This document discusses the normal and abnormal constituents found in urine. It provides information on the typical composition and output of urine and how urine can be used to diagnose kidney and urinary tract abnormalities as well as systemic diseases. Common normal constituents of urine are listed along with how various substances may be elevated or reduced depending on conditions like diabetes or kidney dysfunction. The document also covers urine analysis techniques including physical, chemical, and microscopic examination and how to properly collect and preserve urine samples.