1. EXPT. 15 URINE

2. URINE
 by-product or fluid secreted by the kidneys,
transported by the ureter to the urinary
bladder and voided through urethra
 fluids and materials being filtered by the
kidneys come from the blood and interstitial
fluids
 average amount of urine excreted in 24
hours 40- 60 ounces

3. URINE PRODUCTION
 Urine production is produced by the process
of:
1. FILTRATION
2. REABSORPTION
3. TUBULAR SECRETION

5. COLOR
 NORMAL : clear yellow to yellow orange
 Pigment Urochrome
• HEMATURIA- blood in the urine
• MELANURIA- black or dark colored urine caused
by melanoma
• PORPHYRIA- Reddish or brown
• DARK ORANGE OR DARK COLORED – jaundice or
Gilbert’s syndrome

6. ODOR
 NORMAL : aromatic odor
 urinoid
• PUTRID or STRONGLY AMMONIACAL –
decomposition of urea to ammonia
• FRUITY AROMA- diabetic patients due to large
amount of acetone and ketone bodies

7. TRANSPARENCY
 NORMAL : clear and transparent
• ACIDIC URINE- white or pinkish sediments of
amorphous ureates
• ALKALINE URINE- white sediments of amorphous
phosphates
• cloud or “nubecula” – due to the presence of
mucus, leukocytes and epithelial cells

8. pH
 NORMAL: range of 4.8-7.5
 usually acidic with pH of 6.6
 24 hour specimen less acidic due to the
decomposition of urea to ammonia

9. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 NORMAL: 1.008-1.030
• High specific gravity -dehydration or presence of
abnormal solutes (proteins & glucose), diabetic
mellitus, fever, and acute nephritis
• Low specific gravity-chronic nephritis & diabetic
insipidus

10. MEDICAL USE
 Diagnostic use or examination
 Use for drug tests
 Urination is the primary method for excreting
toxins, chemicals and drugs from the body
BIOCHEMICAL USE
 Fertilizer
 In ancient use (used urine as a bleaching agent
for cleaning clothes and there are even
isolated reports as a teeth whitener)

11. TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
1. TEST FOR CREATINNINE
 urine + picric acid + NaOH orange ppt.
 Creatinine- produced from arginine, methionine
and glycine
2. TEST FOR UREA
 urea + NaOH + Nessler’s sol’n reddish orange
 Urea- principal end product of protein metabolism

12. TEST FOR INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS
1. TEST FOR CHLORIDES
 Urine NaCl crystals + HNO3 + AgNO3
evaporate
white ppt.
 amount of Cl varies with intake and excreted NaCl
2. TEST FOR CARBONATES
 Urine + HCl slight effervescence
 Carbonates are present in the urine in the form of
bicarbonates

13. TEST FOR INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS
3. TEST FOR SULFATES
 Urine + HCl + BaCl2 white ppt (BaSO4 )
 Sulfates are derived from sulfur containing
proteins

14. TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL
CONSTITUENTS
1. TEST FOR GLUCOSE (BENEDICT’S TEST)
 Normal urine + benedict’s rgt. Blue sol’n
with white ppt.
 Pathological urine + benedict’s rgt. Green
sol’n brown ppt .

15. TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL
CONSTITUENTS
2. TEST FOR KETONE BODIES (ROTHERA’S TEST)
 Normal urine + (NH4)2SO4 + Na nitroprusside
yellow sol’n
 Pathological urine + (NH4)2SO4 + Na
nitroprusside red to purple ring

16. TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL
CONSTITUENTS
3. TEST FOR PROTEINS ( OSGOOD RUSKIN TEST)
 Normal urine + acetic acid + NaCl with bubbles
 Pathological urine + acetic acid + NaCl
white gelatinous ppt.
Due to the presence of albumin

17. TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL
CONSTITUENTS
4. TEST FOR BILE ACIDS
Ice bath
 Urine urine + sulfur powder
 FLOAT- No bile acid present
 SINK- Bile acid is present