E-ETS)ijcsit
Transcript is an inventory system holding student academic record. This system has been implemented
conventional, electronically or implemented using web services approaches which have been devoid of
mobile computing approach and system classification rules. The proposed architecture provides an
assiduous pathway for the implementation of the aforementioned issues. This architecture has the
propensity for cutting down operational cost and hardcopy documentation while handling organizational
procedures and processes
Transcript is an inventory system holding student academic record. This system has been implemented conventional, electronically or implemented using web services approaches which have been devoid of mobile computing approach and system classification rules. The proposed architecture provides an assiduous pathway for the implementation of the aforementioned issues. This architecture has the propensity for cutting down operational cost and hardcopy documentation while handling organizational procedures and processes.
This document proposes an Enhanced Electronic Transcript System (E-ETS) that addresses limitations of existing transcript systems. The E-ETS incorporates mobile computing access, rule-based classification of student records, and a focus on tertiary education institutions. It describes components of the E-ETS like the transcript database, input access for lecturers, and transcript system rules for classifying student grades. The system aims to provide a more robust, flexible transcript system for students and lecturers to access academic records remotely using mobile devices. It also introduces an automated, rule-based approach to classifying student performance compared to subjective methods used by other systems.
A Proposed Model for a Web-Based Academic Advising SystemEswar Publications
Student advising is an important and time-consuming effort in academic life. Academic advising has been implemented in order to fill the gap between student and the academic routine, by moving advising, complaining, evaluating, suggesting system from the traditional ways to an automated way. The researcher surveyed the existing literature; as utilized that many institutions have implemented computerized solutions in order to enhance their overall advising experience. In this paper the researcher innovates an automated mechanism for
academic advising in the university system. The paper presents an overview of the development and implementation of a new model of e-Academic Advising System as a web-based application. The proposed model attempts to develop a model that the staff and advisor can access to follow-up the student complaints and suggestions. Also, the students who registered can through complain, evaluate & suggest in any subject. Finally, the head of the department can receive a KPIs reports to follow-up his department. Therefore, a need for a
system that could detect student’s problems and provide them with suitable feedback is raised. The aim of this paper is to implement a system which facilitates and assists academic advisors in their efforts to providing quality, accurate and consistent advising services to their students; also, to explore the design and implementation of a computerized tool to facilitate this process. This paper discussed the required methodologies used in the development of the Academic Advising System, it has been shown that Academic Advising is a Process more than a Final Product or system, a technical vision for Academic Advising System has been provided. The e-Academic Advising web-based developed and implemented by "Ruby on Rails" as a Web framework which runs via the
Ruby programming language and "PostgreSQL" as a Database Engine.
IRJET- Face Recognition based Mobile Automatic Classroom Attendance Manag...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a face recognition-based mobile automatic classroom attendance management system that does not require any extra equipment. It uses a filtering system based on Euclidean distances calculated using three face recognition techniques (Eigenfaces, Fisherfaces, and Local Binary Pattern) for face recognition. The proposed system includes mobile applications for teachers, students, and parents to manage attendance in real-time. It was tested among students and produced satisfactory results. The system aims to make attendance taking more efficient and less prone to errors compared to traditional paper-based methods.
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR VIRTUAL TEACHING ASSISTANCE (Case ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a research project that aims to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) virtual teaching assistant for an Introduction to Information Technology course. It discusses the challenges students face in large classes with limited interaction with lecturers. The researchers plan to design and test a chatbot using natural language processing to respond to students' questions about the course material. The document provides background on existing chatbots and their uses in education. It outlines the methodology, which will involve collecting a dataset from course materials and testing the accuracy and effectiveness of the chatbot responses through observations. The goal is to create an AI assistant that can help students learn the course content and address challenges in higher education.
IRJET- Predicting Academic Course Preference using Inspired MapreduceIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses using MapReduce to analyze student data to predict academic course preferences for industrial training. Student data like feedback and preferences are collected and stored in a distributed file system.
2. MapReduce jobs are run on the data to extract patterns and determine the most popular course combinations selected by students. This can help students choose courses and help institutions meet demand.
3. The proposed system uses MapReduce to split the student data, perform mapping and reducing, and output the most common courses selected to guide decision making. This addresses issues with unstructured big data and helps match students to in-demand training courses.
Help through demonstration and automation for interactive computing systems: ...IJECEIAES
Usability is very important however, it is still difficult to develop interactive computing systems that meet all user’s specificities. Help systems should be a way of bridging this gap. This paper presents a general survey on recent works (building upon previous surveys) related to improving applications’ help through demonstration and automation and, identifies which technologies are acting as enablers. The main contributions are, identifying: i) which are the recent existing solutions; ii) which aspects must be investigated further; and iii) which are the main difficulties that are preventing a faster progress.
PORTAL FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENTIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a portal created for an Information Technology department to facilitate online assignment submission and management.
2) Key features of the portal include student registration and enrollment, a system for students to upload assignments and for professors to upload class notes, and a grading system to provide feedback to students.
3) The portal aims to modernize the academic process by allowing digital assignment submission and feedback rather than physical paper submission and handling, benefiting both students and faculty.
Embedded System Practicum Module for Increase Student Comprehension of Microc...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The result of applying the embedded system in education for students is successfully applied in
university. On the other side, many people in Indonesia use smart equipment’s (Hand phone, Remote), but
none of those equipments are used in education. University as the source of knowledge should overcome
the problem by encouraging the students to use a technology with learning about it first. Embedded
System Practicum Module Design needs a prototype method so that the practicum module that is desired
can be made. This method is often used in real life. A prototype considered of a part of a product that
expresses logic and physical of external interface that is being displayed and this method will fully depend
on user contentment. Embedded System Practicum Module Design is made to increase student
comprehension of embedded system course and to encourage students to innovate, so that many
technologies will be developed and also to help lecturers deliver course subjects. With this practicum it is
hoped that the student comprehension will increase significantly. The result of this research is a decent
practicum module, hardware or software that can help students to know better about technology and the
course subjects so that it will encourage the students to create an embedded system technology. The
result of the test has been done; there is an increase of learning value obtained by 7.8%.
Similar to Validity of a graph-based automatic assessment system for programming assignments: human versus automatic grading (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
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Validity of a graph-based automatic assessment system for programming assignments: human versus automatic grading
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022, pp. 2867~2875
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2867-2875 2867
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Validity of a graph-based automatic assessment system for
programming assignments: human versus automatic grading
Soundous Zougari, Mariam Tanana, Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui
LTI Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Dec 30, 2020
Revised Jan 3, 2022
Accepted Jan 23, 2022
Programming is a very complex and challenging subject to teach and learn.
A strategy guaranteed to deliver proven results has been intensive and
continual training. However, this strategy holds an extra workload for the
teachers with huge numbers of programming assignments to evaluate in a
fair and timely manner. Furthermore, under the current coronavirus
(COVID-19) distance teaching circumstances, regular assessment is a
fundamental feedback mechanism. It ensures that students engage in
learning as well as determines the extent to which they reached the expected
learning goals, in this new learning reality. In sum, automating the
assessment process will be particularly appreciated by the instructors and
highly beneficial to the students. The purpose of this paper is to investigate
the feasibility of automatic assessment in the context of computer
programming courses. Thus, a prototype based on merging static and
dynamic analysis was developed. Empirical evaluation of the proposed
grading tool within an introductory C-language course has been presented
and compared to manually assigned marks. The outcomes of the
comparative analysis have shown the reliability of the proposed automatic
assessment prototype.
Keywords:
Automated grading
Automatic assessment
Computer aided education
Graph-based assessment system
Programming assignments
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Soundous Zougari
Innovative Technology Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi
University
Route de Ziaten Km 10, Tanger Principale, BP: 1818 – Tanger, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
Email: soundous.zougari@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Stephen hawking once said "whether you want to uncover the secrets of the universe, or you want to
pursue a career in the 21st century, basic computer programming is an essential skill to learn". Indeed, in
an era marked by rapid advances in our technologies, manipulating those technologies has emerged as a key
skill integral to many jobs in the present time and in the near future. However, learning programming is
challenging: high failure and dropout rates are common in those courses. A strategy guaranteed to deliver
proven results, for students as well as teachers, has been intensive and continuous practice on solving
programming exercises [1], [2]. For students it helps them to understand their learning progression and
difficulties. Whereas, for teachers, it enables them to see students’ learning progressions and eventually to
give personalized support and adjust the teaching materials accordingly.
This is a strategy that holds an extra workload for the teachers with huge numbers of programming
assignments to evaluate and provide with feedback in a timely manner. Apart from being time-consuming for
the teacher, manual assessment hinders the consistency and accuracy of assessment results as well as it
allows "unintended biases and a diverse standard of marking schemes" [3]. All of these issues called for the
automation of the assessment process.
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Furthermore, in recent years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become a significant
force within higher education. They have quickly gained popularity, expanded, and evolved as they bear a
tremendous potential for teaching programming to a large and diverse audience [4]–[6]. A potential put to the
test in this difficult time with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic [7]. We are witnessing the world’s
largest distance learning experiment, since schools and universities worldwide were forced to shift rapidly
from presential to online learning in the midst of this global health crisis. Unfortunately, for programming
assignments, MOOCs remain limited in their ability to evaluate and give feedback. In fact, the learning
platform would be reduced to merely offering optional ungraded exercises if there was no method for
automatic assessment of programming assignments [4], [8].
In the light of this, numerous automatic assessment tools have been developed by various
researchers and academicians. However, these systems are neither generic nor configurable and most of them
are not available to the general public, which is why we have developed our own assessment system.
Although the automatic approach theoretically overcomes all the drawbacks of the manual approach, the
quality of the provided assessment requires some investigation.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: section 2 explores some of the work that has
been done in the automated programming assessment area. Section 3 describes the proposed system approach
before putting the prototype system to the test and analyzing the results in detail in section 4. Last, section 5
ends with some reflections on the produced research and suggestions for further work.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED WORK
Several approaches to tackle automatic programming assessment (APA) are reported in the
literature, such as journals, conference articles and online resources. A systematic literature review can be
useful in providing a wide view of the existing tools, the identification of research needs and guiding the
development of new tools. Our focus is solely on the automatic assessment tools applied to programming
assignments.
This topic has been of interest to computer science educators from 1960s [9] and has continued to
gain vast attention till present [10]-[23]. Indeed, a variety of systems have been developed to address the
problem of automatic and semi-automatic evaluation of programming assignments. To see an evolution, it is
necessary to take a temporal perspective.
Douce et al. [10] provide a systematic review of the literature on the automatic programming
assessment systems developed from their inception up to 2005 and categorize them according to age into
three broad generations. In each of the three identified generations, these systems adopted more advanced
technologies correlating with cutting-edge technologies used for program development in each time frame:
- The first-generation systems represent the earliest attempts to automate testing and were considered
genuine advancements at the time [10]. The assessment was only made considering a right or a wrong
answer. However, their usability was restricted to their specific computing research facilities.
- The second-generation systems are characterized by command-line-based tools, sometimes used in
association with locally built and maintained Graphical user interfaces (GUI).
- The third-generation systems utilize web-based technologies, and sometimes provided additional support
for educators in the form of assessment management and reporting facilities.
Ihantola et al. [12] complemented this review with APA systems developed during the 2006 to 2010
period. They divided APAs in two main categories: automatic assessment systems for programming contests
and automatic assessment systems for computer programming education [13]. Moreover, the authors
systematically collected and grouped the features and improvements in APA systems from the selected
review period. Some of the reported features are programming languages, learning management systems,
defining tests and resubmissions.
Over the last few years, and with the proliferation of new assessment tools, studies have put their
focus on identifying and classifying them. This has eased the process when reviewing approaches and
features provided by each tool. For instance, Souza et al. [14] have proposed three classification schemes for
the reviewed tools: by assessment type, by approach, and by specialty. Besides, they have identified the main
characteristics of the assessment tools such as:
- Main Features: electronic submission, automated checking, instant feedback, automated marking,
- Types of verification: dynamic verifications and static verifications.
- Interfaces: command line interface (CLI), graphical user interface (GUI), web user interface (WUI).
- Supported programming languages.
Although we believe a lot has been done since 2016, recent surveys from 2018 by Lajis et al. [18]
and by Ullah et al. [19] provide little new to the work of Souza et al. [14]. The former classified several
automated assessment systems under the same main approaches, while the latter discussed the strengths and
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limitations of 17 automated assessment tools. Among the most popular reviewed tools we find, AutoLEP
[22], Web-CAT [23], BOSS [24], Quimera [25], DOMjudge [26], and Automata [27].
This research has helped us to understand the current state-of-the-art in assessment tools for
programming assignments, and also to identify important features of already built tools and some future
directions. First, a foregone conclusion is the plethora of existing automatic programming assessment
systems and still growing. However, these tools are rarely used beyond the institutions in which they were
created. The main reason for this is related to availability and adaptation issues. Only few systems are open-
source, or even freely available. Other prototypes were designed in the context of a doctoral research but
were no further developed. Another obstacle for an APA tool broad adoption is that instructors have
difficulty integrating systems built for specific requirements, especially when the notation and methodology
of such systems does not precisely fit into their courses. Developing a new assessment tool for each
programming language and instructor’s assessment objectives is not plausible. We, therefore, suggest
developing a flexible and parameterizable tool that will not only be able to automatically assess a variety of
programming languages but also adapt to each instructors need and a course’s main target group.
Another interesting conclusion of this work is that in general the APA features can be organized
according to whether they need execution of the program; dynamic analysis or can be statically evaluated
from the program code; static analysis. Both of these approaches present undeniable advantages [18], [28],
but also some major drawbacks. Therefore, our approach falls within a third kind of automatic assessment
tool that has been less investigated: hybrid analysis. The general idea is to merge results from the static and
dynamic analysis. Thus, the student’s program output is not only analyzed but also its source code. This
approach overcomes the limitation of static and dynamic approaches. Further information will be given in the
next section.
3. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
Our proposed system combines results from dynamic and static analysis to improve the quality and
precision of the automated assessment and overcomes the individual weaknesses of these approaches [29],
[30]. The dynamic analysis is carried out using unit testing framework making the process flexible and
reusable. In fact, students’ programs are run through a predefined set of data, and afterwards their outputs are
compared to the expected answers. The approach is described in more detail in a previous paper where it was
suggested the use of XUnit, a dedicated framework to automate and conduct tests in a given language [31].
XUnit is additionally used to supply significant and comprehensible feedback. Generated feedback follows
directly from the detected failed dynamic tests. Information like the line number, the error type, program
trace that introduces the error, and values of variables along this trace can help the student refine its proposed
solution.
On the other hand, static analysis helps us evaluate the structural properties of the programs. The
idea is to measure the similarity degree by comparing the assessed program to programs belonging to the
solution space. A solution space is a set of programs, provided by the teacher, representing the different
possible solutions for the same exercise. The main problem of this approach is the diversity of the solutions.
To tackle this problem, semantic preserving transformations are performed on the student program and the
solution space. Through this process we try to eliminate syntactic variations and represent in a uniform way,
semantic equivalent programs that use the same algorithm. However, there are cases where a given student
proposes a solution that was not foreseen in the solution space. Then, the assessor's intervention is required to
analyze it and add it to the solution space if it found pedagogically relevant. These interventions should be
rare in the context of introductory programming courses and will decrease in time, once the solution space
has reached a satisfactory level of maturity. Figure 1 resumes the assessment approach. The student’
proposed solution go through all the process even if it generates errors from the start.
In order to facilitate the program matching, the student program and the instructor program are
firstly transformed into an intermediate representation. We opted for control flow graph (CFG) which is a
graph-based representation where nodes represent blocks of code and edges represent transfers of control
between blocks. In order to measure similarity of the programs, we adopt the concept of merging node
content similarity with graph nodes topological similarity. Our similarity is based on a particular graph node
similarity measure called neighbor matching. This measure is based on iterative calculation of similarity and
the principle that two nodes are as similar as their neighbors are [32]. The calculation of similarity is detailed
in a previous work [31] and given by (1).
𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝑘+1
← √𝑦𝑖𝑗 .
𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑘+1(𝑖,𝑗)+ 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘+1(𝑖,𝑗)
2
(1)
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where 𝑥𝑖𝑗 is the calculation of nodes i and j similarity in (k+1) iterations. yij is the similarity of nodes i and j
contents. 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑘+1(𝑖, 𝑗)and 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘+1(𝑖, 𝑗) are respectively, the in-neighbors and the out-neighbors similarity of nodes
i in G1 and j in G2 in (k+1) iterations. Also, we set 𝑥𝑖𝑗
0
= 𝑦𝑖𝑗. Both the similarity of nodes and the similarity
of CFGs take values in the [0, 1] interval. More details were given in a previous paper [31].
Regarding the grading step, unlike many other systems, our tool has not been developed for a
predefined grading style. We have used the similarity information and introduced two penalty parameters 𝑃1
and 𝑃2. The first grading penalty is used when the teacher wants to evaluate if a program is working
(compiling, running or test cases). Whereas the second penalty parameter calculates how close is a solution to
the teacher’s solution. This practice of grade calculation weighting is an important technique used to make
program grading more parameterized and personal to the evaluator [23]. In sum, the grade equation is a linear
combination of various scores, calculated for the student’s solution in (2):
𝐺 = 𝑃1. 𝑥1 + 𝑃2. 𝑥2 (2)
where 𝐺 is the automated grade of 0 to 10; 𝑥1 is a value retrieved at the end of the dynamic analysis and it
represents the weighted sum of the automated testing cases passed (It is expressed in the interval [0, 1], “1”
meaning all tests were passed successfully); 𝑥2 is the maximal similarity value between the student’s solution
and the teacher proposed solutions (also in the [0, 1] range); 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are the dynamic and the static
assessment penalty parameters, respectively. It should be noted that different choices for the coefficients 𝑃1
and 𝑃2 could be proposed as long as 𝑃1+𝑃2=10. However, we prefer to let the teacher tune the coefficients 𝑃1
and 𝑃2 so that the behavior of the predictive model corresponds to the teacher grading style and the exercise
goals.
Figure 1. Proposed automatic assessment system
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To have a real estimation of the proposed system efficiency and reliability, we have carried out an
experiment with some exams of real university programming courses. Through this experiment, we collected
the teacher’s manually graded exercises. Then we marked them automatically with our tool to evaluate the
closeness of the proposed automated assessment system to the human rater method.
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4.1. Method
The participants were 50 first-year, randomly selected, engineering students of a C programming
module in their second year at the National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Morocco. The used
probability sampling technique is the simplest of all; however, its simplicity is also its strength. The sample is
non-biased, and the findings are most generalizable among all probability sampling approaches since the
sampling frame is not subdivided or partitioned.
We have chosen the C-language for our tests because it is a flexible and strong general-purpose
programming language. It is efficient, portable, and operates on any platform. Moreover, it is still considered
in 2020, in the top 5 best programming languages to learn and more importantly, it is a great way to begin a
programming career [33]. We have retrieved three exercises of escalating difficulty from the C-language
introductory course. Here are their contents:
- Exercise no 1: write a C program that get two integer numbers, multiply both of the integers and display
the product.
- Exercise no 2: program that asks the user to enter two strings as operands and then displays a list of the
common letters (characters) of the two strings.
- Exercise no 3: program that implements the Ackermann function (function which returns the value of
A(m, n) using recursion). The Ackermann function is defined as (3).
𝐴(𝑚, 𝑛) = {
𝑛 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 0
𝐴(𝑚 − 1, 1) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 0
𝐴(𝑚 − 1, 𝐴(𝑚, 𝑛 − 1)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 > 0
} (3)
In order to use our proposed system, we have prepared adequate test-cases for every exercise and
provided each exercise with related instructor solutions. Concerning the grading penalty parameters, we
preferred to assign the same weight to the 2 penalty parameters. That is to say, both the static and dynamic
analysis will have the same impact on the grade. This decision was motivated by the fact that there are
divided opinions when awarding points based on a working program or a used knowledge or skill. It is also a
good opportunity to measure the proposed system efficiency and objectivity with the minimum required
resources for scoring.
4.2. Results
The automatic assessment has worked quite well and we have been able to assess all the students’
submissions automatically. Table 1 shows some descriptive statistics of the 50 submissions that were
assessed manually as well as automatically, with the purpose of having a broad understanding of both
assessments’ behavior first. First thing we noticed is that there is a good correlation between manual and
automatic grading. Besides, the displayed results showed that the average grade for assessments manually
marked are slightly higher than those graded automatically. To further examine this phenomenon, we have
compared each pair of assessment (manual and automatic), individually as well as performed a detailed code
analysis for each submission when there is a notable difference between the obtained marks.
Table 1. Comparison of automatic assessment and manual assessment results
Manual Assessment Automatic Assessment
Average Mark Median Standard Deviation Average Mark Median Standard Deviation
Exercise 1 7.21 8 2.37 6.88 8 2.53
Exercise 2 6.84 7 2.23 6.29 7 2.85
Exercise 3 5.14 5.75 2.91 3.67 3.5 3.25
The following graphs summarize the grades of the three exercises both manually and automatically.
In Figures 2, 3 and 4 student’s submissions are presented in horizontal axis and grades (0–10) in vertical. The
line graph in blue (with circular dots) displays the submissions’ manually assessed grades whereas the red
line graph (with square dots) represents the corresponding automatic assessment grades.
Although the similarities are much more present than the dissimilarities between the two assessment
approaches, this section will explore factors that may contribute to grading discrepancies. First, we call a
grading discrepancy a difference by at least 2 points between the manual and the automatic grade. In these
cases, we have found that the program doesn’t run correctly; do not provide the expected results in the
dynamic analysis phase but found an approximate match in the solution space because close enough to a
working solution. That confirms our hypothesis of not to be limited to the dynamic analysis alone in our
grading system.
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Figure 2. Exercise 1, manual versus automatic grades
Figure 3. Exercise 2, manual versus automatic grades
Figure 4. Exercise 3, manual versus automatic grades
Reviewing meticulously these cases, we have elaborated a list of the reasons why the programs
failed during automated testing. One typical mistake we have encountered is buffer overflow errors. Another
common mistake leading to a difference between the two grades was that the student program doesn’t return a
value. Another group of mistakes are programs with errors which occurred due to students’ carelessness and rush:
i) missing semicolon, ii) misspelled keywords or standard functions, iii) variables that are left uninitialized,
and iv) missing case in a switch/case selection control, and v) undeclared variables.
As a matter of fact, these cases did not occur frequently in our three introductory C programming
exercises. Even if the mistakes list seems large, it is due to the fact that some students' code displayed
multiple errors. Another source of grades discrepancies is that some students’ have handed uncompleted
programs. These programs are given close to 0 points by the automated system. However, the teacher has
decided to award them some intermediate mark, based on the knowledge and skills they demonstrated,
instead of marking their copies 0.
Last, we have noticed some values in the three graphs where the instructor grade is way less than the
system’s and that’s because the submitted programs even if correct didn’t meet the functional requirement of
the assignment. We could say that in general, when a program contains errors, the manual marking in this
study appears to be much more permissive than the automatic marking.
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In order to statistically validate the upper mentioned observations, we have performed a
correlational analysis, which is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly the pairs of
grades are close. Since the human and the automatic grades are not normally distributed, we opted for the
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient on all three exercises. The result of computing this statistic will give
a value that varies from +1 through 0 to –1, with 1 and −1 being the strongest positive and negative correlation,
respectively. A value of 0 indicates that the values are not correlated at all. In addition, we measured the probability
(p) of how likely or probable it is that any observed correlation is due to chance. These correlations, presented in
Table 2, proved a strong significant relationship between both assessment methods:
We noticed some pronounced differences in the third exercise but without falling from the strong
correlation range. This is, in part, explained by the increased difficulty of the third exercise compared with
the first two. While analyzing out-of-range cases, we found that the main reason for the low precision was
lacking tuned parameters. In fact, the teacher has been more lenient on some aspect of the third exercise
probably due to the fact that fewer students were able to code it correctly. We can deal with these cases by
providing the human assessor with access to the parameters. We remind that we didn’t tune them,
deliberately, to study their impact on the system scoring efficiency. Probably a stricter instructor would have
met better the systems grading.
Table 2. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
Spearman coefficient (rs) probability (p)
Exercise 1 0.94 < 0.001
Exercise 2 0.91 < 0.001
Exercise 3 0.72 < 0.001
5. CONCLUSION
The here presented system has been designed to be part of a submission environment with a goal to
provide great benefits for both the student and the instructor. The main motivation was to obtain objective,
efficient and fast assessment of programming assignments, in circumstances as plausible as increased
students-instructor ratios and not so plausible as a pandemic forcing educators and students to shift to online
learning and assessment. This system has the potential to improve the learning in the field of programming
courses by making the assessment mechanism fast and simple to use. The general idea is first, to execute the
student’s code with a predetermined set of inputs then compare the outputs with the expected results.
Afterwards, we measure the similarity of the student’s program with a set of solutions predefined by the
teacher for each exercise. Program graph representation, semantic-preserving transformations and program
matching are used in this approach. Finally, we obtain a grade that reflects the dynamic and the static
assessment results combined with two penalty parameters so that the predictive model's behavior matches the
teacher's marking style and the exercise objectives.
To have a real estimation of the proposed system efficiency and reliability, an experimental study
was carried out with some exams of a C-language introductory course. Through this experiment, two data
sources were collected: the grades obtained by manually assessing students’ programming assignments, and
the grades marked automatically with our tool, for the same students’ submissions. The reported results
showed a strong correlation between the two sets of grades, validating our assessment system results.
Nevertheless, there are a number of errors that students made, although minor, that caused the automated
assessment system to be more severe in grading than the manual assessment. A measure that teachers can use
to enhance students’ understanding toward the grades awarded by these systems is to clarify how the
assessment system works and urge the students to pay special attention to these types of mistakes. Another
measure that could reduce the number of out-of-range cases is the tuning of the grading function parameters
according to the teachers’ goals and assessment styles.
In sum, the results revealed that the system had a normal grading behavior compared with grades
awarded by instructors. However, our approach still has limitations. At present, it is only applied to simple
introductory programs. Our current work includes improving the similarity-based grading approach, such as
adding more standardization rules and dealing with complex programming exercises, such as structures and
pointers. At the moment, we have limited the aforementioned system to work with a single programming
language i.e., the C-language. This is done in order to detect eventual flaws and refine it as a first step.
However, implementation doors have been kept open, so that we can extend the system to include
programming assignments in other popular languages such as C++, Java, by making small changes like
defining the compiler and the testing framework as arguments. In our future work we plan to study our
system behavior compared with another automatic assessment tool for computer programs. This study should
explore the utility and limitations of each approach, assess which one can improve students’ achievement in
programming and provide a considerable benefit in the field of automatic grading assessment of programs.
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022: 2867-2875
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Soundous Zougari received her computer science engineering degree from the
National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier (ENSA Tangier), University of Abdelmalek
Essadi, Morocco and Ph.D. degree in computer science from University of Abdelmalek Essadi,
Tetouan, Morocco, in 2021. Her research interests are in the areas of: learner’s assessment in
eLearning, Intelligent Tutoring Systems for learning to program, heterogeneous distributed
eLearning systems, eLearning standards and computer supported collaborative environments,
and data structures. She can be contacted at email: soundous.zougari@gmail.com.
Mariam Tanana received the engineering degree in computer science from the
National Graduate School of Engineering of Caen, France (ENSI), in 1990. She received her
Ph.D. in computer science from the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Rouen, France
(INSA), in 2009. Currently, she is a professor authorized to conduct research at the National
School of Applied Sciences of Tangier (ENSA Tangier), University of Abdelmalek Essadi,
Morocco. Her research interests include the learner’s assessment in e-Learning. She can be
contacted at email: mtanana@uae.ac.ma.
Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui received the bachelor's degree in electrical engineering
from University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tetouan, Morocco, in 1992, the M.S. signal system
and radio communication degree from Escuela Técnica Superior de Telecomunicaciones,
Universidad Politécnica of Madrid, in 1996, and the Ph.D. degree from Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid, Spain, in 1999. Between 2000 and 2003 he was a Visiting Professor in Signal
Theory and Communications at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. Currently, he is a
professor at National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University.
His main research interests include statistical learning theory, neural networks and their
applications in multimedia signal processing and education. He can be contacted at email:
a.lyhyaoui@uae.ac.ma.