Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common reason for absenteeism worldwide and are usually viral. Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic and is commonly caused by the common cold. Viral rhinitis is a self-limiting infection caused by over 200 viruses including rhinovirus and influenza. It presents with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing. Acute sinusitis is a bacterial infection of the sinuses that can cause facial pain, nasal obstruction, and fever. It is usually treated with antibiotics, decongestants, and saline irrigation.

1. Upper Respiratory Tract Disorder
Lecture 2
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2. • Upper respiratory tract infection is the most
common reason for absenteeism worldwide
• Most of the upper respiratory tract infection is
viral ( 90%)
• Most of the upper respiratory tract infection
are self limiting
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3. Rhinitis
• Inflammation and irritation of the mucous
membrane of the nose.
• The disease can be acute or chronic , allergic
or nonallergic
• The most common cause is common cold
• Other causes include over use of nasal
decongestants, deviated septum, and
hormonal changes.
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4. Rhinitis
Management
• Antihistamin such as diphenhydramin
• Saline nasal spray
• Ipratropium (Atrovent) inhalation
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5. Viral Rhinitis
• The most frequent infection in the world
• More than 200 viruses can cause rhinitis
• The most common virus is Rhinovirus, influensa and parainfluensa
• Self limiting infection caise by virus
• Afebrile ( no fever), infectious, acute inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the nasal cavity.
• Usually patient has nasal congestion. Rhinorrhea, sneezing,
sorethroat and general malaise
• Despite popular beliefs exposure to cold weather don’t increase the
incidence or severity of the disease
clinical manifestations include nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal
discharge, sneezing
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6. Viral Rhinitis
• Management
• Increase fluid intake, bed rest
• Use expectorant ( helps to clear seputum )
• Warm salt water gurgle
• Aspirin and ibuprofen
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7. Acute sinusitis
• Infection of the mucous membrane that line the
paranasal sinus.
• Can be acute,subacute, chronic or allergic
• During infection if the passage between the sinus
and the nose is clear the infection resolve easily
but if there is obstruction by tumor or septum
deviation the case become complicated
• Becterial infection account for 60% of the cases
:Streptococcus pneumonia, Haimophilus
influenzae, and streptococcus pyogenes. Are the
most frequent.
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8. Acute sinusitis
Clinical manifestations
• Facial pain or pressure over the affected sinus
• Nasal obstruction
• Fatigue
• Fever and headach
• Ear pain and sense of fullness
• Comnplications : if sinusitis not treated may lead
to meningitis, abscess and osteomyelitis
Management : antibiotisc, dacongestants,
• Saline irrigation
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9. Acute Pharyngitis
• Is sudden inflammation of pharynx
• More common in Childs ate age 5-15 years old
• mostly cause by viral infection such as adenovirus,
influenza virus, Epstein Barr virus and herbes simplex
• Bacteria is less common cause and include
streptococcus, H. influenzae
• Clinical manifestations: sore throat, fever, red pharynx
• Management: antibiotics , aspirin, antitussive
medication( relieve cough) such as codeine
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10. Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis
• Lymphatic tissue situated in each side of
oropharynx
• The adenois are the tonsils of the nasopharynx
• Adenoditis and tonsilitis are most commonly
caused by streptococcus
Clinical manifestations: fever, sore throat,
snoring difficulty swallowing .
• Infection may spread to the middle ear
through eustachian tube and cause otitis
media
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11. Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis
Management
• Increase fluid
• Analgesic
• Salt water regurgitation
• Rest
• Penicillin in case of bacterial infection
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12. Laryngitis
• Inflammation of larynx
• May be caused by bacterial or viral infection however
non infectious causes are common such as abuse of
voice, or exposure to dust
• Clinical manifestations:
• Hoarsness ( harsh voice)
• Aphonia: complete loss of voice
• Sever cough worsens by cold and relieved by warm
climate
Management
• Rest the voice, antibiotics, corticosteroid
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13. Nursing process
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