Enhancing nutritional quality and productivity,Increased resistance to insects (flower thrips) and diseases (Sigatoka and nematodes),Enhancing resistance to Striga hermonthica through introgression of genes from wild species and landraces,Enhancing drought tolerance in cowpea
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.Pawan Nagar
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
This document summarizes the floral biology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical name (Solanum lycopersicum) and family (Solanaceae). It then describes the plant's roots, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower morphology including calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses anthesis, self-pollination, cross-pollination techniques including emasculation, pollen collection, and artificial pollination. It also covers fertilization, fruit set, seed structure and composition, economic importance as a major global crop and model plant for research.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.Pawan Nagar
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
This document provides information on eggplant (Solanum melangena). It discusses the family, scientific name, leading countries of cultivation, origin, botanical classification, varieties, hybridization, morphology, anthesis, pollination, fertilization, and artificial hybridization techniques of eggplant. It summarizes key details on the plant's structure, flowering characteristics and processes, and breeding methods.
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
This document summarizes the floral biology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical name (Solanum lycopersicum) and family (Solanaceae). It then describes the plant's roots, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower morphology including calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses anthesis, self-pollination, cross-pollination techniques including emasculation, pollen collection, and artificial pollination. It also covers fertilization, fruit set, seed structure and composition, economic importance as a major global crop and model plant for research.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
1) Linseed is an ancient crop grown for its oil and fiber. Canada is the top producer worldwide, while India's top producing state is Madhya Pradesh.
2) The document outlines the botanical description, cultivation practices, pest and disease management, and harvesting of linseed. It discusses varieties commonly grown in India, ideal soil and climate conditions, and average yields.
3) Linseed oil extraction can occur through mechanical pressing or using solvents in a process involving cleaning, flaking, cooking, pre-pressing, and solvent extraction to remove 33% of the seed as oil.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
This presentation discusses hybridization techniques in rice. It begins with definitions of key terms like hybrid and homozygous. It describes the objectives of hybridization like increasing yield and developing disease resistance. The materials, floral biology, and step-by-step process of emasculation and pollination are explained. Maintaining genetic diversity through hybridization is important for crop health. Hybrid rice often displays heterosis or hybrid vigor, increasing yields. The Green Revolution widely used hybridization to create high-yielding rice varieties adapted to local conditions.
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Floral biology and breeding techniques in tomatokiran Dasanal
This document discusses flower biology and breeding techniques in tomatoes. It begins with an introduction to tomato taxonomy and production statistics. It then covers the objectives of tomato breeding, which include increasing yield, disease and stress resistance, and quality traits. The document discusses tomato flower biology and behavior, as well as emasculation, pollination, and hybridization techniques. It outlines common tomato breeding procedures like introduction, selection, backcrossing, and pedigree methods. Newer biotechnological techniques are also mentioned. Finally, it highlights a publicly developed Indian tomato hybrid called Arka Rakshak that has triple disease resistance.
1. Maize (Zea mays) is an annual plant originally from Central Mexico and South America. It has a solid stem that bears opposite leaves and produces a male tassel flower at the top and female cob flowers.
2. Detasseling is removing the tassel before pollen is shed to prevent self-pollination. There are three main crossing techniques - the bottle method uses a detached tassel in a bottle, the overall method bags the whole plant, and plot isolation physically separates plants.
3. Pollination is most successful 3-5 days after silk emergence, though pollination can occur up to 8 days later with lower seed set. Self-pollination
This document provides information about cauliflower, including its origins, nutrition, uses, and production. Some key points:
- Cauliflower originated from wild cabbage and was selectively bred for the edible curd through human selection.
- It is high in vitamins C and K as well as minerals like potassium. The curd is used in curries, soups, and pickles.
- Cauliflower is a member of the Brassicaceae family and the species is Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. It is tolerant to high temperatures.
- India and China are two of the top producers globally. Important Indian states include West Bengal and Bi
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
The document discusses the objectives of plant breeding for several crops including chilli, brinjal, and okra. The main objectives discussed are:
1. Developing improved varieties that have higher yields, better quality, disease and insect resistance, and other desirable traits to be commercially successful.
2. Breeding objectives for individual crops include earliness, desirable fruit/pod characteristics, quality, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Information is provided on the origin, distribution, species, and popular varieties of chilli, brinjal, and okra, which are important vegetable crops grown in India and other countries.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
This document discusses three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and single seed descent method. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk with selection in later generations to isolate homozygous lines. The pedigree method uses individual plant selection from F2 onward. The single seed descent method modifies the bulk method by harvesting a single seed from each F2 plant to maintain equal survival of segregates.
Using crop wild relatives in crop improvementLuigi Guarino
The document discusses the Global Crop Diversity Trust's initiative to collect, protect, and utilize crop wild relatives to help adapt agriculture to climate change. It focuses on 26 priority crops including wheat, barley, oat, rye, and their wild relatives. Experts were surveyed and identified wheat species like Aegilops tauschii and traits like heat tolerance as important to target. The initiative aims to fill gaps in ex situ collections, conduct pre-breeding to transfer useful traits, and help ensure global food security in a changing climate.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
1) Linseed is an ancient crop grown for its oil and fiber. Canada is the top producer worldwide, while India's top producing state is Madhya Pradesh.
2) The document outlines the botanical description, cultivation practices, pest and disease management, and harvesting of linseed. It discusses varieties commonly grown in India, ideal soil and climate conditions, and average yields.
3) Linseed oil extraction can occur through mechanical pressing or using solvents in a process involving cleaning, flaking, cooking, pre-pressing, and solvent extraction to remove 33% of the seed as oil.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
This presentation discusses hybridization techniques in rice. It begins with definitions of key terms like hybrid and homozygous. It describes the objectives of hybridization like increasing yield and developing disease resistance. The materials, floral biology, and step-by-step process of emasculation and pollination are explained. Maintaining genetic diversity through hybridization is important for crop health. Hybrid rice often displays heterosis or hybrid vigor, increasing yields. The Green Revolution widely used hybridization to create high-yielding rice varieties adapted to local conditions.
This document discusses sex expression in castor plants. It begins by classifying sex variants into five main types: monoecious, pistillate, sex revertant, monoecious variant with apical interspersed raceme, and uniform interspersed raceme. It then discusses how environmental factors like temperature and nutrition can influence sex expression by promoting either male or female flowers. The document further classifies pistillate lines into two main types: N-type which is governed by a single recessive gene, and S-type which is polygenic and can exhibit sex reversals. S-type pistillate lines are derived from selections within sex reversal variants. The document also describes non-reverted female pistill
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Floral biology and breeding techniques in tomatokiran Dasanal
This document discusses flower biology and breeding techniques in tomatoes. It begins with an introduction to tomato taxonomy and production statistics. It then covers the objectives of tomato breeding, which include increasing yield, disease and stress resistance, and quality traits. The document discusses tomato flower biology and behavior, as well as emasculation, pollination, and hybridization techniques. It outlines common tomato breeding procedures like introduction, selection, backcrossing, and pedigree methods. Newer biotechnological techniques are also mentioned. Finally, it highlights a publicly developed Indian tomato hybrid called Arka Rakshak that has triple disease resistance.
1. Maize (Zea mays) is an annual plant originally from Central Mexico and South America. It has a solid stem that bears opposite leaves and produces a male tassel flower at the top and female cob flowers.
2. Detasseling is removing the tassel before pollen is shed to prevent self-pollination. There are three main crossing techniques - the bottle method uses a detached tassel in a bottle, the overall method bags the whole plant, and plot isolation physically separates plants.
3. Pollination is most successful 3-5 days after silk emergence, though pollination can occur up to 8 days later with lower seed set. Self-pollination
This document provides information about cauliflower, including its origins, nutrition, uses, and production. Some key points:
- Cauliflower originated from wild cabbage and was selectively bred for the edible curd through human selection.
- It is high in vitamins C and K as well as minerals like potassium. The curd is used in curries, soups, and pickles.
- Cauliflower is a member of the Brassicaceae family and the species is Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. It is tolerant to high temperatures.
- India and China are two of the top producers globally. Important Indian states include West Bengal and Bi
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
This document summarizes the floral biology of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Okra is an erect, herbaceous annual plant originating from tropical Asia and Africa that grows 1-2 meters tall. It produces solitary, axillary flowers with yellow petals and crimson spots. The flowers have 5 united stamens, superior ovaries, and capsular fruits. Pollination is primarily by insects, though self-pollination can occur at a rate of 19%. Fertilization takes place within 2-6 hours of pollination.
The document discusses the objectives of plant breeding for several crops including chilli, brinjal, and okra. The main objectives discussed are:
1. Developing improved varieties that have higher yields, better quality, disease and insect resistance, and other desirable traits to be commercially successful.
2. Breeding objectives for individual crops include earliness, desirable fruit/pod characteristics, quality, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Information is provided on the origin, distribution, species, and popular varieties of chilli, brinjal, and okra, which are important vegetable crops grown in India and other countries.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
This document discusses three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and single seed descent method. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk with selection in later generations to isolate homozygous lines. The pedigree method uses individual plant selection from F2 onward. The single seed descent method modifies the bulk method by harvesting a single seed from each F2 plant to maintain equal survival of segregates.
Using crop wild relatives in crop improvementLuigi Guarino
The document discusses the Global Crop Diversity Trust's initiative to collect, protect, and utilize crop wild relatives to help adapt agriculture to climate change. It focuses on 26 priority crops including wheat, barley, oat, rye, and their wild relatives. Experts were surveyed and identified wheat species like Aegilops tauschii and traits like heat tolerance as important to target. The initiative aims to fill gaps in ex situ collections, conduct pre-breeding to transfer useful traits, and help ensure global food security in a changing climate.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
high throughput tilling for functional genomicsAnilkumar C
This document summarizes the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) method for identifying mutations in plant genomes. TILLING involves chemically mutagenizing plants, pooling DNA from mutagenized plants, amplifying target genes via PCR, and using enzymes like CEL-I to detect mismatches between mutant and wild-type DNA, identifying mutations. The document describes applying TILLING to sorghum, identifying 5 mutations across 4 genes related to bioenergy and nutrition. Two mutations were characterized as missense mutations in genes COMT and PHYA related to lignin content and plant development.
Partnering on CWR research at three scales: commonalities for successCWR Project
The potential for crop wild relatives (CWR) to contribute to crop improvement is growing due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants, CWR are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems, and their representation ex situ is often far from comprehensive. Ex situ conservation of many of these wild plants is also technically challenging, particularly in an environment of insufficient resources. Enhancing conservation, availability, and access to CWR requires a spectrum of action spanning basic and applied research on wild species to inform on-the-ground collecting, ex situ maintenance, and germplasm utilization. The development of effective information channels and productive partnerships between diverse organizations are essential to the success of these actions. Here we report on a spectrum of CWR activities involving broad partnerships, at three levels: a) the collaborative compilation and distribution on over 5 million occurrence data records on the CWR of major food crops, b) the analysis of conservation concerns and genetic resources potential of the CWR of potato, sweetpotato, and pigeonpea, and c) ongoing efforts to map the diversity and conservation concerns for CWR in the USA. Although differing in scales and depth of collaborations, the success of these initiatives are largely due to commonalities in research orientation, e.g., inclusiveness, offering clear incentives for involvement, and service providing to the crop science community.
Genomics tools for discovery and tagging of genes can enhance the efficiency of breeding.CMD gene tagging,Marker Screening/genotyping,Resistance Gene Analogs (RGA),Tools for Hybrid Verification,TILLING in the Lab:
A Novel High throughput Reverse Genetics Technology for Detection of Mutation,Marker for pro Vitamin A carotenoids -cassava and Maize,Soybean diversity and mapping
Tilling and Ecotilling High throughput discovery of SNP variationFAO
Tilling and Ecotilling are reverse genetics techniques for discovering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) in mutagenized plant populations. Tilling involves creating a mutagenized library, using locus-specific PCR and an endonuclease like CELI to detect mutations compared to a reference sequence. Ecotilling detects natural variation among individuals. Both techniques have been used in many species to discover novel genetic diversity and rare haplotypes. High throughput methods like DArT arrays can also discover polymorphisms across many individuals and loci simultaneously.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
This document discusses allele mining, which aims to identify allelic variations in gene banks that could have important traits for crops. It summarizes that identifying these variations could help in tracing the evolution of alleles, developing markers for selection, and providing access to alleles that confer stress resistance, nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality. The document also mentions that the TILLING method is used for allele mining, which treats seeds with mutagens, analyzes pooled DNA samples, and identifies variations using Cel I enzyme cleavage and gel electrophoresis.
(1) IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, established in 1967 and headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria with 21 stations in 30 countries. (2) IITA adopted DataCite DOIs in 2017 through the British Library Consortium to create a trusted institutional data repository meeting FAIR data principles. (3) IITA mints DOIs through an automatic Python script integrating with its Cassavabase database, and manually through its Fabrica portal, to increase data visibility, citation, and improve data management practices.
This document summarizes Samwel Muiruri Kariuki's research at IITA Kenya on inducing early flowering in cassava. The document discusses two methods: using LED light supplementation to induce flowering within 4 months, compared to 10 months without light; and developing a CMV-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit cassava genes in a virus-activated manner. Preliminary results show light supplementation significantly increased the number of flowering plants compared to the control. The researcher is working to assemble constructs using a CMV promoter to drive Cas9 expression and test them in Nicotiana benthamiana transformations. The goal is to create a virus-inducible gene editing system for cassava.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
The document discusses conserving the Ibadan Malimbe, an endemic bird species found only in Nigeria that is endangered. It describes the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) efforts to conserve the species, which include hosting an Important Bird Area, monitoring the bird population, restoring habitat, and raising awareness. IITA's research has found declining numbers of Ibadan Malimbe due to forest isolation, clearance for agriculture and development, competition with other species, and increased nest destruction, threatening the estimated 2,500 remaining individuals.
This document summarizes a study on identifying the preferences of cassava product ("gari") end users in Benue State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers preferred cassava varieties with heavy, long roots that are not rotten or woody, while processors preferred varieties with white, dry peeled roots and less water in the mash. Marketers and consumers preferred gari that is shiny, dry, heavy, sweet with no lumps or smooth and white in color. The preferences identified will help breeders develop new cassava varieties that meet the needs of all end users.
The document discusses a study on the perception of quality in yam landraces among value chain actors in yam producing areas of Nigeria. It finds that Faketsa, Igum, Opoko, and Ushu are the most commonly cultivated varieties for pounded yam and yam flour production. Yam flour is typically processed from fresh yams through washing, peeling, cutting, drying, and grinding. Smoothness and mouldability are key factors in accepting pounded yam and yam fufu. The study recommends further research on Faketsa's qualities for pounded yam and yam flour to aid variety selection for these products.
1. The study evaluated the quality attributes of cookies flavored with Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as a substitute for vanilla. 2. Results showed that increasing the substitution level of Aidan for vanilla increased proximate nutrients but decreased carbohydrates and energy. 3. Cookies with 75% Aidan substitution had similar taste and crispness to the 100% vanilla cookie but were most acceptable overall to consumers.
This document reports on a study that analyzed the chemical, functional, and pasting properties of flours produced from four varieties of unripe plantain. The objectives were to determine the chemical composition, functional properties, pasting properties, and color parameters of the different plantain flours. Materials and methods included obtaining four varieties of plantain, producing the flours using various processing steps, and analyzing the flours for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, starch, sugar, minerals, functional properties using various tests, pasting properties using a rapid visco analyzer, and color parameters. The results showed differences between varieties in the measured properties, with some varieties having higher nutritional or functional qualities. The conclusions were that the
The document studied the effect of different drying methods on the carotenoid content of yellow maize varieties. It found that air drying maize grains under shade at 20°C was the most effective method for retaining carotenoids, as it exposed the grains to milder environmental conditions compared to sun drying and oven drying. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in carotenoid levels between drying methods and maize varieties. Air drying was recommended over other methods to preserve high pro-vitamin A content in maize grains.
This document summarizes a survey of dried plantain chip processors in Ondo State, Nigeria. It describes the background and methods used in the survey. Key findings include that most processors are women between the ages of 25-40 who view chip processing as difficult work. Common challenges included the time-consuming nature, pest infestation during storage, and weather issues during drying. The conclusion recommends addressing animal contamination during drying and limiting the use of toxic preservatives to improve product quality and safety.
The document examines the effect of crop diversification on food and nutrition security among smallholder farming households in Nigeria. It analyzes data from the 2015 Nigerian General Household Survey on 2,041 households. It finds that crop diversification has a positive impact on dietary diversity, increasing it by 10.9%, but negatively impacts subjective food security. However, households with greater crop diversification had a 53.8% higher likelihood of being food secure. The study thus concludes that while crop diversification improves nutrition, broader support is still needed for farming households to ensure food security.
The document summarizes a study on the apparent retention of carotenoids in ogi flour made from different provitamin A maize genotypes. It finds that PVA SYN HGBC0 showed the highest carotenoid and provitamin A retention after processing ogi flour, making it the best genotype studied for producing nutritious ogi. The study aims to establish how processing affects carotenoid levels in ogi, an important food in Nigeria, to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in children.
The document assessed the level of consumption of pro-vitamin A cassava products among rural households in Nigeria. It found low levels of consumption of products like tapioca, flakes, and vitamin-fortified baked goods. Consumption varied by state, with Akwa Ibom having the highest levels. It recommends increasing production of value-added products and nutritional education campaigns to boost consumption and reduce vitamin A deficiency.
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Utilization of wild species and cultivated landrace for enhancing productivity and other attributes of staple food crops
1. Utilization of wild species and cultivated
landrace for enhancing productivity and other
attributes of staple food crops
2. Utilization of wild species and landraces
Drivers of utilization of wild species and landraces
Breeding objectives
Changing productivity and architecture of a crop
Production constraints encountered
End use quality attributes
Lack of sufficient genetic variation in existing adapted germplasm to
breed for a particular trait
Research emphasis
Enhancing nutritional and end-use quality
Increasing resistance to insects, diseases and parasitic plants
Improving tolerance to drought and other desirable traits
3. 1.1. Enhancing nutritional quality
Top ten cassava progenies selected
in 2006/2007 for high protein content
determined on a dry weight basis
Highlights of achievements
2006/2007
Cassava Protein
Progeny content
True seeds of wild Manihot species, (%)
M. tristis and M. flavellifolia, with 06/2335-1 28
06/1847-9 25
high protein content received from 06/1691-1 23
CIAT 06/2088-3 21
06/2086-2 20
06/2327-35 20
06/2249-4 20
Crossed to locally adapted 06/2098-3 19
germplasm for three generations 06/2290-3 19
06/2293-12 18
and storage roots obtained from Minimum 3
several progenies were analyzed for N 194
Mean 10
protein content se 0.3
Min 2.7
4. 1.2. Enhancing nutritional quality
400
No. of genotypes
300
Fe
Baseline
200
100
0
Highlights of achievements
.9 .9 .9 2-14.9 5-26.8
2.9-5 6.0-8 9.0-11 1 1
Cassava Fe concentration (mg/kg)
A total of 663 landraces including 300
Baseline
checks were screened for iron (Fe) 250 Zn
No. of genotypes
and zinc (Zn) concentration in 200
150
2007
100
50
0
.9 .9 1.9 .9 .5
4.5-5 6.0-8 9.0-1 12-14 15-22
Zn concentration (mg/kg)
5. 1.3. Enhancing nutritional quality and productivity
Highlights of achievements
Yam
Inter-specific crosses have been made to incorporate genes from D.
cayenensis to D. rotundata
Increase pro-vitamin A content
Increase leaf area duration to allow multiple harvests in D. rotundata
Pollinated
Female Male flowers Fruit Set Seed Set
Number No. % No. %
D. rotundata D. rotundata 2491 965 38.7 3313 22.2
D. rotundata D. cayenensis 1581 154 9.7 9 0.1
D. rotundata D. alata 1663 6 0.4 9 0.1
6. 1.3. Enhancing nutritional quality and productivity
Highlights of achievements
Yam
● Examination of progenies generated from inter-specific crosses using an
isozyme marker confirmed true hybrids
- - a b
+
+
TDr 95/19158 F1 TDc 98-136
TDr 95/18544 F1 TDc 98-136
- c -
C d
+ +
TDr 85/18555 TDc 95-165 TDr 89/02475 TDc 98-136
F1 F1
7. 2.1 Increased resistance to insects (flower thrips)
Highlights of achievements
Susceptible
Cowpeas
Two cowpea RI lines derived from
two crosses
Thrips tolerant landrace from
Ghana and a susceptible line
from IITA
Another thrips tolerant landrace
and a susceptible line from IITA Tolerant
The RI lines were evaluated in the
field under high population pressure
of flower bud thrips
8. 2.1 Increased resistance to insects (flower thrips)
8.0 8.0 THB
THA
7.0 7.0
6.0 6.0
Thrips score
Thrips score
5.0 5.0
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 y = -0.0578x + 6.7385 2.0 y = -0.0595x + 6.8278
R2 = 0.642 R2 = 0.7323
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40
No of pods No of pods
Figures. Relationship between thrips damage scores and number of pods per plant
among a set of RILs (THA) from the cross Sanzi x VITA 7
9. 2.2 Increased resistancemapping populations and nematodes)
Development of to diseases (Sigatoka
Highlights of achievements
Banana and Plantain
Wild musa species used as sources of genes
for
Resistance to disease
(Sigatoka/Nematodes)
Musa acuminata (Calcutta 4) selfed
Reduced plant height
Parthenocarpy
Earliness
Suckering behavior/Apical dominance
In landraces with preferred end-use quality
traits
11. 2.2. Enhancing resistance to Striga hermonthica through
introgression of genes from wild species
Highlights of achievements
Maize
We received 3 wild accessions from
CIMMYT and evaluated them in pots
The wild accessions supported fewer
emerged Striga plants than a
susceptible check
These wild accessions were crossed to
different maize inbred lines to transfer
desirable genes for resistance to Striga
12. 2.2. Enhancing resistance to Striga hermonthica through
introgression of genes from landraces
Performance of extra-early varieties derived from local and exotic germplasm
under Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions at 5 locations in 2006 and at 3
locations in 2007 in WCA
Striga Striga
Plant damage emergence
Variety Grain yield, height rating count
Non- Infested 10WAP 10WAP
Infested infested
Kg ha-1 cm (1-9) (1-9)
TZEE-W Pop x LD (set A2) 1990 2479 141 3.9 84
2004 TZEE-W Pop STR C4 1943 2815 140 4.7 102
99 TZEE-Y STR 1599 2248 123 5.3 96
TZEE-W SR BC5 (REFC) 1260 1797 117 5.8 111
Grand mean 1624 2402 135 4.7 106
LSD (0.05) 258 335 7 0.5 33
13. 2.2. Enhancing resistance to Striga hermonthica through
introgression of genes from landraces
Performance of early varieties derived from local and exotic germplasm under Striga-
infested and Striga-free conditions at Abuja, Mokwa and Angaredebou in 2006 and 2007
Striga Striga
Plant damage emergence
Variety Grain yield height rating count
Non- Infested
Infested infested 10WAP 10 WAP
Kg ha-1 cm (1-9) (1-9)
2004 TZE-W Pop DT STR C4 2084 3038 136 3.8 111
TZE-Y Pop DT STR C4 1921 3025 138 4.0 94
TZE-W Pop DT STR C4 1842 3171 132 4.0 142
2004 TZE-Y Pop DT STR C4 1838 3126 141 3.8 93
TZE COMP 4 (SUSC) 1073 2671 121 5.6 115
Grand mean 1606 2686 130 4.3 103
LSD (0.05) 343 421 8 0.5 29
14. 3. Enhancing drought tolerance in cowpea
Highlights of achievements
Cowpeas
1000 landrace accessions of
cowpea were evaluated for drought
tolerance during the 2007/08 dry
season by suspending irrigation five
weeks after planting
A few lines have been selected for
further evaluation under drought
and eventual use as parents in
crosses to develop drought tolerant
varieties
Tolerant Susceptible
15. 3. Enhancing drought tolerance by incorporating
drought tolerance alleles from landraces
Highlights of achievements
Maize
Performance of OP varieties derived from backcrosses involving landraces as non-recurrent
parents tested at Ikenne under sufficient water supply and controlled drought stress in 2007
Leaf Anthesis
Days to death Ears per -silking Yield (kg/ha)
anthesis score plant interval under
non- Drought
Populations (day) (1-10) (No.) (days) stress stress
ACR91SUWAN1-SR*2/DIASSAGA-1 55 5.8 1.0 1.5 5546 1832
ACR91SUWAN1-SR*2/SAMOROGOUAN-5 55 4.3 0.8 2.5 5074 1759
ACR91SUWAN1-SR*2/BONDOKUY-1 55 5.5 0.8 1.8 5582 1389
ACR91SUWAN1-SR 58 5.8 0.6 4.5 6710 698
Oba Super II 58 6.0 0.7 4.8 6701 1099
Oba Super I 58 6.5 0.7 5.3 6302 1016
Mean 57 5.6 0.7 4.0 5798 1190
S.E. 1.4 0.69 0.14 1.5 569 374
CV 2 15 15 44 13 31
Populations *** * *** ** * **
16. Summery
Wild species and landraces have been used for creation and supplying
of new genetic materials to the NARS partners
Such new genetic materials can contribute to sustained improvement of
Yield potential
Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Nutritional quality