Vaccines K R.pptx

1. VACCINES
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8. TYPES
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9. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
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10. BCG VACCINE,
BCG vaccine, vaccine against tuberculosis.
The BCG vaccine is prepared from a
weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a
bacteria closely related to M. tuberculosis,
which causes the disease.
The vaccine was developed over a period of 13
years, from 1908 to 1921, by French
bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille
Guérin, who named the product Bacillus
Calmette-Guérin, or BCG.
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11. The vaccine is administered shortly after
birth only in infants at high risk of
tuberculosis.
BCG vaccine produces an immune
response that partly protects infants and
young children from serious forms of
tuberculosis.
Because of the risk of infection and
variability in protection associated with
the vaccine, it is used only in countries
where the prevalence of tuberculosis is
high.
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12. Albert
Calmette
Camille
Guérin
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13. • For a variable number of years after BCG
vaccination, many people show a local skin
reaction to the purified protein
derived skin test (also called tuberculin
skin test).
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15. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
• Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused
by three poliovirus (PV) serotypes. Less than 1%
of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis.
• Poliovirus (PV), an enterovirus belonging to the
Picornaviridae family is the etiological agent of
poliomyelitis, an acute paralytic disease. This
disease results from lower motor neuron damage
and is characterized by asymmetric persisting
weakness (flaccid paralysis).
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16. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
• In 1960, Sabin described orally given
poliovirus vaccine which is a trivalent oral
vaccine
• Sabin’s OPV consists of three live attenuated
Sabin poliovirus strains, obtained by
sequential in vitro and in vivo passages of the
wild strains.
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17. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
• The attenuated virus particles in OPV are
harvested from monkey kidney cell
cultures and undergo an extensive
purification process.
• OPV is administered multiple times to
ensure immunity to all three types of
poliovirus.
• Clinical studies reveal that OPV is highly
effective in preventing natural poliovirus-
induced neurologic sequelae.
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18. ALBERT SEBIN
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19. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
• In the case of the polio vaccine,
the memory B and T cells produced in
response to the vaccine persist only six
months after consumption of the oral polio
vaccine (OPV).
• Booster doses of the OPV were found
ineffective, as they, too, resulted in
decreased immune response every six
months after consumption.
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20. KILLED VACCINES
• An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is
a vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or
other pathogens that have been grown
in culture and then lose disease producing
capacity.
• In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are
still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that
is, weakened).
• Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown
under controlled conditions and are killed as a
means to reduce infectivity (virulence) and thus
prevent infection from the vaccine.The virus is
killed using a method such as heat
or formaldehyde.
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21. MECHANISM
The pathogen particles are destroyed and
cannot divide, but the pathogens maintain
some of their integrity to be recognized by
the immune system and evoke an
adaptive immune response.
When manufactured correctly, the vaccine
is not infectious, but improper inactivation
can result in intact and infectious particles.
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22. MECHANISM
Because the killed pathogens in a properly
produced vaccine do not
reproduce, booster shots are required
periodically to reinforce the immune response.
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23. PERTUSSIS VACCINE
• Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine that
protects against whooping
cough (pertussis).
• There are two main types: whole-cell
vaccines and acellular vaccines.
• The whole-cell vaccine is about 78%
effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–
85% effective.
•
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24. PERTUSSIS VACCINE
• The effectiveness of the vaccines appears
to decrease by between 2 and 10% per
year after vaccination with a more rapid
decrease with the acellular vaccines.
• Vaccinating the mother during pregnancy
may protect the baby.
• The vaccine is estimated to have saved
over 500,000 lives in 2002.
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25. PERTUSSIS VACCINE
• The World Health Organization and Center
for Disease Control and
Prevention recommend all children be
vaccinated for pertussis and that it be
included in routine vaccinations.
• Three doses starting at six weeks of age are
typically recommended in young children.
• The vaccine is only available in combination
with tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
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26. PERTUSSIS VACCINE
• The pertussis vaccine was developed in
1926.
• It is on the World Health Organization's
List of Essential Medicines, the safest and
most effective medicines needed in
a health system.
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27. TOXOID
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28. TETANUS VACCINE
• Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT),
is an inactive vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During
childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth
given during adolescence.
• Additional doses every ten years are recommended.
• After three doses, almost everyone is initially immune.
• In those who are not up to date on their tetanus
immunization, a booster should be given within 48
hours of an injury.
•
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29. TETANUS VACCINE
• In those with high-risk injuries who are not fully
immunized, tetanus antitoxin may also be
recommended.
• Making sure pregnant women are up to date on
their tetanus immunization can prevent neonatal
tetanus.
• The vaccine is very safe, including
during pregnancy and in those with HIV/AIDS
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31. RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINES
• A recombinant vaccine is
a vaccine produced
through recombinant DNA technology.
This involves inserting the DNA encoding
an antigen (such as a bacterial surface
protein) that stimulates an immune
response into bacterial or mammalian
cells, expressing the antigen in these cells
and then purifying it from them.
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32. RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINES
• The recombinant plasmids containing a
foreign gene are purified from the bacteria,
and the “naked” DNA is injected directly
into the animal, ususally intramuscularly or
intradermally (into the skin). The animal's
cells take up the DNA, and an immune
response is induced to the protein
expressed from the foreign gene.
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41. DNA VACCINES
 DNA vaccines are the vaccines which
contain DNA that codes foe specific
proteins (antigens) from a pathogen.
 These DNA are injected directly into the
muscle of recipient or host, the muscle
cells take up the DNA and encoded protein
are expressed.
 Expressed proteins are recognized as
foreign and displayed on their host cell
surface , the immune system is alerted , in
turn triggers immune response.
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42. Continued…
 This leads to both humoral-antibody
response and cell-mediated response.
 The DNA appears either to integrate into the
chromosomal DNA of host cell or to be
maintained for long periods in an episomal
form.
 Muscle cell also express low level of class I
MHC molecule ,suggesting local dendritic
cell may be crucial to the development of
antigenic responses to DNA vaccines.
 The DNA vaccine is still in clinical testing.
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44. Preparation of DNA vaccines-
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47. Why DNA vaccines?
DNA vaccines Traditional vaccines
 Uses only DNA from
infectious organism.
 Avoid the risk of actual
infectious organism.
 Provide both humoral
and cell mediated
response.
 Refrigeration is not
required.
 Uses weakened or
killed infectious
organism .
 Create possible risk of
vaccine being fatal.
 Provide primarily
humoral response.
 Usually requires
refrigeration.
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48. Method of delivery-
Syringe delivery Gene gun delivery
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49. How vaccines work?
Exogenous pathway
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50. Endogenous pathway
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51. Advantages and disadvantages of
DNA vaccine
Advantages
 Vaccination with no risk for
infection.
 Antigen presentation by both
MHC class I and II molecules.
 Immune response is focused
on single type of antigen.
 Stability of vaccine for storage
and shipping.
 Cost-effectiveness.
 Long-term persistence of
immunogen.
 Limited to protein
immunogens.
 Risk of affecting genes
controlling cell growth.
Disadvantages
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52. Future prospects of DNA vaccine
 Plasmid with multiple
genes provide immunity
against many diseases in
one booster.
 DNA vaccines against
infectious diseases such as
AIDS, Rabies and malaria
can be given.
 In future these vaccines
can be used to boost up
immune system
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53. SYNTHETIC VACCINES –
PEPTIDE VACCINES
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57. PRODUCTION
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