This document provides guidance on using parenthetical citations and avoiding plagiarism when writing papers. It defines plagiarism and outlines three steps to avoid it: taking notes in your own words, paraphrasing notes, and citing sources. There are two types of citations - parenthetical citations within the text and a bibliography or works cited page at the end. Parenthetical citations give credit to specific words or ideas and refer the reader to the full citation in the works cited page. The document explains how to format parenthetical citations whether quoting, paraphrasing, or referring to an idea from a source. It addresses citing sources without page numbers and those from multiple pages of the same work. Students are directed to practice these skills and

1. U. S. HISTORY:
SPRING 2013
Parenthetical Citations and NoodleTools Review

2. QUICK REVIEW OF PLAGIARISM:
Definition:
Plagiarism is using someone else’s words or ideas as your
own without giving credit to that person.
3 Steps to Avoid Plagiarism:
 Step 1 - Take good bulleted notes in your own words; no
complete sentences.
 Step 2 – Paraphrase your notes. Since your notes are in
your own words, you are putting your notes back into
complete sentences. This step is easy once you have
notes in your own words.
 Step 3 – Cite your sources.

3. JUST TO CLARIFY:
Step 3: Citing Sources:
There are two ways to cite your sources:
 Bibliography or Works Cited - at the end of
your project; this is always required!
 Parenthetical citations - within the text of
your paper; you would add this feature
when you write a paper.

4. WHAT IS A PARENTHETICAL CITATION?
A parenthetical citation is a reference
within the body of your paper to one of the
sources listed in your Works Cited list. It
indicates to your reader exactly what you
derived from the source, and specifically
where they can find it. You need to write a
parenthetical, or "in-text" reference,
whether you quote the material directly
from the source, paraphrase it in your
own words, or refer to an idea derived
from the material.

5. FAQS:
What do parenthetical citations look like?
Example:
Banks failed, businesses closed, and, at the height of the depression in 1933,
one-fourth of Americans were without jobs (Press 17).
What does the parenthetical citation above mean?
It means that the sentence before it is a paraphrase of information
found on page 17 of this source listed in the Works Cited:
Press, Petra. Through the Decades: The 1930s. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1999.
Print.

6. FAQS:
What if I use a quote instead of paraphrasing?
Then it would look like this:
“NO JOBS in California. If YOU are looking for work – KEEP OUT. 6 Men
for every job. No state relief available for non-residents” (Cooper 8).

7. MORE FAQS:
What if the source is a website and doesn’t have page
numbers?
Then it would look like this:
Conditions began to improve in the mid-30s, but total recovery was not
accomplished until the end of the decade (Romer n. pag.).
And match this source on your Works Cited:
Romer, Christina D. “Great Depression.” Encyclopaedia Brittanica
Online. 2011 ed. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.

8. EVEN MORE FAQS:
What if I use information from 2 or more pages in the same
source?
Then your paragraph might look like this:
Years of excessive heat, a shortage of rain, and over-farming caused the Dust
Bowl disaster (Cooper 12). The people of the mid-West had to suffer both an
economic depression and dust, which they could not escape (Cooper 23). Many
refugees from the prairie states headed to California to try to earn a living, but
California did not want them. A billboard near Tulsa, Oklahoma warned: “NO
JOBS in California. If YOU are looking for work – KEEP OUT. 6 Men for every
job. No state relief available for non-residents” (Cooper 8).

9. STILL MORE FAQS:
 What if two of the sources in my Works Cited have the same author name or
“first word”?
Like this?
Works Cited
"Constitution." U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E.
Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker and Sarah Hermsen. Vol. 2.
Detroit: UXL, 2009. 381-385. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Oct. 2011.
"Constitution." Britannica Online School Edition. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.
Then your parenthetical citations would look like this:
(Constitution, UXL n.pag.)
(Constitution, Britannica n.pag.)

10. PARENTHETICAL
CITATIONS
 Using Parenthetical Citations means citing sources within the body of your
paper.
 The purpose of a Parenthetical Citation is to indicate specifically which
information came from which source.
 Each parenthetical citation should refer clearly to one of the items in the
Works Cited list at the end of your paper.
 In the Junior High, we ask that you have at least one parenthetical citation per
paragraph.
 BUT you MUST have a parenthetical citation after EACH direct quote.
 You will call your list of sources “Works Cited” instead of “Bibliography.”

11. HOMEWORK
Go to Cuban Blockade and Embargo
LibGuide.
Watch video on “Why Cite?” page.