This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of direct seeded rice on rice production and quality in Tehsil Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Direct seeded rice involves planting rice seeds directly in fields rather than transplanting seedlings, saving water and labor. The study aims to compare direct seeded and transplanted rice on yield, quality, effects on succeeding crops, irrigation methods, varieties used, and constraints faced by farmers. It reviews literature on these topics and describes the materials and methods, which will involve a survey of 80 farmers in Shorkot using purposive sampling and questionnaires.

1. Exploration of Effectiveness of Direct Seeded Rice on
Production and Quality of Rice in Tehsil Shorkot, Punjab,
Pakistan
Muhammad Usama Shah
2016-ag-3198
MSc. (Hons) Agricultural Extension
Institute of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Supervisor: Dr. Shoukat Ali
2nd Member: Dr. Rana Muhammad Amir
3rd Member: Dr.Maqsood Bajwa

2. Introduction
• The rice systems belong to the foremost vital food production systems on Earth.
Annual production of rice is concerning 700 Mt (FAO, 2010).
• Tuong and Bouman (2003) reported that, in Asia, 39 million ha of irrigated rice may
suffer from “physical water scarcity” or “economic water scarcity” by 2025.
• Chauhan and Opena (2012) reported that puddling in transplanted-flooded rice
systems consumes up to 30 % of the total rice water requirement.
• Taking the advantages of saving water and labor and increasing system productivity,
dry direct-seeded rice has been believed to be an optimal option for rice production
(Kumar and Ladha 2011)

3. Continue
• With optimal water management, dry direct-seeded rice can achieve nitrogen use
efficiency of over 80 % (Wilson et al. 2000), much higher than that in transplanted-
flooded rice (30–40 %) (Zheng et al. 2007).
• DSR refers to the method of building a rice crop from seeds planted within the field
instead of by transplantation seedlings from the nursery.

4. Need for the study
• The aim of the study is to develop technical balance in the farming community.
• The main crop of the area is rice and also there is scarcity of water.
• Financial status of farmers is also not high that everyone can afford to dig their land
for tube wells.
• So it was decided to disseminate them with the Direct Seeded Rice technology as
they are big producers of rice so that they can produce more in less time.
• It will use less water and less seed and also no labor is required as compared to rice
growing through transplantation.

5. Objectives of the study
The main objective of the study is:
• To explore the effects of Direct Seeded Rice on quality and production of rice.

6. Objectives of the study
The secondary objectives includes:
• Demographic profile of the respondents.
• To identify the effect of direct seeded rice on succeeding crops.
• To find out the irrigation methods and varieties of seed used for crop
production.
• To assess the impact of DSR on yield.
• To check the constraints faced by growers during crop production.

7. Review of Literature
Effect on succeeding crops
• Wheat straw are often used as animal fodder, rice straw is unsuitable, and ninety
percent of rice shuck is burnt: a practice that helps with timely seed bed preparation
for the next wheat crop (Yadvinder Singh et al., 2003).
• In South Australian state, late burning simply before sowing of winter crops is
usually experienced. Around 24-35 percent of crop residues, notably wheat straw,
were burnt within the states of NSW and Victoria (Scott et al., 2010).
• Burning stalk ends up in emission of greenhouse gases, loss of nutrients, diminished
soil aggregation and reduction in soil fertility (Hobbs & Morris, 2002).

8. Continue
• Rice plant material are often incorporated, however to avoid yield losses because of
N immobilization, incorporation ought to be done around ten days before wheat seed
bed preparation (Yadvinder-Singh et al., 2004).
• Inevitably, wheat sowing is delayed on the far side the optimum sowing date (15-20
November), acquisition yield losses of I percent per day delay in sowing once the
optimum sowing time (Hobbs & Morris, 1996).
• The stalk mulch additionally moderates soil temperature, reduces evaporation that
will increase soil water content (Doran & Smith, 1987).

9. Continue
Irrigation method and Seed Variety used
• Direct-seeded Rice (DSR), which is cultivated by directly broadcasting seeds onto
the topsoil of paddy fields without needing to raise and transplant seedlings,
provides an opportunity to save both labor and time. (Chen et al., 2009).
• During the last twenty years, the amendment within the methodology of crop
institution from manual movement of seedlings to direct-seeding has occurred in
several Asian countries in response to rising production prices, particularly those of
labor and water (Rao et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2009).
• During the primary period when seeding, instead of being flooded like TPR, the soil
solely has to keep sufficient wet to permit for seed germination (Cabangon et al.,
2002).

10. Continue
Impact of DSR on Yield
• Higher wheat grain yields were obtained once five t /ha of rice husk was preserved
compared with incorporated in cooler areas (Verma & Bhagat, 1992).
• Residue retention will facilitate in storage of soil wetness at depth which will be
accessed by the crop throughout the grain fill stage and therefore have positive
impact on the grain yield (Scott et al., 2011).

11. Continue
Constraints in Direct Seeded Rice
• Soil Organic Matter degradation is faster in rice wheat soils than under intensive
rice–rice soils (Bronson et al., 1998).
• Consequently, future rice–wheat cultivation with no organic amendments (organic
manure or stubble) might have caused decline in Soil Organic Matter (SOM) content
(Dawe et al., 2003).
• Rice and wheat crops are intensive feeders of nutrients and double cropping system
is heavily depleting the soil of its nutrient content (Benbi et al., 2006).

12. Materials and methods
• The research would be conducted at Shorkot. It is also the capital Tehsil of Jhang
district in Punjab.
• The other Tehsils of Jhang includes Athara Hazari, Ahmadpur Sial and Jhang itself.
• The city has total population of 548,626 out of which 73,741 people are enjoying
urban life and 474,885 are living in rural areas
• Shorkot has a total of 16 union councils out of which one union council falls in city
and rest of the 15 union councils fall in the rural areas.
• From 15 union councils in rural areas, 4 union councils will be selected and 2
villages from each union councils will be selected specifically.
• Then we will select 10 respondents from each village so our Sample size will be 80
from a population of 100.
• Sampling method will be Purposive Sampling (Non-Probability Sampling).Data
collection tool will be Questionnaires. Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS) will be used for data analysis.

13. References
Benbi, D.K., Nayyar, V. K., & Brar, J. S. 2006. The Green Revolution in Punjab: Impact
on Soil Health. Ind. J. Fertilisers, 2, 57-66.
Bronson KF, Cassman KG, Wassman R, Olk DC, van Noorwijk M, Garrity DP. 1998.
Soil carbon dynamics in different cropping systems in principal ecoregions of
Asia. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Stewart BA, editors. Management of
carbon sequestration in soil. Boca Raton, Fla. (USA): CRC Press. p 35-57.
Cabangon ,R. J., Tuong, T.P., Abdullah, N. B., 2002. Comparing water input and water
productivity of transplanted and direct-seeded rice production systems. Agric.
Water Manage. 57(1), 11–31.
Chauhan BS, Opeña J. 2012. Effect of tillage systems and herbicides on weed
emergence, weed growth, and grain yield in dry-seeded rice systems. Field
Crop Res 137:56–69. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.016

14. References
Chen, S., Cai, S. G., Chen, X., Zhang ,G. P., 2009. Genotypic differences in growth and
physiological responses to transplanting and direct seeding cultivation in rice.
Rice Sci. 16(2), 143–150.
Dawe, D., Dobermann, A., Ladha, J. K., Yadav, R. L., Bao, L., Gupta, R. K., Lal, P.,
Panaullah, G., Sariam, O., Singh, Y., Swarup, A. & Zen, Q. X. 2003. Do
organic amendments improve yield trends and profitability in intensive rice
systems? Field Crops Res., 83, 191-213.
Doran, J. W., & Smith, M. S. 1987. Organic matter management and utilization of soil
and Fertiliser nutrients. In R.F. Follett et al.(Eds.), Soil fertility and
organic matter as critical components of production systems. pp. 53-72.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am Spec. Publ. 19. Am. Soc. Agron. and Soil Sci. Soc. Am,
Madison, WI.
Hobbs, P. R. and Morris, M. L. 2002. Meetings South Asia’s future food
requirements from rice–wheat cropping systems; priorities issues facing
researchers in the post green revolution era. NRG Paper 96-01.
CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.

15. References
Hobbs, P. R., & Morris, M. 1996. Meeting South Asia’s future food requirements from
rice-wheat cropping systems: priority issues facing researchers in the post-
green revolution era. NRG Paper 96-01.
Kumar V, Ladha JK. 2011. Direct seeding of rice: recent developments and future
research needs. Adv Agron 111:297–413
Rao, A. N., Johnson, D. E., Sivaprasad, B., Ladha, J. K., Mortimer, A. M., 2007. Weed
management in direct-seeded rice. Adv. Agron .93, 153–255.
Scott, B.J., Eberbach, P.L., Evans, J., & Wade, L.J. 2010. EH Graham Centre
Monograph No. 1: Stubble Retention in Cropping Systems in Southern
Australia: Benefits and Challenges. Ed by EH Clayton and HM Burns.
Industry & Investment NSW, Orange.
Scott, B.J., Eberbach, P.L., Evans, J., & Wade, L.J. 2011. EH Graham Centre
Monograph No. 1: Stubble Retention in Cropping Systems in Southern
Australia: Benefits and Challenges. Ed by EH Clayton and HM Burns.
Industry & Investment NSW, Orange.

16. References
Tuong TP, Bouman BAM., 2003. Rice production in water-scarce environments. In: Proc
Water Productivity Workshop, 12-14 November 2001, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Verma, T. S., & Bhagat, R. M. 1992. Impact of rice straw management practices on
yield, nitrogen uptake and soil properties in a wheat-rice rotation in
northern India. Fertil. Res., 33, 97-106.
Wilson C, Slaton N, Norman R, Miller D. 2000. Efficient Use of Fertiliser. In: Rice
Production Handbook, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture,
Cooperative Extension Service, Chapter 8, pp:51–74
Yadvinder-Singh, & Ladha, J. K. 2004. Principles and practices of tillage systems for
rice-wheat cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. In D.
O. Hansen, N. Up hoff, P. R .Hobbs, and R. Lal (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture
and the International Rice-Wheat System. pp167-207.
Yadvinder-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Ladha, J. K., Khind, C. S., Khera, T. S., & Bueno C. S.
2004. Effect of residue decomposition on productivity and soil fertility in rice-
wheat rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 854-864
Zheng Y, Ding Y, Wang Q, Li G, Wu H, Yuan Q, Wang H, Wang S. 2007. Effect of nitrogen
applied before transplanting on NUE in rice. Agr Sci China 6:842–848