This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal waste, hazardous waste, and hospital waste. Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction debris, and other sanitation waste. Hazardous waste from industries and hospitals can be toxic. Hospital waste includes sharps, soiled waste, and infectious materials. The document also outlines the various causes and effects of improper solid waste management, such as health hazards and environmental impacts. It promotes following the 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse to better manage solid waste.

1. SOLID WASTE
AND ITS
MANAGEMENT
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2. WASTE
 It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;
using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or
carelessly”
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3. K R MICRO NOTES
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4. INTRODUCTION
 Since the beginning, Human kind has been
generating waste.
 It could be in the form of:
 Bones
 Other parts of animals they slaughter
 Wood
 With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.
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5.  At the end of 19th century (Industrial
revolution) there was rise in the world of
consumers.
 The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely responsible
for the increase in solid waste
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6. TYPES OF WASTE
 Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Animal by-products
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste
 Bulky waste
 Business waste
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7.  Chemical waste
 Clinical waste
 Coffee wastewater
 Commercial waste
 Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
 Controlled waste
 Consumable waste
 Composite
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8. SOLID WASTE
 It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”
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9.  Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues
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10. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
 Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
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11. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.
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13.  With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
 The existing landfills are neither well equipped or
well managed and are not lined properly to protect
against contamination of soil and groundwater.
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14. The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years
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15. HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases
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16.  Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.
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17.  Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals
used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
 These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.
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18.  In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal.
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19. HOSPITAL WASTE
 Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or
animals
 It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Anatomical waste
 Cultures
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes
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20.  These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific
and discriminate manner
 It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste
generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected
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21. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Source Typical Waste
Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential Single and multifamily
dwellings
 Food wastes
 Paper
 Cardboard
 Plastics
 Textiles
 Leather
 Yard wastes
 Wood
 Glass
 Metals
 Ashes
 Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.)
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22. 2: Industrial Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power and
chemical plants.
 Housekeeping wastes
 Packaging
 Food wastes
 Construction and
demolition materials
 Hazardous wastes
 Ashes
 Special wastes.
3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings, etc.
 Paper
 cardboard
 plastics
 wood
 food wastes
 glass
 metals
 special wastes
 hazardous wastes
4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers.
Same as commercial.
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23. 5:Construction and demolition New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings
 Wood
 steel
 concrete
 dirt etc.
6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, water and
wastewater treatment plants.
 Street sweepings
 landscape and tree
trimmings
 General wastes from parks
 Beaches
 Recreational areas; sludge.
7:Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy and light manufacturing,
refineries, chemical plants,
power plants, mineral
extraction and processing.
 Industrial process wastes
 Scrap materials
 Off-specification products.
8:Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards,
dairies, feedlots, farms.
 Spoiled food wastes
 Agricultural wastes
 Hazardous wastes (e.g.,
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24. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE
 The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
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25. Composition of City Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Paper,
w ood,
cardboard
Garbage Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes
Percentages
Series1
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26.  The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
 Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement
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27. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
 If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste
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28. b) Environmental Impact
 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
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29. WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.
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