The document discusses various aspects of radio wave propagation. It explains that radio waves travel through the ionosphere and can be refracted back to Earth, allowing long distance communication. The ionosphere consists of several layers (D, E, F1, F2) that reflect radio waves of different frequencies depending on factors like solar activity and time of day. Radio propagation involves line-of-sight transmission as well as skywave propagation via reflection/refraction from ionospheric layers, which can allow signals to hop or skip distances beyond the horizon through multiple reflections. Absorption, fading, and noise affect signal strength over distance.
This is one of the presentation of Data Communication.Our teacher asked us on which topic (sector) of data communication will u work ?And we decided to work how waves affect on wireless communication or"Impact of waves on Wireless Communication" communication".
Wireless communication involves transmitting information such as voice and data through electromagnetic waves without wires. It allows for flexible and mobile connectivity between devices. The document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including point-to-point communication, multiuser systems, modulation techniques, channel models and capacity. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and applications.
The document discusses different types of antennas and their properties. It describes how antennas convert radio frequency energy into electromagnetic waves and how their physical size relates to wavelength. It then summarizes the main types of antennas including directional antennas like Yagi, panel and parabolic, and omni-directional antennas. It provides examples of common antenna radiation patterns and discusses concepts like polarization, reflector optics, aperture efficiency, and Cassegrain feeds.
This document discusses optical waveguides and optical fibers. It covers their classification by geometry and mode structure, as well as by refractive index distribution. It also discusses how purification of materials has allowed optical fiber losses to decrease from over 1000 dB/km initially to below 0.2 dB/km currently. Total internal reflection is described as the mechanism that allows light propagation in optical fibers. Acceptance angle and numerical aperture are also defined as they relate to light entering and propagating within an optical fiber.
The document discusses various aspects of radio wave propagation. It explains that radio waves travel through the ionosphere and can be refracted back to Earth, allowing long distance communication. The ionosphere consists of several layers (D, E, F1, F2) that reflect radio waves of different frequencies depending on factors like solar activity and time of day. Radio propagation involves line-of-sight transmission as well as skywave propagation via reflection/refraction from ionospheric layers, which can allow signals to hop or skip distances beyond the horizon through multiple reflections. Absorption, fading, and noise affect signal strength over distance.
This is one of the presentation of Data Communication.Our teacher asked us on which topic (sector) of data communication will u work ?And we decided to work how waves affect on wireless communication or"Impact of waves on Wireless Communication" communication".
Wireless communication involves transmitting information such as voice and data through electromagnetic waves without wires. It allows for flexible and mobile connectivity between devices. The document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including point-to-point communication, multiuser systems, modulation techniques, channel models and capacity. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and applications.
The document discusses different types of antennas and their properties. It describes how antennas convert radio frequency energy into electromagnetic waves and how their physical size relates to wavelength. It then summarizes the main types of antennas including directional antennas like Yagi, panel and parabolic, and omni-directional antennas. It provides examples of common antenna radiation patterns and discusses concepts like polarization, reflector optics, aperture efficiency, and Cassegrain feeds.
This document discusses optical waveguides and optical fibers. It covers their classification by geometry and mode structure, as well as by refractive index distribution. It also discusses how purification of materials has allowed optical fiber losses to decrease from over 1000 dB/km initially to below 0.2 dB/km currently. Total internal reflection is described as the mechanism that allows light propagation in optical fibers. Acceptance angle and numerical aperture are also defined as they relate to light entering and propagating within an optical fiber.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
Describir las principales características y aplicaciones de las redes por satélites, en función de la órbita que siguen los satélites alrededor de la Tierra.
This document discusses the history and basics of satellite communication systems. It covers:
- The first satellites launched in the 1940s-1990s and the development of satellite phone systems.
- The types of satellite orbits including LEO, MEO, and GEO and how factors like altitude and inclination determine satellite period and coverage areas.
- How satellite systems extend cellular networks to provide global mobile communication through techniques like inter-satellite links and handovers between satellites and gateways.
- The challenges of satellite systems including higher latency compared to terrestrial networks and the need for complex routing and localization as satellites move.
Radio waves have been used for communication for over a hundred years. Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla are considered the fathers of radio communication, with Marconi transmitting the first radio signal across the Atlantic. A mobile phone network uses radio waves to transmit signals between phones and base stations, which are connected to the wired telephone network. When a call is made, the phone sends a radio signal to the nearest base station, which routes the call through telephone cables or additional radio links to other stations and ultimately the destination phone. Base stations provide radio coverage to a geographical cell, and cells overlap to ensure users remain in contact with a station.
Wireless communication transfers information between points without a wired connection. A transmitter sends electromagnetic waves through the air medium to a receiver. Radio propagation allows signals to travel from the transmitter in three modes: direct, ground wave, and sky wave. Multipath propagation occurs when signals reach the receiver along multiple paths, which can cause constructive or destructive interference. Fading describes signal attenuation over time due to factors like multipath delay spread, Doppler spread from mobility, rain, obstacles, and frequency. Shadowing also reduces signal strength from blockage by objects along the transmission path.
1. Wireless communication has existed for millennia using smoke signals, light signals, and flags but long-distance wireless communication was not possible until the 19th century.
2. In the late 19th century, scientific discoveries by Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, and Marconi laid the foundation for modern radio-based wireless communication using electromagnetic waves.
3. The 20th century saw rapid advances including the first radio broadcasts, development of cell phone networks beginning in the late 1940s-1950s, and the introduction of digital cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s-1990s that enabled international roaming.
The document discusses various topics related to radio wave propagation. It covers the different types of propagation including ground wave, space wave, and sky wave. It describes line of sight propagation and how increasing antenna height allows communication over longer distances. Tropospheric propagation is discussed along with how turbulence in the troposphere can scatter radio waves. The document also covers polarization of radio waves for different propagation types and the advantages of horizontal and vertical polarization. Finally, it defines attenuation and provides examples of attenuation levels through common materials.
The document provides information on wave propagation including:
1) It discusses Maxwell's equations and how electric and magnetic fields relate to wave propagation.
2) It describes different modes of propagation including ground waves, space waves, and sky waves. Sky waves involve reflection between the ionosphere and ground to allow long distance transmission.
3) Factors like solar activity and sunspots impact the ionosphere and affect the highest usable frequency for sky wave propagation at different times.
Satellite phones connect to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites, providing coverage of entire regions or the entire Earth. A call from a satellite phone is routed to the satellite and then to a gateway and terrestrial network. Equipment includes handheld phones and larger fixed installations. Satellite phones have limitations including poor indoor reception and high costs, but they enable communication in remote areas without cellular coverage and have been used in disaster response when cellular networks are overloaded.
Communication requires a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. The transmitter converts a message signal into a form suitable for transmission through the medium. The receiver then reconstructs the original message after propagation through the channel. Key elements of communication systems include transducers, signals, noise, transmitters, receivers, attenuation, amplification, range, bandwidth, modulation, and demodulation. Communication channels can be via lines or space using antennas, with propagation by ground waves or sky waves reflected by the ionosphere.
UPLINK, DOWNLINK ANDOVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE INTER-SATELLITE LINKSAhmed Ayman
The document discusses uplink, downlink, and intersatellite communication links. It covers key parameters like antenna configuration, gain, beamwidth, polarization, radiated power, and received signal power. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and power flux density are defined. Antenna gain is calculated using effective aperture area, which depends on the antenna diameter and efficiency. Beamwidth is specified as the 3dB width around maximum gain. Polarization is characterized by rotation, axial ratio, and ellipse inclination.
This document discusses satellite communication, including what satellites are, how satellite communication systems work, different types of satellite orbits, the evolution of satellite technology from passive to active satellites, services provided by satellites such as television and radio broadcasting, advantages of satellite communication such as its universal and reliable coverage, and applications such as military and internet access. The future of satellite communication is discussed, with expectations that satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities and power to handle higher bandwidth demands.
El documento define una antena como un dispositivo que transmite y recibe ondas electromagnéticas, convirtiendo señales eléctricas en ondas y viceversa. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de antenas que cumplen la misma función de transmitir y recibir señales de radio. Además, proporciona detalles sobre parámetros clave de las antenas como la ganancia, relación señal-ruido, potencia transmitida y patrones de radiación.
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication systems. It discusses the need for satellites due to the curvature of the Earth, the different regions of space including low-Earth orbit (LEO), medium-Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It describes the basic components of a satellite system including satellites, ground stations, uplinks and downlinks. It also covers communication characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of satellite systems, and provides a historical overview of important milestones in satellite communication technology.
Microwave radio networks have several advantages over other network technologies including rapid deployment, flexibility, and lower costs. Common network architectures include spur, star, ring, and mesh configurations. Microwave propagation is affected by factors such as refraction, reflection, fading, and the environment. Careful network planning includes considerations for line of sight analysis, frequency selection, link engineering, and reliability predictions to ensure quality of service.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and GPS systems. It defines what a satellite is, describes different orbit types including GEO, MEO and LEO. It explains how communication satellites work by receiving and transmitting signals via transponders. The document also discusses the global positioning system (GPS) network of satellites and how GPS is used to determine location. Advantages of satellite communication include coverage of remote areas while disadvantages include signal delay and high costs.
Satellite communication uses satellites as relay stations to transmit radio and television signals between Earth stations. There are over 750 communication satellites currently in orbit. They provide wide area coverage, transmission regardless of distance, and a transmission delay of about 0.3 seconds. Common types are fixed satellites for point-to-point communication, broadcast satellites for television/radio, and mobile satellites for satellite phones. Satellites can be in low, medium or geostationary orbits depending on their purpose and coverage needs. Frequency bands like C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band are used depending on the satellite type and application.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communications and networks. It discusses the key components of a communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and output transducer. It also describes examples of wireless communication systems such as cellular telephone systems, remote controllers and wireless LANs. The document summarizes the characteristics of 1G, 2G and 3G wireless systems and standards. It also discusses wireless local area networks, personal area networks using Bluetooth, and mobile ad-hoc networks. Finally, it outlines the conceptual layers in a wireless network including the physical, data link, network and application layers.
Describir las principales características y aplicaciones de las redes por satélites, en función de la órbita que siguen los satélites alrededor de la Tierra.
This document discusses the history and basics of satellite communication systems. It covers:
- The first satellites launched in the 1940s-1990s and the development of satellite phone systems.
- The types of satellite orbits including LEO, MEO, and GEO and how factors like altitude and inclination determine satellite period and coverage areas.
- How satellite systems extend cellular networks to provide global mobile communication through techniques like inter-satellite links and handovers between satellites and gateways.
- The challenges of satellite systems including higher latency compared to terrestrial networks and the need for complex routing and localization as satellites move.
Radio waves have been used for communication for over a hundred years. Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla are considered the fathers of radio communication, with Marconi transmitting the first radio signal across the Atlantic. A mobile phone network uses radio waves to transmit signals between phones and base stations, which are connected to the wired telephone network. When a call is made, the phone sends a radio signal to the nearest base station, which routes the call through telephone cables or additional radio links to other stations and ultimately the destination phone. Base stations provide radio coverage to a geographical cell, and cells overlap to ensure users remain in contact with a station.
Wireless communication transfers information between points without a wired connection. A transmitter sends electromagnetic waves through the air medium to a receiver. Radio propagation allows signals to travel from the transmitter in three modes: direct, ground wave, and sky wave. Multipath propagation occurs when signals reach the receiver along multiple paths, which can cause constructive or destructive interference. Fading describes signal attenuation over time due to factors like multipath delay spread, Doppler spread from mobility, rain, obstacles, and frequency. Shadowing also reduces signal strength from blockage by objects along the transmission path.
1. Wireless communication has existed for millennia using smoke signals, light signals, and flags but long-distance wireless communication was not possible until the 19th century.
2. In the late 19th century, scientific discoveries by Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, and Marconi laid the foundation for modern radio-based wireless communication using electromagnetic waves.
3. The 20th century saw rapid advances including the first radio broadcasts, development of cell phone networks beginning in the late 1940s-1950s, and the introduction of digital cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s-1990s that enabled international roaming.
The document discusses various topics related to radio wave propagation. It covers the different types of propagation including ground wave, space wave, and sky wave. It describes line of sight propagation and how increasing antenna height allows communication over longer distances. Tropospheric propagation is discussed along with how turbulence in the troposphere can scatter radio waves. The document also covers polarization of radio waves for different propagation types and the advantages of horizontal and vertical polarization. Finally, it defines attenuation and provides examples of attenuation levels through common materials.
The document provides information on wave propagation including:
1) It discusses Maxwell's equations and how electric and magnetic fields relate to wave propagation.
2) It describes different modes of propagation including ground waves, space waves, and sky waves. Sky waves involve reflection between the ionosphere and ground to allow long distance transmission.
3) Factors like solar activity and sunspots impact the ionosphere and affect the highest usable frequency for sky wave propagation at different times.
Satellite phones connect to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites, providing coverage of entire regions or the entire Earth. A call from a satellite phone is routed to the satellite and then to a gateway and terrestrial network. Equipment includes handheld phones and larger fixed installations. Satellite phones have limitations including poor indoor reception and high costs, but they enable communication in remote areas without cellular coverage and have been used in disaster response when cellular networks are overloaded.
Communication requires a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. The transmitter converts a message signal into a form suitable for transmission through the medium. The receiver then reconstructs the original message after propagation through the channel. Key elements of communication systems include transducers, signals, noise, transmitters, receivers, attenuation, amplification, range, bandwidth, modulation, and demodulation. Communication channels can be via lines or space using antennas, with propagation by ground waves or sky waves reflected by the ionosphere.
UPLINK, DOWNLINK ANDOVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE INTER-SATELLITE LINKSAhmed Ayman
The document discusses uplink, downlink, and intersatellite communication links. It covers key parameters like antenna configuration, gain, beamwidth, polarization, radiated power, and received signal power. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and power flux density are defined. Antenna gain is calculated using effective aperture area, which depends on the antenna diameter and efficiency. Beamwidth is specified as the 3dB width around maximum gain. Polarization is characterized by rotation, axial ratio, and ellipse inclination.
This document discusses satellite communication, including what satellites are, how satellite communication systems work, different types of satellite orbits, the evolution of satellite technology from passive to active satellites, services provided by satellites such as television and radio broadcasting, advantages of satellite communication such as its universal and reliable coverage, and applications such as military and internet access. The future of satellite communication is discussed, with expectations that satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities and power to handle higher bandwidth demands.
El documento define una antena como un dispositivo que transmite y recibe ondas electromagnéticas, convirtiendo señales eléctricas en ondas y viceversa. Explica que existen diferentes tipos de antenas que cumplen la misma función de transmitir y recibir señales de radio. Además, proporciona detalles sobre parámetros clave de las antenas como la ganancia, relación señal-ruido, potencia transmitida y patrones de radiación.
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication systems. It discusses the need for satellites due to the curvature of the Earth, the different regions of space including low-Earth orbit (LEO), medium-Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It describes the basic components of a satellite system including satellites, ground stations, uplinks and downlinks. It also covers communication characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of satellite systems, and provides a historical overview of important milestones in satellite communication technology.
Microwave radio networks have several advantages over other network technologies including rapid deployment, flexibility, and lower costs. Common network architectures include spur, star, ring, and mesh configurations. Microwave propagation is affected by factors such as refraction, reflection, fading, and the environment. Careful network planning includes considerations for line of sight analysis, frequency selection, link engineering, and reliability predictions to ensure quality of service.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and GPS systems. It defines what a satellite is, describes different orbit types including GEO, MEO and LEO. It explains how communication satellites work by receiving and transmitting signals via transponders. The document also discusses the global positioning system (GPS) network of satellites and how GPS is used to determine location. Advantages of satellite communication include coverage of remote areas while disadvantages include signal delay and high costs.
Satellite communication uses satellites as relay stations to transmit radio and television signals between Earth stations. There are over 750 communication satellites currently in orbit. They provide wide area coverage, transmission regardless of distance, and a transmission delay of about 0.3 seconds. Common types are fixed satellites for point-to-point communication, broadcast satellites for television/radio, and mobile satellites for satellite phones. Satellites can be in low, medium or geostationary orbits depending on their purpose and coverage needs. Frequency bands like C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band are used depending on the satellite type and application.
2. İLK UYDU ÇALIŞMALARI
Uydu, güneş sisteminde gezegenlerin etrafında ayrılmadan dönen gök
cisimleridir. Doğal ve yapay uydular.
Uyduları kullanarak haberleşme fikri ilk olarak ünlü İngiliz bilim adamı
ve bilim kurgu yazarı Arthur C. Clarke tarafından Mayıs 1945'te ortaya
atılmıştır. “Wireless World”
Üzerinde radyo vericisi olan Sputnik1 uydusu
1957 yılında SSCB tarafından fırlatılmıştır.
Bu uydu uzaya gönderilen ilk uydudur.
Üzerinde manyetik band kaydedici cihaz olan ve
sesin iletilmesini sağlayan Project SCORE uydusu
ABD tarafından 1958 yılında uzaya gönderilmiştir.
Günümüze kadar önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır.
Sputnik1
Arthur C. Clarke 2
4. Uydu Haberleşme
sistemi, bir veya daha
fazla uydu linki içerir. Bu
linklerin her biri bir çift yer
istasyonu ve bir uydudan
oluşmaktadır. Bu linklerin
her biri, mikrodalga
sinyalini uyduya gönderen
bir verici yer istasyonu
(up-link), bu sinyali
uydudan alan bir alıcı yer
istasyonu (down-link) ve
uygun frekans ve güce
sahip bir uydu
sisteminden oluşmaktadır.
UYDU HABERLEŞME
SİSTEMLERİ
4
5. Mikro dalga sinyalleri uyduya ve yer istasyonuna
atmosferik yol kayıplarından dolayı zayıflayarak ulaşır
Uydu haberleşmesinde yer istasyonlarının uyduya yeterli
güçte ulaşabilmeleri için geniş açıklıklı antenlere ve yüksek
güçlü mikrodalga sinyalleri kullanma ihtiyaçları vardır.
Aynı zamanda yer istasyonlarının, uydudan gelen zayıf
işaretleri almaları için yine geniş açıklıklı parabolik antenler
kullanılır.
Antenler; aşırı termal gürültülerden veya diğer mikrodalga
sistemlerin parazitlerinden kaçınmak için düşük gürültülü ve
düşük yan lobe şeklinde olmalıdır. Bir düşük gürültülü
yükseltici uydudan alınan çok zayıf sinyali kuvvetlendirmek
için gereklidir. Uydu haberleşme devrelerinde C/N (işaret
gürültü oranı) haberleşme kalitesinde kabul edilebilir bir
seviyede olmalıdır. 5
6. ALICI YER İSTASYONU
(DOWN-LINK)
Uyduya gönderilen bir mikrodalga sinyalinin yer
istasyonu tarafından alınması işlemine "down-link"
denir. Bir yer isyasyonu alıcı sistemi, anten, feed, alıcı
ve demodülatör kartlarından oluşur.
6
7. Anten ve feed ikilisinden gelen RF sinyalinin, düşük
gürültülü bir yükselteç (amplifier ) veya düşük gürültülü
blok çeviriciden geçerek, atmosferik yol alma
sırasında sinyalin gürültü gücünü artıran gürültü
bileşenleri bastırılır.
RF sinyali alt çevirici (down converter) biriminde daha
düşük frekanslı IF (intermediate frequency)(ara
frekans) sinyaline dönüştürülür. Uygun bir
demodülatör ile demodüle edilen taşıyıcı sinyalden
bilgiyi (ses, görüntü ve data) içeren "Baseband" sinyali
elde edilir. Uydu ile yer arasındaki mesafenin uzak
olmasından dolayı, uyduya gelen sinyal zayıflar. Bu
zayıflama veya kayıp "uzay kaybı" olarak adlandırılır.
Çünkü bu uzayın sebep olduğu bir kayıptır.
7
8. VERİCİ YER İSTASYONU
(UP-LINK)
Yer istasyonundan uyduya erişim işlemine ‘‘ up-link’’ denir.
Bir yer istasyonunun verici sistemi; anten, modülatör,
verici, feed ve anten elemanlarından oluşmaktadır.
Verici katı, modülatör katından gelen modüleli işareti
iletim ortamına uygun olan frekansa çeviren bir up-
converter (üst çevirici) birimi ve uyduya çıkış için gerekli
gücü sağlayan güç kuvvetlendirici birimlerinden oluşur.
8
9. Uyduya veriş ve uydudan alışta anten kazancının da
büyük etkisi vardır. Genellikle parabolik antenlerin
modifiye edilmiş bir şekli olan Cassegrain antenler
kullanılır. Feed sisteminin özelliğine göre bir anten hem
uyduya veriş hem uydudan alış yapabilir.
9
10. UYDU SINIFLARI
Uydu haberleşmesi sınıflandırılırken 3’e ayrılır.
1. GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit)(36000 km)
2. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)(5000-12000 km )
3. LEO (Low Earth Orbit)(5000-1500 km )
-MEO Gps uyduları
-LEO yeryüzü gözlem amaçlı
RASAT
-GEO Haberleşme uyduları
Turksat2/3/4A
10
12. FAZ DİZİLİ ANTEN
Hareketli uydu haberleşmesinde avantajlıdırlar.
Maliyetleri yüksektir
PARABOLİK REFLEKTÖR ANTENLER
Maliyetleri faz dilimli antenlere
göre daha düşüktür
Uydu haberleşmesinde en çok kullanılan
antenlerdir
Çeşitleri;
Eksen-simetrik antenler
Offset antenler
Cassegrain antenler
Cassegrain
Anten
12
13. UYDULARIN KULLANIM ALANLARI
Meteorolojik Gözlem
Hava kirliliği izleme ve araştırmaları
Hava tahmini
İklim koşullarını detaylı olarak
incelemede
Fırtına, Kasırga Tahmini ve Gözlemi
Navigasyon
Her türlü hava
koşulunda, yüksek
doğrulukla ve
kolaylıkla yer ve
yön tayini
Birçok askeri araç, gemiler ve ticari kamyonlar, filolar vs.
GPS sistemini yönlendirme, takip ve yer tespit amacıyla
kullanmaktadır
13
14. Afet yönetimi
Orman yangını izleme ve tahribinin haritalanması
Su baskını haritalama ve tahmini
Deprem sonrası yıkılmış binaların ve hasarın tespiti
Askeri Uygulamalar
İstihbarat
Yeraltı nükleer
denemelerini belirleme
Büyük çaplı petrol
taşımacılığını izleme
Uzaya gönderilen
uyduların cins ve
hareketlerini saptama
Füze atımlarını izleme
14