The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli with the use of nerves. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consisting of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrical signals called impulses through the nervous system. Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS while motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands. The nervous system allows organisms to maintain homeostasis by processing stimuli and coordinating responses.
The nervous system senses the environment using receptors and transmits signals between parts of the body via neurons. It interprets incoming information in the brain which can then direct various responses, such as muscle movement. Neurons transmit electrochemical impulses along their axons to dendrites of other neurons at junctions called synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system connects it to the rest of the body. Reflex arcs allow for fast, involuntary responses without brain involvement. Diseases like multiple sclerosis and Isaac's syndrome can impair neural functioning.
The document discusses control and coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via sensory, relay, and motor neurons to effectors that coordinate responses. Key terms covered include neurone, synapse, reflex arc, and sense organs like the skin, tongue, nose, ears, and eyes. The roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in linking the nervous and endocrine systems are also summarized.
The document discusses coordination and response in biology. It covers coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes the key parts of the human nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, and reflex arcs. It also discusses the endocrine system, listing the major endocrine glands and their functions. The document then covers coordination and response in plants through tropisms such as phototropism and geotropism, which are influenced by the plant hormone auxin.
Anatomy and the Physiology of the Nervous System (2).pptxImashaSJayathissa
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the main functions of the nervous system as sensation, integration, and response. It describes the two main cell types as neurons and neuroglia. It also compares the different structural and functional types of neurons, and describes the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The nervous system has two main divisions - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for most information processing. The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to other organs of the body and has sensory, motor, and complex nerves. The nervous system uses neurons and neurotransmitters to transmit signals as electrical or chemical impulses in order to coordinate bodily functions and responses.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human body systems. It describes the levels of organization from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It then provides details on the 11 organ systems in the body, including their structures and functions. It also discusses homeostasis and feedback inhibition in maintaining a stable internal environment. Finally, it explains the structure and function of the nervous system, including neurons, nerve impulses, and the central and peripheral divisions.
Control and coordination are essential in living organisms. The nervous system provides control and coordination in animals through receptors, nerves, and the brain and spinal cord. In plants, coordination occurs through growth-dependent and independent movements like tropisms and nastic movements in response to stimuli. Hormones play a key role in homeostasis, growth, and development in both animals and plants through feedback mechanisms.
The biological basis of behavior involves the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system working together to influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system and communicates via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to organs. Hormones released by glands throughout the body also influence behavior by communicating with target tissues. Understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology provides insight into how and why humans behave as they do.
The nervous system senses the environment using receptors and transmits signals between parts of the body via neurons. It interprets incoming information in the brain which can then direct various responses, such as muscle movement. Neurons transmit electrochemical impulses along their axons to dendrites of other neurons at junctions called synapses using neurotransmitters. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system connects it to the rest of the body. Reflex arcs allow for fast, involuntary responses without brain involvement. Diseases like multiple sclerosis and Isaac's syndrome can impair neural functioning.
The document discusses control and coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via sensory, relay, and motor neurons to effectors that coordinate responses. Key terms covered include neurone, synapse, reflex arc, and sense organs like the skin, tongue, nose, ears, and eyes. The roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in linking the nervous and endocrine systems are also summarized.
The document discusses coordination and response in biology. It covers coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes the key parts of the human nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, and reflex arcs. It also discusses the endocrine system, listing the major endocrine glands and their functions. The document then covers coordination and response in plants through tropisms such as phototropism and geotropism, which are influenced by the plant hormone auxin.
Anatomy and the Physiology of the Nervous System (2).pptxImashaSJayathissa
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the main functions of the nervous system as sensation, integration, and response. It describes the two main cell types as neurons and neuroglia. It also compares the different structural and functional types of neurons, and describes the central and peripheral nervous systems.
The nervous system has two main divisions - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for most information processing. The peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to other organs of the body and has sensory, motor, and complex nerves. The nervous system uses neurons and neurotransmitters to transmit signals as electrical or chemical impulses in order to coordinate bodily functions and responses.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human body systems. It describes the levels of organization from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It then provides details on the 11 organ systems in the body, including their structures and functions. It also discusses homeostasis and feedback inhibition in maintaining a stable internal environment. Finally, it explains the structure and function of the nervous system, including neurons, nerve impulses, and the central and peripheral divisions.
Control and coordination are essential in living organisms. The nervous system provides control and coordination in animals through receptors, nerves, and the brain and spinal cord. In plants, coordination occurs through growth-dependent and independent movements like tropisms and nastic movements in response to stimuli. Hormones play a key role in homeostasis, growth, and development in both animals and plants through feedback mechanisms.
The biological basis of behavior involves the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system working together to influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system and communicates via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to organs. Hormones released by glands throughout the body also influence behavior by communicating with target tissues. Understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology provides insight into how and why humans behave as they do.
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. It governs physiological functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The central nervous system is protected by membranes and cerebrospinal fluid, and processes sensory and motor information. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry electrical signals through the nervous system. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
The document discusses coordination and response in living organisms. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and transmitted via sensory neurons to the central nervous system for integration. The CNS then sends signals to effectors like muscles and glands via motor neurons to elicit a response. This ensures coordinated functioning of the organism as a whole. The nervous and endocrine systems facilitate coordination and response through electrical and chemical signaling respectively.
This document discusses biology concepts related to nerves, hormones, and the human body. It provides information on:
- How nerves and hormones convey messages between organs in the body. Nerves carry fast electrical impulses, while hormones are chemicals released by glands that travel through the bloodstream.
- Key differences between the nervous and endocrine systems. Nerves transmit signals between organs rapidly, while hormones affect target organs more slowly through the bloodstream.
- How receptors detect stimuli in the body and transmit signals along neurons to the brain or spinal cord. Effectors like muscles and glands then respond to these signals.
- Processes like vision, smell, taste, hearing and touch which involve receptors
Nervous system - Arun Kumar Beborta, Tutor, SON, Christian Hospital Mungeli ruhiarun
This presentation was prepared for the GNM 1st year students with objectives: they will be able to:
1. define nervous system
2. describe neurones
3. explain different parts of brain and their function
4. list down types of nerves and their functions
5. differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
The nervous system is organized into two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the command center that processes sensory input and directs motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and senses the external environment via sensory receptors. Communication between neurons is mediated by electrical and chemical signals. The nervous system works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis via reflexes and other rapid or slower responses.
The document discusses coordination between receptors and effectors in the body. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors, such as muscles and glands. There are two pathways for coordination - the nervous system, which uses nerves and electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones. The nervous system allows for very fast coordination, which is important for functions like hunting and avoiding predators. It then describes the basic anatomy and processes of the nervous system in more detail.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It functions to communicate and coordinate the body's activities, act as the site of reasoning in the brain, and adapt and respond to changes inside and outside the body. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three types: sensory, motor, and interneurons. Neurons connect via synapses and transmit electrochemical signals through the body. The signals allow for coordination of muscles, glands, and organs. Diseases and disorders can disrupt the nervous system's functioning.
The document summarizes key aspects of the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and coordinating motor responses through neuronal signaling. Within the nervous system, neurons communicate with each other via synapses to transmit electrochemical signals. Supporting glial cells aid neuronal function and regeneration.
The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses that the brain is composed of different parts that work together to control movements, thoughts, emotions and behaviors. It also notes that the brain receives support and protection from other body parts like blood vessels, the skull and membranes. The document then describes the main sections of the brain - the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain - and provides details on the roles and structures within each section. It also discusses neurons, neurotransmitters and how they facilitate communication within the brain and nervous system.
The nervous system controls and coordinates the activities of the body. It uses electrochemical signals in neurons and nerves to communicate between different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information and coordinate motor responses. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using sensory neurons that transmit information to the CNS and motor neurons that transmit responses from the CNS. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like digestion. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system and communicate via electrical impulses across synapses to coordinate the body's complex activities.
The document discusses the biological bases of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and brain. It describes how neurons communicate via action potentials, neurotransmitters, and synapses. It outlines the main parts and functions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. The document also discusses how the endocrine system and hormones influence behavior, and different methods used to study the brain like EEG, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It explains the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), how impulses are transmitted across synapses, and the functions of major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including processing sensory information and controlling movement. It also outlines how nerves, tracts and cranial nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and integrates sensory input. The PNS includes nerves and carries signals between the CNS and sensory receptors and muscles/glands. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals as electrical impulses. Glial cells provide support and insulation to neurons.
The nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It does this through communication between the brain and body via the central and peripheral nervous systems. The brain is made up of different sections that each perform specific tasks to regulate internal conditions. Within the nervous system, there are sensory neurons that receive information, interneurons that integrate and interpret signals, and motor neurons that activate responses in the body's effectors like muscles and glands. Together these neurons form reflex arcs that allow for rapid involuntary responses essential for homeostasis.
The document discusses the nervous system. It begins by outlining the four primary functions of the nervous system: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing a response. It then describes neurons and their parts including dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals. It explains the three main types of neurons and provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Key areas of the brain and their functions are identified. Finally, it discusses the autonomic nervous system and roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls and coordinates essential body functions through sensory input, integration of sensory information, and motor output responses. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into somatic, voluntary control, and autonomic, involuntary control systems. Within the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord contain specialized cell types like neurons that communicate via electrical and chemical signals to regulate all body processes.
The nervous system is composed of nerve cells and neurons that collect sensory information, integrate it, and coordinate responses. The basic functional unit is the neuron, which transmits electrochemical signals. There are three main types: sensory, motor, and interneurons. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The peripheral system connects the central system to the rest of the body. Sensory input is processed and motor responses are generated to coordinate organismal functions.
The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses that are carried by specialized cells called neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The peripheral nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions, and regulates both conscious and involuntary activities.
The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses that are carried by specialized cells called neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The peripheral nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions, and regulates both conscious and involuntary activities.
The nursing care plan addresses three issues for a patient: risk of infection due to their medical conditions including a history of renal transplant rejection and diabetes; fatigue related to chronic illness and dialysis treatments; and impaired coping ability due to their chronic illness, frequent hospitalizations, and lifestyle changes. For each issue, the plan identifies goals, interventions, and methods of monitoring and evaluation. The overall goal is to prevent infection, manage fatigue, and enhance the patient's ability to cope with their health challenges.
Types of disinfectants & disinfection and sterilizationDrSafwan1
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques used in healthcare facilities. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and pasteurization. It describes medical and surgical asepsis, and outlines techniques for each. It also discusses the Spaulding system for classifying patient care items based on infection risk and appropriate sterilization or disinfection levels needed. Methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals are covered, as well as various categories of disinfectants and their uses. Cleaning is distinguished as the removal of foreign materials prior to sterilization or disinfection.
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. It governs physiological functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The central nervous system is protected by membranes and cerebrospinal fluid, and processes sensory and motor information. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry electrical signals through the nervous system. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
The document discusses coordination and response in living organisms. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and transmitted via sensory neurons to the central nervous system for integration. The CNS then sends signals to effectors like muscles and glands via motor neurons to elicit a response. This ensures coordinated functioning of the organism as a whole. The nervous and endocrine systems facilitate coordination and response through electrical and chemical signaling respectively.
This document discusses biology concepts related to nerves, hormones, and the human body. It provides information on:
- How nerves and hormones convey messages between organs in the body. Nerves carry fast electrical impulses, while hormones are chemicals released by glands that travel through the bloodstream.
- Key differences between the nervous and endocrine systems. Nerves transmit signals between organs rapidly, while hormones affect target organs more slowly through the bloodstream.
- How receptors detect stimuli in the body and transmit signals along neurons to the brain or spinal cord. Effectors like muscles and glands then respond to these signals.
- Processes like vision, smell, taste, hearing and touch which involve receptors
Nervous system - Arun Kumar Beborta, Tutor, SON, Christian Hospital Mungeli ruhiarun
This presentation was prepared for the GNM 1st year students with objectives: they will be able to:
1. define nervous system
2. describe neurones
3. explain different parts of brain and their function
4. list down types of nerves and their functions
5. differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
The nervous system is organized into two main parts - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the command center that processes sensory input and directs motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and senses the external environment via sensory receptors. Communication between neurons is mediated by electrical and chemical signals. The nervous system works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis via reflexes and other rapid or slower responses.
The document discusses coordination between receptors and effectors in the body. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors, such as muscles and glands. There are two pathways for coordination - the nervous system, which uses nerves and electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones. The nervous system allows for very fast coordination, which is important for functions like hunting and avoiding predators. It then describes the basic anatomy and processes of the nervous system in more detail.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It functions to communicate and coordinate the body's activities, act as the site of reasoning in the brain, and adapt and respond to changes inside and outside the body. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three types: sensory, motor, and interneurons. Neurons connect via synapses and transmit electrochemical signals through the body. The signals allow for coordination of muscles, glands, and organs. Diseases and disorders can disrupt the nervous system's functioning.
The document summarizes key aspects of the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is responsible for integrating sensory information and coordinating motor responses through neuronal signaling. Within the nervous system, neurons communicate with each other via synapses to transmit electrochemical signals. Supporting glial cells aid neuronal function and regeneration.
The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses that the brain is composed of different parts that work together to control movements, thoughts, emotions and behaviors. It also notes that the brain receives support and protection from other body parts like blood vessels, the skull and membranes. The document then describes the main sections of the brain - the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain - and provides details on the roles and structures within each section. It also discusses neurons, neurotransmitters and how they facilitate communication within the brain and nervous system.
The nervous system controls and coordinates the activities of the body. It uses electrochemical signals in neurons and nerves to communicate between different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information and coordinate motor responses. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using sensory neurons that transmit information to the CNS and motor neurons that transmit responses from the CNS. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like digestion. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system and communicate via electrical impulses across synapses to coordinate the body's complex activities.
The document discusses the biological bases of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and brain. It describes how neurons communicate via action potentials, neurotransmitters, and synapses. It outlines the main parts and functions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. The document also discusses how the endocrine system and hormones influence behavior, and different methods used to study the brain like EEG, PET scans, MRI, and fMRI.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It explains the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), how impulses are transmitted across synapses, and the functions of major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including processing sensory information and controlling movement. It also outlines how nerves, tracts and cranial nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and integrates sensory input. The PNS includes nerves and carries signals between the CNS and sensory receptors and muscles/glands. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals as electrical impulses. Glial cells provide support and insulation to neurons.
The nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It does this through communication between the brain and body via the central and peripheral nervous systems. The brain is made up of different sections that each perform specific tasks to regulate internal conditions. Within the nervous system, there are sensory neurons that receive information, interneurons that integrate and interpret signals, and motor neurons that activate responses in the body's effectors like muscles and glands. Together these neurons form reflex arcs that allow for rapid involuntary responses essential for homeostasis.
The document discusses the nervous system. It begins by outlining the four primary functions of the nervous system: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing a response. It then describes neurons and their parts including dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals. It explains the three main types of neurons and provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Key areas of the brain and their functions are identified. Finally, it discusses the autonomic nervous system and roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls and coordinates essential body functions through sensory input, integration of sensory information, and motor output responses. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into somatic, voluntary control, and autonomic, involuntary control systems. Within the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord contain specialized cell types like neurons that communicate via electrical and chemical signals to regulate all body processes.
The nervous system is composed of nerve cells and neurons that collect sensory information, integrate it, and coordinate responses. The basic functional unit is the neuron, which transmits electrochemical signals. There are three main types: sensory, motor, and interneurons. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The peripheral system connects the central system to the rest of the body. Sensory input is processed and motor responses are generated to coordinate organismal functions.
The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses that are carried by specialized cells called neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The peripheral nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions, and regulates both conscious and involuntary activities.
The human nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses that are carried by specialized cells called neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS, motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. The peripheral nervous system is divided into sensory and motor divisions, and regulates both conscious and involuntary activities.
The nursing care plan addresses three issues for a patient: risk of infection due to their medical conditions including a history of renal transplant rejection and diabetes; fatigue related to chronic illness and dialysis treatments; and impaired coping ability due to their chronic illness, frequent hospitalizations, and lifestyle changes. For each issue, the plan identifies goals, interventions, and methods of monitoring and evaluation. The overall goal is to prevent infection, manage fatigue, and enhance the patient's ability to cope with their health challenges.
Types of disinfectants & disinfection and sterilizationDrSafwan1
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques used in healthcare facilities. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and pasteurization. It describes medical and surgical asepsis, and outlines techniques for each. It also discusses the Spaulding system for classifying patient care items based on infection risk and appropriate sterilization or disinfection levels needed. Methods of sterilization like heat, radiation, filtration and chemicals are covered, as well as various categories of disinfectants and their uses. Cleaning is distinguished as the removal of foreign materials prior to sterilization or disinfection.
1- Principles of the Infectious Diseases(1) (3).pptxDrSafwan1
This document defines key terms related to infectious diseases and their transmission and prevention. It begins by defining infectious diseases as disorders caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It then discusses various terms like infection, contamination, epidemics, pandemics, and modes of transmission. The second part covers principles of prevention and control, including primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. It also discusses measures that can be applied to the infectious agent, reservoirs, contacts, environment and hosts to interrupt disease transmission.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the integumentary system. It discusses the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin, how they provide protection and regulate temperature and moisture. It describes hair follicles, glands, nails and pigmentation. The document also addresses how skin responds to injury through regeneration and how it ages over time, with thinning and slower repair.
Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common reason for absenteeism worldwide and are usually viral. Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic and is commonly caused by the common cold. Viral rhinitis is a self-limiting infection caused by over 200 viruses including rhinovirus and influenza. It presents with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing. Acute sinusitis is a bacterial infection of the sinuses that can cause facial pain, nasal obstruction, and fever. It is usually treated with antibiotics, decongestants, and saline irrigation.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and risk factors for an upper gastrointestinal bleed in an HIV-positive patient. Key points include: (1) CMV, HSV, primary HIV ulcers, Kaposi's sarcoma, and lymphoma are more likely causes of ulcers or masses in the GI tract of an HIV+ patient; (2) The patient's CD4 count, esophageal ulcer, varices, gastric polyp, and bluish GEJ lesion suggest diagnoses of gastrointestinal CMV, esophageal varices related to cirrhosis, or Kaposi's sarcoma are most probable; (3) Co-infections like CMV are more common in HIV patients with low CD4 counts and can cause severe
This document provides an overview of acromegaly, a rare disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production in adults. It discusses that acromegaly is usually caused by non-cancerous pituitary tumors and results in enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and assessing for high IGF-1 and low growth hormone levels after suppression. Treatment aims to control tumor size and hormone levels and includes surgery to remove tumors, medication to block hormone production and action, and radiation therapy. The goals are to manage symptoms and risks like joint pain and heart disease.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that results in diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea or vomiting. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites infecting the stomach or intestines. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, and weakness. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and potentially stool testing. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Patient education emphasizes proper rehydration, feeding, and prevention of spread.
This document provides an overview of acne, including its causes, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It discusses the pathophysiology of acne and how hormones can contribute to its development during puberty. A variety of treatment approaches are described for mild, moderate, and severe acne, including topical retinoids, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, oral contraceptives, antibiotics, and isotretinoin for more severe cases. The document also reviews potential side effects of different acne medications.
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder where melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, are destroyed. This results in patches of unpigmented skin. It affects 1-2% of the population and has a genetic link. There is no single cure and treatments can be long and difficult, rarely resulting in 100% repigmentation. Vitiligo occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys melanocytes due to cellular proteins unique to melanocytes. Some potential causes include other autoimmune diseases and genetic factors. Treatments include corticosteroids, ultraviolet light, and skin grafting, but results are often incomplete with pigmentation returning only in some areas.
This document discusses viral gastroenteritis, also known as viral diarrhea. It is caused by several viruses that infect the epithelial cells of the small intestine including rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and sapoviruses. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of infantile diarrhea. The viruses cause destruction of intestinal cells leading to malabsorption of fluids and electrolytes and symptoms like watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While usually self-limiting, viral diarrhea can cause dehydration in infants and young children. Prevention focuses on handwashing and disinfection, and rotavirus vaccine provides protection against the most common cause.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. Do Now
• Put together the puzzle without
talking, making eye contact, or
using hand gestures.
• Did you find this difficult?
• What would make it easier?
• How does this relate to your
body?
3. Communication
• Nearly all multicellular
organisms have communication
systems.
• Specialized cells carry
messages from one cell to
another so that communication
among all body parts is smooth
and efficient.
4. Communicate to
maintain homeostasis
• There are two systems used for
communication in your body:
• The nervous system controls and
coordinates functions throughout
the body and responds to internal
and external stimuli with the use
of nerves
• The endocrine system performs a
similar function with the use of
hormones
5. 5
Nervous Response
• Stimulus: any change that results in
a change in the organism.
• temperature, light, pressure,
sound, smell, etc.
• Response: any action resulting from
a stimulus.
• contraction of muscle cells
• secretion by a gland
• stimulation of another nerve fiber.
6. Neurons
• Messages carried by the nervous system
are electrical signals = impulses
• Nerve cells that transmit impulses =
neurons
• Sensory neurons: carry impulses from sense
organs to the spinal cord and brain
• Motor neurons: carry impulses from the
brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
• Interneurons: connect sensory and motor
neurons and carry impulses between them
7. Parts of a Neuron
• Cell body = largest part containing
nucleus and cytoplasm (most
metabolic activity occur here)
• Dendrites = short, branched
extensions spreading out from the
cell body and they carry impulses
from the environment or other
neurons towards the cell body
• Axon = long fibers that carry
impulses away from the cell body
and ends at the axon terminal
9. Nerves
• Neurons bundle together to form nerves
• Some nerves may be only a few neurons,
and others may be hundreds or thousands
• The myelin sheath may insulate axons by
surrounding it
• There may be some gaps in the myelin
sheath called nodes
• Impulses jump from one node to the next,
increasing the speed impulses travel
10. Resting Nerve
• Nerve impulses are electrical
• The electric potential is created as
the result of a sodium - potassium
pump
• It uses ATP to pump sodium ions
(Na+) out and potassium ions (K+) in =
active transport
• This results in a negative charge
inside the cell membrane and positive
charge outside = resting potential
11. Nerve Impulse
• An impulse begins when a neuron is
stimulated by another neuron or by
the environment.
• An impulse causes positively
charged sodium ions to flow in
temporarily reversing the charge of
the cell membrane = action potential
• As the impulse passes, positively
charged potassium ions flow out and
the charges restore to the normal
resting potential
12. At the leading edge of the impulse, the
sodium gates open. The membrane becomes
more permeable to Na+ ions and an action
potential occurs.
As the action potential passes, potassium
gates open, allowing K+ ions to flow out.
The action potential continues to move along
the axon in the direction of the nerve impulse.
At rest.
Action Potential
Action Potential
Section 35-2
Figure 35-7 An Impulse
Action Potential
13. Synapse
• At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an
axon terminal where the impulse may be passed
along to another neuron or another cell
• The location where a neuron can transfer an
impulse to another cell = synapse
• The synapse is a small gap that separates the axon
terminal from the dendrites of the next neuron or
another cell
• The terminals contain tiny sacs or vesicles filled
with neurotransmitters = chemicals used by a
neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse
• The neurotransmitters stimulate the next neuron
• The impulse will continue with the stimulation
exceeds the cell’s threshold
15. Reaction activity
• Reaction time = the amount of
time required for an impulse
travel from your sensory
neurons to your motor neurons
16.
17. The Nervous System
• Neurons work together forming
the nervous system
• There are two major divisions of
the nervous system:
• Central nervous system (CNS)
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
18. Parts of the Nervous
system
• Central nervous system (CNS):
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Peripheral nervous system
(PNS):
• Sensory division
• Motor division
• Somatic nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system
19. Central Nervous System
• The CNS is the control center of
the body:
• Relays messages
• Processes information
• Analyzes information
20. Brain and Spinal cord
• Both are
• protected by bone
• wrapped in 3 layers of connective
tissue = meninges
• layers may have a space between
them filled with cerebrospinal fluid
which protects (shock absorber)
and exchanges nutrients and
waste
21. Brain
• About 100 billion neurons,
mainly interneurons
• Major parts of the brain:
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
23. Spinal Cord
• Links communication between the
brain and the rest of the body
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch
out from the spinal cord
connecting brain to body
• Reflexes = quick, automatic
responses to stimuli are
processed directly in the spinal
cord
25. Peripheral Nervous
System
• Consists of nerves and associated
cells that are not part of the brain or
spinal cord
• Receives information from the
environment and relays commands
from the CNS to organs and glands
• Divided into two parts:
• Sensory division: transmits impulses
from sense organs to the CNS
• Motor division: transmits impulses from
the CNS to the muscles or glands
PNS animation (Pain receptor) :
http://pennhealth.com/encyclopedia/em_Disp
layAnimation.aspx?gcid=000054&ptid=17
26. Somatic System
• Part of motor division that
regulates activities that are under
conscious control (movement of
skeletal muscles)
• Some reflexes too
27. What is a Reflex?
• A reflex is an involuntary behavior. Reflexes are
usually coordinated in the spinal cord not the brain.
• They are present from birth
• They are automatic
• They are meant to protect the body
• Examples:
• blinking (keeps your eyes hydrated)
• pulling your hand away when you touch
something hot.
• changing pupil size as you move from dark to
light.
28. Receptors & Effectors
• Receptor: a specialized
nervous tissue that is sensitive
to a specific stimulus.
• nerve cells in skin
• eyes
• ears
• taste buds
• Effectors: the part/s of the body
that respond
• muscles or glands
29. Reflex Arc
• The pathway that an impulse
travels:
• 1. from the sensory receptor
• 2. up the sensory neuron
• 3. over the synapse
• 4. to the spinal cord (interneuron)
• 5. over another synapse
• 6. back down the motor neuron
• 7. to the effector
Reflex arc animations:
1. http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/reflexarcs.html
2. http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0016-swf_reflex_arc.swf
30. Autonomic System
• Part of the motor division that
regulates activities that are
automatic or involuntary (heart beat
and smooth muscle in digestive
system and blood vessels)
• Two parts that have opposite effects
on the organs they control:
• Sympathetic (“gas pedal”)
• Parasympathetic (“brake”)
31. Concept Map
which consists of
is divided into
that make up
which is divided into
Section 35-3
The Nervous
System
Sensory
nerves
Motor
nerves
Autonomic
nervous system
Somatic nervous
system
Central nervous
system
Peripheral
nervous system
Sympathetic
nervous system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
32. Sensory Receptors
• Neurons that react directly to stimuli
from the environment and send
impulses to other neuron and CNS
• Light
• Sound
• Motion
• Chemicals
• Pressure
• Changes in temperature
33. Sense organs
• Sensory receptors are
concentrated in the sense
organs:
• Eyes
• Ears
• Nose
• Mouth
• Skin
34. Types of Sensory
receptors
• Sensory receptors within each organ
enable it to respond to particular
stimuli. The five general categories
of sensory receptors are:
• Pain receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Photoreceptors
37. Hearing and Balance
• Sound = vibration in
air detected by
mechanoreceptors
• Balance = As head
moves, fluid shifts and
hair cells bend and
send impulses to the
CNS to determine
body motion and
position
38. Smell
• Smell = ability to detect chemicals
detected by chemoreceptors in nasal
passageway and send impulses to
CNS through sensory nerves
39. Taste
• How food tastes is
strongly influenced by
smell
• Taste = ability to sense
chemicals by
chemoreceptors in taste
buds mostly on tongue
(sweet, sour, salty and
bitter – sensitivity is
different on different
parts of tongue)
40. Touch
• Skin = largest
sense organ
containing pain
receptors,
thermoreceptors,
and
mechanoreceptors
41. Senses activity
• Different parts of skin have
different sensitivity because
there’s a different numbers of
receptors at different locations
42. Problems
• Drugs = substance that changes the
structure or function of the body
• Drugs can interfere with the action of
neurotransmitters at the synapse, which
can disrupt the functioning of the nervous
system
43. Stimulants
• Increase the actions regulated
by the nervous system by
increasing the release of
neurotransmitters at synapses
(increase heart rate, blood
pressure, and breathing rate)
• Amphetamines
• Cocaine
• Nicotine
• Caffeine
44. Depressants
• Decrease the actions regulated
by the nervous system (lowering
heart rate, breathing rate, blood
pressure, relaxing muscles, and
relieving tension)
• Alcohol
• Tranquilizers
45. Alcohol
• One of the most dangerous and abused
depressant drug that slows down
functioning rate of CNS
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) = a group of
birth defects caused by the effects of
alcohol on the fetus (heart defects,
malformed faces, delayed growth, and poor
motor development
• Alcoholism = disease of people who have
become addicted to alcohol
• Causes damage to liver where alcohol is
broken down
46. Addictions
• Some drugs that act on neurons of the
pleasure centers of the brain can produce
an addiction = an uncontrollable craving
for more of the drug or dependence on a
drug
• Cocaine – causes sudden release of the
neurotransmitter dopamine
• Opiates – mimic natural endorphins to overcome
pain
• Marijuana – produces temporary feeling of
euphoria and disorientation
• Drug abuse = using any drug in a way that
most doctors couldn’t approve
47. Section 35-5
Commonly Abused Drugs
Used to increase alertness,
relieve fatigue
Used to relieve anxiety,
irritability, tension
Used to relieve pain
Stimulants
Depressants
Opiates
Amphetamines
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
Morphine
Codeine
Increase heart and respiratory rates;
elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils;
decrease appetite
Slow down the actions of the central
nervous system; small amounts cause
calmness and relaxation; larger
amounts cause slurred speech and
impaired judgement
Act as a depressant; cause
drowsiness, restlessness, nausea
Drug Type Medical Use Examples Effects on the body