1. President William McKinley, letter to Congress, April 25, 1898. [I took action] under the joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, "for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and Government in the island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters…" …The Government of Spain…responds by treating the reasonable demands of this Government as measures of hostility, following with that instant and complete severance of relations by its action which by the usage of nations accompanies an existent state of war between sovereign powers. I now recommend the adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain… 2. Teller Amendment, Adopted by the Senate, April 19, 1898 [The United States] hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people. 3. Senator Alfred Beveridge (R-Indiana), in Congress, January 9, 1900. . . . [J]ust beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. . . We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee of God, of the civilization of the world. . . Where shall we turn for consumers of our surplus?. . . China is our natural customer. . . [England, Germany and Russia] have moved nearer to China by securing permanent bases on her borders. The Philippines gives us a base at the door of all the East. . . They [the Filipinos] are a barbarous race, modified by three centuries of contact with a decadent race [the Spanish]. . . It is barely possible that 1,000 men in all the archipelago are capable of self-government in the Anglo-Saxon sense. . . The Declaration [of Independence] applies only to people capable of self-government. How dare any man prostitute this expression of the very elect of self-government peoples to a race of Malay children of barbarism, schooled in Spanish methods and ideas? And you, who say the Declaration applies to all men, how dare you deny its application to the American Indian? And if you deny it to the Indian at home, how dare you grant it to the Malay abroad. 4. President Woodrow Wilson, War Message to Congress, 1917 The Imperial German Government [announced that] it was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediterranean.… It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and ...

1. 1. President William McKinley, letter to Congress, April 25,
1898.
[I took action] under the joint resolution approved April 20,
1898, "for the recognition of the independence of the people of
Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its
authority and Government in the island of Cuba, and to
withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
waters…"
…The Government of Spain…responds by treating the
reasonable demands of this Government as measures of
hostility, following with that instant and complete severance of
relations by its action which by the usage of nations
accompanies an existent state of war between sovereign powers.
I now recommend the adoption of a joint resolution declaring
that a state of war exists between the United States of America
and the Kingdom of Spain…
2. Teller Amendment, Adopted by the Senate, April 19, 1898
[The United States] hereby disclaims any disposition of
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over
said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its
determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the
government and control of the island to its people.
3. Senator Alfred Beveridge (R-Indiana), in Congress, January
9, 1900.
. . . [J]ust beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable
markets. . . We will not renounce our part in the mission of our
race, trustee of God, of the civilization of the world. . . Where
shall we turn for consumers of our surplus?. . . China is our
natural customer. . . [England, Germany and Russia] have
moved nearer to China by securing permanent bases on her
borders. The Philippines gives us a base at the door of all the
East. . .

2. They [the Filipinos] are a barbarous race, modified by three
centuries of contact with a decadent race [the Spanish]. . . It is
barely possible that 1,000 men in all the archipelago are capable
of self-government in the Anglo-Saxon sense. . .
The Declaration [of Independence] applies only to people
capable of self-government. How dare any man prostitute this
expression of the very elect of self-government peoples to a
race of Malay children of barbarism, schooled in Spanish
methods and ideas? And you, who say the Declaration applies to
all men, how dare you deny its application to the American
Indian? And if you deny it to the Indian at home, how dare you
grant it to the Malay abroad.
4. President Woodrow Wilson, War Message to Congress, 1917
The Imperial German Government [announced that] it was its
purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of humanity and use
its submarines to sink every vessel that sought to approach
either the ports of Great Britain and Ireland or the western
coasts of Europe or any of the ports controlled by the enemies
of Germany within the Mediterranean.…
It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk,
American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very
deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and
friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters
in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The
challenge is to all mankind.…
… I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the
Imperial German Government to be in fact nothing less than war
against the government and people of the United States; that it
formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been
thrust upon it, and that it take immediate steps … to bring the
Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war.
…Our object now…is to vindicate the principles of peace and
justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic
power and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed
peoples of the world such a concert of purpose and of action as

3. will henceforth insure the observance of those principles.
…We are glad, now … to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the
world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples
included: for the rights of nations great and small and the
privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of
obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its
peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political
liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve.
We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities
for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we
shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights
of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been
made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make
them.
5. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941 address to
Congress
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look
forward to a world founded upon four essential human
freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in
the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his
own way -- everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want -- which, translated into world
terms, means economic understandings which will secure to
every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants --
everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear -- which, translated into world
terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a
point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a
position to commit an act of physical aggression against any
neighbor-- anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis
for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation.
That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new

4. order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the
crash of a bomb.
To that new order we oppose the greater conception -- the moral
order. A good society is able to face schemes of world
domination and foreign revolutions alike without fear.
6. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 8, 1941 address
to Congress
Yesterday, December 7th, 1941 - a date which will live in
infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and
deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of
Japan.
The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the
solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its
government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of
peace in the Pacific.…
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe
damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell
you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition,
American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas
between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack
against Malaya.
Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong….Guam… the
Philippine Islands… Wake Island.…And this morning the
Japanese attacked Midway Island. Japan has therefore
undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the
Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for
themselves.…
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people,
our territory and our interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding
determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable
triumph. So help us God.
I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and
dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a

5. state of war has existed between the United States and the
Japanese Empire.
7. President Harry S. Truman, February 21, 1947 address to
Congress
…Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or
indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international
peace and hence the security of the United States.
The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently
had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will.
The Government of the United States has made frequent protests
against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta
agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria. I must also state
that in a number of other countries there have been similar
developments.
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation
must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too
often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is
distinguished by free institutions, representative government,
free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of
speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority
forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and
oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and
the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to
support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by outside pressures.…
The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and
want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and
strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people
for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive.
The free peoples of the world look to us for support in
maintaining their freedoms.
If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the

6. world -- and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own
nation.
8. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, August 4, 1952 Remarks at
Governors' Conference
You have seen the war in Indochina [Vietnam] described
variously as an outgrowth of French colonialism, and its French
refusal to treat indigenous populations decently. You find it
again described as a war between the communists and the other
elements in southeast Asia.... You don't know, really, why we
are so concerned with the far-off southeast corner of Asia.
Why is it? Now, first of all, the last great population remaining
in Asia that has not become dominated by the Kremlin, of
course, is the sub-continent of India, including the Pakistan
government. Here are 350 million people still free. Now let us
assume that we lose Indochina. If Indochina goes, several things
happen right away. The Malayan peninsula, the last little bit of
the end hanging on down there, would be scarcely defensible--
and tin and tungsten that we so greatly value from that area
would cease coming. But all India would be outflanked. Burma
would certainly, in its weakened condition, be no defense. Now,
India is surrounded on that side by the Communist empire. Iran
on its left is in a weakened condition.... All of that weakening
position around there is very ominous for the United States,
because finally if we lost all that, how would the free world
hold the rich empire of Indonesia? So you see, somewhere along
the line, this must be blocked. It must be blocked now. That is
what the French are doing.
So, when the United States votes $400 million to help that war,
we are...voting for the cheapest way that we can to prevent the
occurrence of something that would be of the most terrible
significance for the United States of America--our security, our
power and ability to get certain things we need from the riches
of the Indonesian territory, and from southeast Asia.
9. President Lyndon Johnson, July 28, 1965 Press Conference

7. Vietnam...is a different kind of war. There are no marching
armies or solemn declarations. Some citizens of South Vietnam
at times, with understandable grievances, have joined in the
attack on their own government.
But we must not let this mask the central fact that this is really
war. It is guided by North Vietnam and it is spurred by
Communist China. Its goal is to conquer the South, to defeat
American power, and to extend the Asiatic dominion of
communism. There are great stakes in the balance. Most of the
non-Communist nations of Asia cannot, by themselves and
alone, resist the growing might and the grasping ambition of
Asian communism.
Our power, therefore, is a very vital shield. If we are driven
from the field in Vietnam, then no nation can ever again have
the same confidence in American promise, or in American
protection.
In each land the forces of independence would be considerably
weakened, and an Asia so threatened by Communist domination
would certainly imperil the security of the United States
itself....
Nor would surrender in Vietnam bring peace, because we
learned from Hitler at Munich that success only feeds the
appetite of aggression. The battle would be renewed in one
country and then another country, bringing with it perhaps even
larger and crueler conflict, as we have learned from the lessons
of history.
Moreover, ...three Presidents...over 11 years have committed
themselves and have promised to help defend this small and
valiant nation.
Strengthened by that promise, the people of South Vietnam have
fought for many long years.... We just cannot now dishonor our
word, or abandon our commitment, or leave those who believed
us and who trusted us to the terror and repression and murder
that would follow.
This, then, my fellow Americans, is why we are in Vietnam.

8. 10. President George H. W. Bush, September 11, 1990 Address
to Joint Session of Congress
We gather tonight, witness to events in the Persian Gulf as
significant as they are tragic. In the early morning hours of
August 2d, following negotiations and promises by Iraq's
dictator Saddam Hussein not to use force, a powerful Iraqi army
invaded its trusting and much weaker neighbor, Kuwait. Within
3 days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into
Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. It was then
that I decided to act to check that aggression....
Our objectives in the Persian Gulf are clear, our goals defined
and familiar: Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait completely,
immediately, and without condition. Kuwait's legitimate
government must be restored. The security and stability of the
Persian Gulf must be assured. And American citizens abroad
must be protected. These goals are not ours alone. They've been
endorsed by the United Nations Security Council five times in
as many weeks. Most countries share our concern for principle.
And many have a stake in the stability of the Persian Gulf....
We stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The
crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rare
opportunity to move toward ... a new world order... A world
where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world
in which nations recognize the shared responsibility for freedom
and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the
weak....
Vital issues of principle are at stake. Saddam Hussein is
literally trying to wipe a country off the face of the Earth....
Vital economic interests are at risk as well. Iraq itself controls
some 10 percent of the world's proven oil reserves. Iraq plus
Kuwait controls twice that. An Iraq permitted to swallow
Kuwait would have the economic and military power, as well as
the arrogance, to intimidate and coerce its neighbors --
neighbors who control the lion's share of the world's remaining
oil reserves. We cannot permit a resource so vital to be
dominated by one so ruthless. And we won't....

9. Our interest, our involvement in the Gulf is not transitory. It
predated Saddam Hussein's aggression and will survive it. Long
after all our troops come home...there will be a lasting role for
the United States in assisting the nations of the Persian Gulf.
Our role then: to deter future aggression. Our role is to help our
friends in their own self-defense. And something else: to curb
the proliferation of chemical, biological, ballistic missile and,
above all, nuclear technologies.
Let me also make clear that the United States has no quarrel
with the Iraqi people. Our quarrel is with Iraq's dictator and
with his aggression. Iraq will not be permitted to annex Kuwait.
That's not a threat, that's not a boast, that's just the way it's
going to be.
11. President George W. Bush, September 20, 2001 address to
the Nation
Americans have many questions tonight. Americans are asking,
``Who attacked our country?''
The evidence we have gathered all points to a collection of
loosely affiliated terrorist organizations known as al -Qaida.
They are some of the murderers indicted for bombing American
embassies in Tanzania and Kenya and responsible for bombing
the USS Cole.…
The leadership of al-Qaida has great influence in Afghanistan
and supports the Taliban regime in controlling most of that
country. In Afghanistan we see al-Qaida's vision for the world.
Afghanistan's people have been brutalized, many are starving
and many have fled.…
The United States…condemn the Taliban regime.
It is not only repressing its own people, it is threatening people
everywhere by sponsoring and sheltering and supplying
terrorists.
By aiding and abetting murder, the Taliban regime is
committing murder. And tonight the United States of America
makes the following demands on the Taliban.
Deliver to United States authorities all of the leaders of al-

10. Qaida who hide in your land.... Close immediately and
permanently every terrorist training camp in Afghanistan. And
hand over every terrorist and every person and their support
structure to appropriate authorities....
These demands are not open to negotiation or discussion.
The Taliban must act and act immediately. They will hand over
the terrorists, or they will share in their fate.
12. President George W. Bush, State of the Union Address,
January, 2003.
Today, the gravest danger in the war on terror, the gravest
danger facing America and the world, is outlaw regimes that
seek and possess nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.
These regimes could use such weapons for blackmail, terror,
and mass murder. They could also give or sell those weapons to
terrorist allies, who would use them without the least
hesitation.…
…Year after year, Saddam Hussein has gone to elaborate
lengths, spent enormous sums, taken great risks to build and
keep weapons of mass destruction.…
With nuclear arms or a full arsenal of chemical and biological
weapons, Saddam Hussein could resume his ambitions of
conquest in the Middle East and create deadly havoc in that
region.… The American people must recognize another threat.…
Secretly, and without fingerprints, [Saddam Hussien] could
provide one of [Iraq’s] hidden weapons to terrorists, or help
them develop their own.
Before September the 11th, many in the world believed that
Saddam Hussein could be contained. But chemical agents, lethal
viruses and shadowy terrorist networks are not easily contained.
Imagine those 19 hijackers with other weapons and other plans -
- this time armed by Saddam Hussein. It would take one vial,
one canister, one crate slipped into this country to bring a day
of horror like none we have ever known. We will do everything
in our power to make sure that that day never comes.
Some have said we must not act until the threat is imminent.

11. Since when have terrorists and tyrants announced their
intentions, politely putting us on notice before they strike? If
this threat is permitted to fully and suddenly emerge, all
actions, all words, and all recriminations would come too late.
Trusting in the sanity and restraint of Saddam Hussein is not a
strategy, and it is not an option.…
The world has waited 12 years for Iraq to disarm.…
But let there be no misunderstanding: If Saddam Hussein does
not fully disarm, for the safety of our people and for the peace
of the world, we will lead a coalition to disarm him.
Religions Chart Assignments (4 over the course of the semester-
25 points each)
Directions:
Complete the Religion chart Assignment. Utilizing the provided
template and using primarily the textbook and scholarly
sources, provide concise (250-300 word) summaries of each
assigned religion for that unit. Each religion should be
summarized separately. Each unit’s Religions Chart is worth 25
points.
All sources must be properly cited, including the text.
ALWAYS cite your sources. Discovered plagiarism may result
in loss of credit for submitted work.
All unit Religions Chart work must be submitted by Sunday
11:59 PM of the unit in which it is assigned. No late work will
be accepted for credit.
Student Name Here
Religion Name
250 -300 word count for each
[Insert Religion #1]
[Insert Religion #2]
Origins:
Founder, Key Figures, Historical/cultural Development,

12. Cosmogony (creation stories), Myths
HOW THE RELIGION STARTED …
* Write a summary of two select Religions!
BasicBeliefs:
God, Afterlife, Humanity, Evil, scripture/sacred writings,
authority, other unique beliefs or points of view.
WHAT THE RELIGION BELIEVES …
* Summarize each
Practices:
Annual Festivals, Regular Meetings, Rites of Passage, Ethical
Codes, Expectations of Individual Piety
WHAT THE RELIGION DOES
* Summarize each
SacredSpaces: Geographical Locations, Special Places, Typical
worship location, sacred worship objects.
Hint: see pictures in the chapter.
WHERE THEY WORSHIP …
* Summarize each