This document provides a summary of regression results from analyses of the 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The analyses examined factors associated with fertility rates in urban areas. Wealth, women's education, and child mortality were consistently associated with lower fertility across age groups and survey years. Primary and secondary education were associated with lower fertility for women ages 20-34 in 2011. Higher education was associated with lower fertility for women under age 35 in both survey years.
This study examines factors that determine labor force participation among women in Kenya using data from the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. The study finds that higher education, use of contraceptives, participation in household decision making, availability of water, type of fuel used, and region of residence are associated with increased likelihood of labor force participation. Meanwhile, being married, having more children, and identifying as Muslim are associated with decreased likelihood of labor force participation. The results provide insights into determinants of female labor force participation in Kenya and have implications for policies aiming to address low participation rates.
This document summarizes a study on rural livelihood structure and poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that gender of household head, marital status, access to finance, dependency ratio, and household size were significantly associated with poverty. Specifically, households headed by females or with more dependents and larger household sizes were more likely to be in poverty. The study also found that access to financial services could help households diversify their incomes and reduce risk of being in poverty. Overall, the study suggests rural livelihoods should not be viewed solely as dependent on agriculture and land access, but require a range of resources to improve living standards and reduce poverty in rural areas.
Labor Calendars and Rural Poverty: A Case Study for Malawi IFPRIMaSSP
This document analyzes seasonal labor patterns in rural Malawi using household survey data. It finds that rural labor calendars exhibit much greater monthly variation than urban calendars, with significant underemployment in rural areas even during peak seasons. Approximately 2/3 of total rural underemployment is attributed to seasonality in agricultural work opportunities. The document explores activities that may help smooth rural labor demand, such as intercropping maize with other crops and growing tobacco.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
Poverty Mapping, An overview of methods,based on a Malawi analysisguest9970726
Poverty mapping involves using household survey data and census data to estimate welfare levels and poverty rates at small geographic areas. It relates household characteristics from the survey to welfare levels, then uses those relationships to predict welfare for all households in the census based on their characteristics. This allows for spatially disaggregated poverty estimates. The document describes applying this method to Malawi using a 1997 household survey and 1998 census, generating poverty estimates for districts and wards. It outlines the key steps of variable harmonization, model development, and applying the model to census data.
This document provides a summary of regression results from analyses of the 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. The analyses examined factors associated with fertility rates in urban areas. Wealth, women's education, and child mortality were consistently associated with lower fertility across age groups and survey years. Primary and secondary education were associated with lower fertility for women ages 20-34 in 2011. Higher education was associated with lower fertility for women under age 35 in both survey years.
This study examines factors that determine labor force participation among women in Kenya using data from the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. The study finds that higher education, use of contraceptives, participation in household decision making, availability of water, type of fuel used, and region of residence are associated with increased likelihood of labor force participation. Meanwhile, being married, having more children, and identifying as Muslim are associated with decreased likelihood of labor force participation. The results provide insights into determinants of female labor force participation in Kenya and have implications for policies aiming to address low participation rates.
This document summarizes a study on rural livelihood structure and poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that gender of household head, marital status, access to finance, dependency ratio, and household size were significantly associated with poverty. Specifically, households headed by females or with more dependents and larger household sizes were more likely to be in poverty. The study also found that access to financial services could help households diversify their incomes and reduce risk of being in poverty. Overall, the study suggests rural livelihoods should not be viewed solely as dependent on agriculture and land access, but require a range of resources to improve living standards and reduce poverty in rural areas.
Labor Calendars and Rural Poverty: A Case Study for Malawi IFPRIMaSSP
This document analyzes seasonal labor patterns in rural Malawi using household survey data. It finds that rural labor calendars exhibit much greater monthly variation than urban calendars, with significant underemployment in rural areas even during peak seasons. Approximately 2/3 of total rural underemployment is attributed to seasonality in agricultural work opportunities. The document explores activities that may help smooth rural labor demand, such as intercropping maize with other crops and growing tobacco.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.
Poverty Mapping, An overview of methods,based on a Malawi analysisguest9970726
Poverty mapping involves using household survey data and census data to estimate welfare levels and poverty rates at small geographic areas. It relates household characteristics from the survey to welfare levels, then uses those relationships to predict welfare for all households in the census based on their characteristics. This allows for spatially disaggregated poverty estimates. The document describes applying this method to Malawi using a 1997 household survey and 1998 census, generating poverty estimates for districts and wards. It outlines the key steps of variable harmonization, model development, and applying the model to census data.
This document discusses the effects of urbanization on ecosystems. It notes that urbanization involves clearing land and vegetation to build residential and industrial structures. This habitat destruction negatively impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by reducing and fragmenting habitats. It also causes various forms of pollution like water, air, land, heat and noise pollution which further degrade ecosystems. The document concludes that while urbanization is important for the economy, its impacts must be controlled, and recommends measures to reduce these effects on the environment like enforcing standards, developing infrastructure in rural areas, and education.
Urban complexity's role in a practical emergent urbanismMathieu Hélie
The document discusses theories of urban complexity and emergent urbanism. It explores the history of urbanization from organic processes to modern planning. Complexity theories view cities as complex systems that emerge from the bottom-up interactions of many actors following simple rules. The author argues urbanization processes should allow for emergent order through shared geometric rules rather than top-down planning. Redesigning urban development processes at various scales could lead to more organic, fractally complex cities.
What is the role of THEORY in Urbanism?Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the course Methodology for Urbanism (Ar2U090) of the the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture. In this presentation we discuss what is theory and why we need theories in Urbanism.
Urbanization causes various forms of pollution like air, water, and soil contamination. It also leads to problems like poor housing, poverty, unemployment, and overburdened public systems. However, these issues can be addressed by creating public transportation networks, parks, affordable housing, community centers, job opportunities, and involving community members in the planning process to build sustainable cities.
Urbanization is defined as the process where more people live in urban areas like towns and cities. The document discusses the rates of urbanization in different countries from 2010-2015. It also examines the challenges of rapid urbanization in South Africa, including housing shortages and the rise of shack settlements. China and India are highlighted as experiencing very fast urbanization currently, with China being more urbanized at 41% compared to India's 29% in 2005. The top causes of urbanization mentioned are opportunities for jobs, education, and transportation that cities provide.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas. It occurs due to rural-to-urban migration as populations increase and resources become scarce in rural areas, pushing people to cities where they believe living standards will be higher. Urbanization has major economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. It encourages changes in social and family structures, increases pollution and waste production, and places growing pressure on infrastructure and housing. While cities improve economies and facilitate cultural sharing, urbanization also leads to issues like unemployment, poverty, and the rise of slums if not properly managed.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and suburbs. It is closely connected to industrialization, as factories located in cities and drew workers. The main causes of urbanization are the industrial revolution, emergence of large manufacturing centers, job opportunities, and availability of transportation. Chicago's population grew from 15 people in 1820 to over 1.6 million in 1898, reflecting the effects of urbanization. Positive effects include opportunities not available in rural areas and a higher standard of living in cities. However, rapid urbanization also led to issues like overcrowding, lack of sanitation, unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates.
Changes in Family, Domestic, and Agricultural Joint Decision-Making among Rur...Rural Soc
1. Following the process of modernization, a trend toward
greater joint decision-making is occurring for rural couples.
2. Although increasingly made jointly, agricultural decisions
are generally by husbands.
3. Farm couples are moving toward more joint agricultural and
family life decisions.
4. Farm and nonfarm couples’ domestic work decisions
continue to be made jointly.
The document provides demographic data for the EBDI redevelopment project area and surrounding Greater East Baltimore neighborhood, comparing statistics from 2000 to 2010. It finds that the population in the EBDI area decreased significantly, with fewer households and children. Poverty rates increased while income levels rose slightly on average. Housing units decreased substantially, with large drops in homeownership. The neighborhood experienced income inequality and high rates of poverty, though the number of very low-income residents decreased.
Data Needs for Gender Research - IFPRI Gender Methods SeminarIFPRI Gender
This document discusses data needs for gender research in agriculture. It addresses who to interview in households to collect sex-disaggregated data and how to handle conflicting answers from multiple respondents. Interviewing just the household head may miss gender differences, but interviewing everyone can be complex. Options include interviewing the principal couple, one man and one woman, or people relevant to specific modules. While additional assets are identified, disagreements over ownership are also important. The document examines strategies for resolving conflicting responses.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This study examined socio-demographic factors associated with perinatal mortality in a rural area of central India over one year. The perinatal mortality rate was found to be 17.07 per 1000 live births. Early age at pregnancy, illiteracy, rural residence, and low socioeconomic status were commonly associated with higher perinatal deaths. Effective measures to reduce perinatal mortality need to target improving education for women, employment opportunities, and healthcare access in rural areas.
This document summarizes a study on urbanization and fertility rates in Ethiopia conducted by Fanaye Tadesse and Derek Headey of the Ethiopian Development Research Institute. The study finds that Ethiopia has the largest rural-urban fertility differential in the world, with rural areas having 6 children per woman and urban areas having 2.4 children. Using Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data from 2005, the study finds that factors like female education, age at marriage, and awareness of family planning have significant impacts on fertility that differ between rural and urban areas. The study concludes that expanding female secondary education, especially in rural areas, could be an effective policy for reducing Ethiopia's overall fertility rates.
Urbanization is leading to increased growth of slums which lack basic infrastructure like safe drinking water and sanitation. This exposes slum populations to increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Health indicators for urban poor like rates of immunization, institutional deliveries and access to sanitation are much lower than for urban non-poor and often comparable to rural populations. The double burden of diseases includes overcrowding-related issues, air and water pollution problems due to lack of infrastructure and services. Urban health needs more policy focus and solutions like improved data, coordination, public-private partnerships and strengthened public health facilities.
This document discusses urban health issues, challenges, and solutions in India. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly due to migration, leading to overcrowded slums lacking basic infrastructure. This puts urban populations at risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key challenges to the health system include the dual burden of diseases, large urban poor populations, administrative issues, and operational challenges in equitably providing health services and coordinating various agencies. Proposed solutions include improving health data, inter-sectoral coordination, strengthening public-private partnerships, financing techniques, and public health facilities.
Scrutinizing the 'feminization of agriculture' hypothesis: trajectories of la...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Kartika Juniwaty (Center for International Forestry Research), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
From dashboards to decision-making: Adapting complex information on well-bein...StatsCommunications
Session 1 of the virtual event series on Implementing a well-being approach to policy and international partnerships in Latin America, 28-30 June 2022, More information at: https://www.oecd.org/wise/lac-well-being-metrics.htm
Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in ethiopiaessp2
This document analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of fertility in Ethiopia using data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey. It finds that higher levels of education, urban residence, participation in the labor force, and higher economic status are associated with lower fertility. In contrast, higher child mortality is correlated with increased fertility. The results suggest that as Ethiopia develops economically and socially, its total fertility rate will continue declining through factors like increased education, women's empowerment, and access to family planning resources.
The document summarizes the state of the Appalachian economy. It finds that while some counties are experiencing population and income growth, many Appalachian counties remain poorer than the national average with lower incomes, higher poverty, and greater unemployment. It also discusses trends showing more males not working and differences between urban, rural, and very rural counties. The document proposes six strategies to improve the Appalachian economy: 1) investing in communities rather than just spending, 2) using economic development tools beyond industrial attraction, 3) improving access to capital for entrepreneurs, 4) making healthcare a priority, 5) adopting regional approaches, and 6) creating a framework for sustainable development focused on civic engagement, innovation, and inclusion
State of the District - Presentation to Stratford-on-Avon Local Strategic Par...Spencer Payne
Presentation to Stratford-on-Avon LSP, providing an overview of key demographic, economic and social issues facing the area. Jointly delivered by Warwickshire Observatory and Stratford-on-Avon District Council
"Agricultural Biodiversity, Dietary Diversity, and Nutritional Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Tajikistan" presented by Kamiljon Akramov, Mehrab Malek, at Regional Research Conference “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Central Asia”, April 8-9, 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Poor rural households in Ethiopia have benefitted from the country's economic growth, but still lag behind due to their lower initial assets and slower progress. The poor have larger, less educated families, consume fewer calories, and use fewer modern agricultural inputs. Their children are more likely to be stunted and attend school less. Women in poor households also have less empowerment. While poverty has declined overall, continued targeted interventions are needed to ensure the poor can better participate in and benefit from Ethiopia's ongoing development.
This document discusses the effects of urbanization on ecosystems. It notes that urbanization involves clearing land and vegetation to build residential and industrial structures. This habitat destruction negatively impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by reducing and fragmenting habitats. It also causes various forms of pollution like water, air, land, heat and noise pollution which further degrade ecosystems. The document concludes that while urbanization is important for the economy, its impacts must be controlled, and recommends measures to reduce these effects on the environment like enforcing standards, developing infrastructure in rural areas, and education.
Urban complexity's role in a practical emergent urbanismMathieu Hélie
The document discusses theories of urban complexity and emergent urbanism. It explores the history of urbanization from organic processes to modern planning. Complexity theories view cities as complex systems that emerge from the bottom-up interactions of many actors following simple rules. The author argues urbanization processes should allow for emergent order through shared geometric rules rather than top-down planning. Redesigning urban development processes at various scales could lead to more organic, fractally complex cities.
What is the role of THEORY in Urbanism?Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the course Methodology for Urbanism (Ar2U090) of the the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture. In this presentation we discuss what is theory and why we need theories in Urbanism.
Urbanization causes various forms of pollution like air, water, and soil contamination. It also leads to problems like poor housing, poverty, unemployment, and overburdened public systems. However, these issues can be addressed by creating public transportation networks, parks, affordable housing, community centers, job opportunities, and involving community members in the planning process to build sustainable cities.
Urbanization is defined as the process where more people live in urban areas like towns and cities. The document discusses the rates of urbanization in different countries from 2010-2015. It also examines the challenges of rapid urbanization in South Africa, including housing shortages and the rise of shack settlements. China and India are highlighted as experiencing very fast urbanization currently, with China being more urbanized at 41% compared to India's 29% in 2005. The top causes of urbanization mentioned are opportunities for jobs, education, and transportation that cities provide.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas. It occurs due to rural-to-urban migration as populations increase and resources become scarce in rural areas, pushing people to cities where they believe living standards will be higher. Urbanization has major economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. It encourages changes in social and family structures, increases pollution and waste production, and places growing pressure on infrastructure and housing. While cities improve economies and facilitate cultural sharing, urbanization also leads to issues like unemployment, poverty, and the rise of slums if not properly managed.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and suburbs. It is closely connected to industrialization, as factories located in cities and drew workers. The main causes of urbanization are the industrial revolution, emergence of large manufacturing centers, job opportunities, and availability of transportation. Chicago's population grew from 15 people in 1820 to over 1.6 million in 1898, reflecting the effects of urbanization. Positive effects include opportunities not available in rural areas and a higher standard of living in cities. However, rapid urbanization also led to issues like overcrowding, lack of sanitation, unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates.
Changes in Family, Domestic, and Agricultural Joint Decision-Making among Rur...Rural Soc
1. Following the process of modernization, a trend toward
greater joint decision-making is occurring for rural couples.
2. Although increasingly made jointly, agricultural decisions
are generally by husbands.
3. Farm couples are moving toward more joint agricultural and
family life decisions.
4. Farm and nonfarm couples’ domestic work decisions
continue to be made jointly.
The document provides demographic data for the EBDI redevelopment project area and surrounding Greater East Baltimore neighborhood, comparing statistics from 2000 to 2010. It finds that the population in the EBDI area decreased significantly, with fewer households and children. Poverty rates increased while income levels rose slightly on average. Housing units decreased substantially, with large drops in homeownership. The neighborhood experienced income inequality and high rates of poverty, though the number of very low-income residents decreased.
Data Needs for Gender Research - IFPRI Gender Methods SeminarIFPRI Gender
This document discusses data needs for gender research in agriculture. It addresses who to interview in households to collect sex-disaggregated data and how to handle conflicting answers from multiple respondents. Interviewing just the household head may miss gender differences, but interviewing everyone can be complex. Options include interviewing the principal couple, one man and one woman, or people relevant to specific modules. While additional assets are identified, disagreements over ownership are also important. The document examines strategies for resolving conflicting responses.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This study examined socio-demographic factors associated with perinatal mortality in a rural area of central India over one year. The perinatal mortality rate was found to be 17.07 per 1000 live births. Early age at pregnancy, illiteracy, rural residence, and low socioeconomic status were commonly associated with higher perinatal deaths. Effective measures to reduce perinatal mortality need to target improving education for women, employment opportunities, and healthcare access in rural areas.
This document summarizes a study on urbanization and fertility rates in Ethiopia conducted by Fanaye Tadesse and Derek Headey of the Ethiopian Development Research Institute. The study finds that Ethiopia has the largest rural-urban fertility differential in the world, with rural areas having 6 children per woman and urban areas having 2.4 children. Using Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data from 2005, the study finds that factors like female education, age at marriage, and awareness of family planning have significant impacts on fertility that differ between rural and urban areas. The study concludes that expanding female secondary education, especially in rural areas, could be an effective policy for reducing Ethiopia's overall fertility rates.
Urbanization is leading to increased growth of slums which lack basic infrastructure like safe drinking water and sanitation. This exposes slum populations to increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Health indicators for urban poor like rates of immunization, institutional deliveries and access to sanitation are much lower than for urban non-poor and often comparable to rural populations. The double burden of diseases includes overcrowding-related issues, air and water pollution problems due to lack of infrastructure and services. Urban health needs more policy focus and solutions like improved data, coordination, public-private partnerships and strengthened public health facilities.
This document discusses urban health issues, challenges, and solutions in India. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly due to migration, leading to overcrowded slums lacking basic infrastructure. This puts urban populations at risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key challenges to the health system include the dual burden of diseases, large urban poor populations, administrative issues, and operational challenges in equitably providing health services and coordinating various agencies. Proposed solutions include improving health data, inter-sectoral coordination, strengthening public-private partnerships, financing techniques, and public health facilities.
Scrutinizing the 'feminization of agriculture' hypothesis: trajectories of la...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Kartika Juniwaty (Center for International Forestry Research), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
From dashboards to decision-making: Adapting complex information on well-bein...StatsCommunications
Session 1 of the virtual event series on Implementing a well-being approach to policy and international partnerships in Latin America, 28-30 June 2022, More information at: https://www.oecd.org/wise/lac-well-being-metrics.htm
Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in ethiopiaessp2
This document analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of fertility in Ethiopia using data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey. It finds that higher levels of education, urban residence, participation in the labor force, and higher economic status are associated with lower fertility. In contrast, higher child mortality is correlated with increased fertility. The results suggest that as Ethiopia develops economically and socially, its total fertility rate will continue declining through factors like increased education, women's empowerment, and access to family planning resources.
The document summarizes the state of the Appalachian economy. It finds that while some counties are experiencing population and income growth, many Appalachian counties remain poorer than the national average with lower incomes, higher poverty, and greater unemployment. It also discusses trends showing more males not working and differences between urban, rural, and very rural counties. The document proposes six strategies to improve the Appalachian economy: 1) investing in communities rather than just spending, 2) using economic development tools beyond industrial attraction, 3) improving access to capital for entrepreneurs, 4) making healthcare a priority, 5) adopting regional approaches, and 6) creating a framework for sustainable development focused on civic engagement, innovation, and inclusion
State of the District - Presentation to Stratford-on-Avon Local Strategic Par...Spencer Payne
Presentation to Stratford-on-Avon LSP, providing an overview of key demographic, economic and social issues facing the area. Jointly delivered by Warwickshire Observatory and Stratford-on-Avon District Council
"Agricultural Biodiversity, Dietary Diversity, and Nutritional Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Tajikistan" presented by Kamiljon Akramov, Mehrab Malek, at Regional Research Conference “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Central Asia”, April 8-9, 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Poor rural households in Ethiopia have benefitted from the country's economic growth, but still lag behind due to their lower initial assets and slower progress. The poor have larger, less educated families, consume fewer calories, and use fewer modern agricultural inputs. Their children are more likely to be stunted and attend school less. Women in poor households also have less empowerment. While poverty has declined overall, continued targeted interventions are needed to ensure the poor can better participate in and benefit from Ethiopia's ongoing development.
This document provides a community health assessment for Lapeer County from 2013-2015. It includes data on demographics, health outcomes, behaviors, clinical care access and social factors. Key findings are that while the county has lower rates of poverty and crime than Michigan, it faces challenges with lower rates of higher education, longer commute times, and higher rates of obesity, smoking and chronic diseases. The assessment will be used to develop community action plans to address priority health issues.
Migration's effects on sending communities: Zimbabwe case study 7-8-15 - by E...Migrating out of Poverty
This document summarizes a quantitative research study on the effects of migration on communities in Zimbabwe. It provides background on the study which examines how migration relates to poverty reduction. It then describes the Zimbabwe case study in more detail, including the districts studied, definitions used, questionnaire details, and preliminary results. Key results include statistics on migrant demographics and characteristics, common destinations, reasons for migrating, remittance amounts, perceived changes in living standards and women's situations, and main uses of remittances.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Buxar_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
The document summarizes key data on the state of children in Nanaimo, BC. It finds that 19% of children live in poverty, immunization rates are below provincial averages, and early childhood vulnerability is around 30%. However, initiatives like the Early Years Network provide a foundation to address issues. The data is intended to catalyze discussion, identify priorities, and plan improvements to better support children in the community.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Katihar_BiharPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Does market access mitigate the impact of seasonality on child growth?Panel ...essp2
1) The study examines whether better market access can protect children's nutrition from the impacts of seasonal fluctuations using panel data from rural Ethiopia.
2) It finds that while children located closer to food markets have better nutritional outcomes overall, their weights still undergo significant seasonal variations similar to children in more remote areas.
3) Further analysis suggests this is because near-market children consume more diverse diets year-round, including more animal-source foods during harvest seasons, but market access alone does not insulate against seasonality effects on children's nutrition.
Similar to Urbanization And Fertility Rates In Ethiopia (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia – An Interim Analysisessp2
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
1. URBANIZATION AND FERTILITY
RATES IN ETHIOPIA
Fanaye Tadesse and Derek Headey
IFPRI ESSP-II
CSAE conference
March 20, 2012
Oxford
1
2. Outline
1. Introduction
2. Economic Theories of Fertility
3. Data and Estimation
4. Results
- Basic descriptive statistics
- Regression
5. Conclusion
3. 1. Introduction
• Ethiopia has a long history of Malthusian population
dynamics (Pankhurst 1985).
• The population-dense highlands face shrinking farm sizes,
deforestation and soil degradation
• Most of these problems are related to high fertility rates
• Also widely accepted that reducing fertility can produce a
demographic dividend via reduced age dependency
• Hence Ethiopian government has long sought to reduce
fertility
• Good news is that fertility rates are falling
7.1 (1990) 5.4 (2005) 4.8 (2011)
4. 1. Introduction – cont’d
• But Ethiopia still has the largest rural-urban fertility
differential in the world:
– 6 children in rural areas; 2.4 children in urban areas (2005)
– 5.5 children in rural areas; 2.6 children in urban areas (2011)
• So why is the rural-urban fertility gap so large in Ethiopia?
• Previous work does not satisfactorily explore this question.
• Some papers look at proximate determinants of fertility in the
Bongaarts framework or explain fertility for certain
proportion of the population
• A large World Bank study used DHS and other datasets to
look at fertility rates, including by rural and urban areas
• But not systematic tests for rural-urban differences
5. Specific objectives of the paper
1) What causes fertility in Ethiopia?
2) How do these causes differ by rural and urban areas?
6. 2. Economic theories of fertility
• Economic theories tend to emphasize demand-side
determinants of fertility rates, following Gary Becker’s
seminal work.
• Emphasis is on choice, rather than biological factors
• Children possess both consumption good and investment
good characteristics
• Quality and quantity tradeoffs, which posits a likely
substitution from quantity to quality as family income
increases (Becker and Lewis 1973).
• Opportunity costs matter – children come with both
explicit costs and implicit costs – e.g. women’s time use
7. 2. Economic theories of fertility
• Child mortality rates influence expectations; risk averse
parents may have more children than actually desired
• Women’s education tends to reduce fertility, but the
level of education that affect fertility is still not clear.
• Urbanization seems to affect fertility (Kuznets 1974),
sometimes even when other controls are introduced
• But not clear why – many rural-urban differences in
poverty, education, infrastructure, and unobservables
8. 3. Data and Estimation
• The data used for this study is EDHS (Ethiopian
Demographic and Health Survey) of 2005.
• The ERHS is a nationally representative survey of 14,070
women between the ages of 15 and 49 and 6,033 men
with ages between 15 and 59.
• Topics include family planning, fertility, child mortality,
child health, nutrition and knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) estimates of travel
times to nearest facilities were merged with the DHS data
• GIS data adds info on isolation, and may also be
important since rural-urban divide can be arbitrary
9. 3. Data and Estimation
• Dependent variables are number of children born and
desired number of children
• Former is more like revealed reference, latter is stated
preference
• Desired number has two phrasing depending on age:
“If you could go back to the time you did not have any
children and could choose exactly the number of children
to have in your whole life, how many would that be?”
“If you could choose exactly the number of children to
have in your whole life, how many would that be?”
10. 3. Data and Estimation
• Some potential problems . . .
2. DHS does not have information on consumption or
income variables, but measures a wealth index
constructed from the information on asset holdings
3. Possible endogeneity of Child Mortality
– Rather than including the Child mortality of the
household, we took the average of the child mortality
in the cluster.
– So it is a locally formed expectation rather than actual
for the household.
11. k n
yi = α + ∑ β k X ik + ∑ β n ( X in *ui ) + ε i
k =1 n =1
βs
• where the are the parameters to be estimated,
• the are the explanatory variables and
Xs
X in * ui
• the expression ( ) are interactions of the explanatory
variables with the urban dummy.
• The interaction variable obviously tests whether the effects of the
explanatory variables on fertility differ by location.
• We also separately estimate urban and rural equations and conduct
Chow tests to check for parameter differences among these groups.
• We use poisson regressions since these are count variables
12. 4. Results – basic descriptive statistics
• Differences in dependent variables
Number of children born Desired number of children
Rural Urban Difference Rural Urban Difference
Age
15-19 0.21 0.07 0.14*** 3.46 2.79 0.67***
20-24 1.35 0.53 0.82*** 4.41 3.18 1.23***
25-29 3.15 1.4 1.75*** 4.91 3.57 1.34***
30-34 4.82 2.49 2.33*** 5.4 3.84 1.56***
35-39 6.19 3.45 2.74*** 5.41 4.38 1.03***
40-44 6.99 4.59 2.4*** 5.7 4.32 1.38***
45-49 7.54 5.64 1.9*** 5.99 4.39 1.6***
13. Explanatory variables: All differences significant at 5% level
Rural Urban Difference
Mother - Age (years) 28.4 26.8 -1.6
Mother - No education 75% 25% -0.5
Mother - Primary education 22% 25% 3%
Mother - Secondary education 3% 44% 41%
Mother - Higher education 0% 7% 7%
Christian 66% 86% 21%
Other religion 3% 0% -2%
Child mortality 56% 18% -38%
Mother - Listens to radio 34% 80% 45%
Land owned (hectares) 2.2 0.2 -2
Mother - Not working 67% 56% -11%
Mother - Professional occupation 0% 6% 6%
Mother - Clerical/sales occupation 8% 27% 19%
Mother - Agriculture occupation 3% 1% -2%
Mother - Other occupations 3% 10% 7%
Husband - no education 70% 23% -47%
Husband - primary education 2% 35% 33%
Husband - secondary education 0% 29% 28%
Husband - higher education 1% 11% -10%
Travel time to health center (hrs) 1.3 0.5 -0.8
14. 4. Results – basic descriptive statistics
• In terms of some more proximate determinants,
contraceptive use among women was
– 18% (37% urban, 15% rural) in 2005;
– 29% (53% urban, 23% rural) in 2011
• Reasons for not using contraceptives vary across rural and
urban areas
• Rural women are more ignorant of contraceptives, desire
more children, and face slightly more opposition from
husbands
• High unmet need for family planning especially in rural
areas
15. 4. Results – Regression
• We begin with national regressions that interact explanatory
variables with an urban dummy
• Most of the interaction terms are significant, suggesting not
only differences in levels, but differences in impacts too
• The urban dummy becomes insignificant once interaction
terms are introduced.
• Wealth index not very significant in either rural or urban
areas
• Much larger effect of female education (only secondary and
above) and work status
• Child mortality has big effects, especially in urban areas
17. 4. Results – Regression
• For desired number of children, most results are quite similar,
but rural-urban differences appear to be less significant
• Some evidence that village level contraceptive knowledge,
access to radio matters, suggesting a role for fertility policies
18. Regression Results - Desired Children
significance
of parameter
urban Rural difference
age 0.21*** 0.17***
age2 -0.002** -0.002***
Primary education -0.39 -0.35***
Secondary education -0.25 -0.69***
Higher education -0.72** -0.58
Christian -1.49*** -0.58***
Other religion -1.99*** -0.17 ***
Child mortality 0.93 0.77***
Listens to radio 0.32 -0.17*
2nd wealth quintile -0.63** 0.05
Agricultural occupation 2.84 -0.42*** **
Contraceptive knowledge (village
average) 0.08 -1.43***
Travel time to health center (hrs)
0.13 0.05 *
19. 5. Conclusions
• Rural-urban fertility gap is explained by both difference
in levels of explanatory variables and differences in
impacts.
• Wealth, by itself, does not seem to matter much
• Most policy-relevant findings related to female
secondary education, and raising awareness of family
planning goals and technologies
• Female secondary education likely to have high returns
because in addition to reducing fertility, it can increase
incomes and improve nutrition outcomes
• Currently female education is so low in rural areas (3.2%)
that there is huge scope for expansion
20. 5. Conclusion
• In terms of future research we plan to more formally
decompose rural-urban differences into level effects,
parameter effects and unexplained effects (e.g. Oaxaca
decomposition).
• We will also update with forthcoming 2011 DHS
• We can explore regional effects more as there are fertility
differences across regions, even within rural and urban areas