In recent years, numerous studies have shown a growing concern about the effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle and hydrological extremes. In particular, statistical analyses on either long hydrological series or modelled data show conflicting trends in different areas of Europe. In addition, the absence of continuous observations and the significant alterations experienced by some watersheds makes difficult to quantify the effects of climate change. These critical issues are particularly felt in Southern Italy where hydrometric monitoring is often discontinuous, updated flow rating curves rarely exist, and territories underwent significant anthropogenic transformations. The present work aims to update flood time-series in Southern Italy, using direct and indirect measurements, over the period 1920-2021. The numerous missing data were reconstructed by means of specially defined flood rating curve or by using daily flow rates to derive equivalent flood flows through the empirical function by Fuller. The obtained series were, then, analysed using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test in order to detect possible trends. The results of the present study provide preliminary indications of flood trends over the last 50 years in Southern Italy by integrating an information gap regarding this phenomenon and its dynamics.
Climate Change Impact on Water & Water Use Sectors in Asian River Basinsipcc-media
- Dr. Sangam Shrestha of the Asian Institute of Technology presented research on climate change impacts on water resources and sectors in Asian river basins. The presentation included projections of increased future temperatures and precipitation changes for different periods and emissions scenarios.
- Projections indicated hydrological changes like increased low and high flows. Modeling also showed increased flood hazard areas and depths over time in the Mekong river basin under climate change.
- Additional modeling projected declining future groundwater levels in Bangkok from climate change, urbanization, and increased groundwater pumping over time under different scenarios.
The document summarizes several extreme hydrologic events that occurred in the Philippines from 1990 to 2009, including floods, landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It analyzes rainfall data and flood impacts for major events like the 2004 Central Luzon flood. It recommends developing an inundation model to better understand flooding in Central Luzon river basins and help with flood mitigation planning.
The document discusses research activities related to hydrology conducted by Prof. Salvatore Manfreda. It provides an overview of his educational background and experience, as well as projects he has led. It then summarizes some of his recent research interests, which include soil moisture modeling, river basin modeling, model calibration, flow rating curves, detection of flood prone areas, and river monitoring using unmanned aerial systems. It provides examples of some of this work, including the soil moisture analytical relationship model, modeling soil water dynamics at the basin scale, and the geomorphic flood index tool.
DSD-INT 2019 The FEWSPo system - actual state and new developments - TonelliDeltares
Presentation by Fabrizio Tonelli, Chiara Montecorboli, Selena Ziccardi, Marco Brian, ARPAE, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Thursday, 7 November 2019, Delft.
SIMILE (Informative System for the Integrated Monitoring of Insubric Lakes and their Ecosystems) is a project financed by the Interreg Italy-Switzerland 2014-2021 program. It involves partners from the scientific and technical sector (Politecnico di Milano – Lecco Campus; Fondazione Politecnico; Water Research Institute - National Research Council; SUPSI - University of Applied Sciences and Arts of; Southern Switzerland) and from the institutional sector (Lombardy Region; Ticino Canton) working in synergy. The main project goal is the protection of water quality for Lugano, Maggiore and Como lakes through a geoinformatic coordination of existing monitoring systems with new data collection methods. Images from European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinels will be integrated with high frequency sensors, placed on buoys and floating platforms, and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) produced with a Citizen Science approach. This virtual cycle is described in the presentation.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
DSD-INT 2018 Input bathymetry as a source of uncertainty of a coastal early w...Deltares
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of input bathymetry uncertainty on coastal early warning system forecasts in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The study found that uncertainty from bathymetry inputs, such as outdated beach profiles, can be comparable to meteorological uncertainties. An ensemble system using different beach profiles showed similar spread to an ensemble of meteorological conditions. This suggests bathymetry uncertainty is also important to represent. Improving surveys of winter and summer beach profiles could help make forecasts more accurate.
The document summarizes a public presentation on Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) and the Marikina River flood of September 26, 2009. It includes information on rainfall intensity and flood frequency statistics for the Marikina River Basin. It also discusses hydrologic modeling of the basin that was conducted, which estimated a peak flood discharge of 5770 cubic meters per second for the 2009 event, exceeding the previous 100-year flood level.
Climate Change Impact on Water & Water Use Sectors in Asian River Basinsipcc-media
- Dr. Sangam Shrestha of the Asian Institute of Technology presented research on climate change impacts on water resources and sectors in Asian river basins. The presentation included projections of increased future temperatures and precipitation changes for different periods and emissions scenarios.
- Projections indicated hydrological changes like increased low and high flows. Modeling also showed increased flood hazard areas and depths over time in the Mekong river basin under climate change.
- Additional modeling projected declining future groundwater levels in Bangkok from climate change, urbanization, and increased groundwater pumping over time under different scenarios.
The document summarizes several extreme hydrologic events that occurred in the Philippines from 1990 to 2009, including floods, landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It analyzes rainfall data and flood impacts for major events like the 2004 Central Luzon flood. It recommends developing an inundation model to better understand flooding in Central Luzon river basins and help with flood mitigation planning.
The document discusses research activities related to hydrology conducted by Prof. Salvatore Manfreda. It provides an overview of his educational background and experience, as well as projects he has led. It then summarizes some of his recent research interests, which include soil moisture modeling, river basin modeling, model calibration, flow rating curves, detection of flood prone areas, and river monitoring using unmanned aerial systems. It provides examples of some of this work, including the soil moisture analytical relationship model, modeling soil water dynamics at the basin scale, and the geomorphic flood index tool.
DSD-INT 2019 The FEWSPo system - actual state and new developments - TonelliDeltares
Presentation by Fabrizio Tonelli, Chiara Montecorboli, Selena Ziccardi, Marco Brian, ARPAE, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Thursday, 7 November 2019, Delft.
SIMILE (Informative System for the Integrated Monitoring of Insubric Lakes and their Ecosystems) is a project financed by the Interreg Italy-Switzerland 2014-2021 program. It involves partners from the scientific and technical sector (Politecnico di Milano – Lecco Campus; Fondazione Politecnico; Water Research Institute - National Research Council; SUPSI - University of Applied Sciences and Arts of; Southern Switzerland) and from the institutional sector (Lombardy Region; Ticino Canton) working in synergy. The main project goal is the protection of water quality for Lugano, Maggiore and Como lakes through a geoinformatic coordination of existing monitoring systems with new data collection methods. Images from European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinels will be integrated with high frequency sensors, placed on buoys and floating platforms, and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) produced with a Citizen Science approach. This virtual cycle is described in the presentation.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
DSD-INT 2018 Input bathymetry as a source of uncertainty of a coastal early w...Deltares
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of input bathymetry uncertainty on coastal early warning system forecasts in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The study found that uncertainty from bathymetry inputs, such as outdated beach profiles, can be comparable to meteorological uncertainties. An ensemble system using different beach profiles showed similar spread to an ensemble of meteorological conditions. This suggests bathymetry uncertainty is also important to represent. Improving surveys of winter and summer beach profiles could help make forecasts more accurate.
The document summarizes a public presentation on Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) and the Marikina River flood of September 26, 2009. It includes information on rainfall intensity and flood frequency statistics for the Marikina River Basin. It also discusses hydrologic modeling of the basin that was conducted, which estimated a peak flood discharge of 5770 cubic meters per second for the 2009 event, exceeding the previous 100-year flood level.
The document discusses the Global Water Resources and Drought Management Initiative (G-WADI) network. It provides background on G-WADI, including its establishment, objectives, and organizational structure. It then summarizes activities of the Southeastern European G-WADI region, including validation of satellite rainfall estimates, outcomes of the 2014 Belgrade meeting, and future plans for the region. Key points are strengthening regional capacity for water resource management in arid/semi-arid areas through information sharing, training, and collaboration between regional centers.
The document discusses the Veneto Region's Land Use Map project which involves creating and updating cartographic tools to support territorial planning by local authorities. It describes a 4-step process: 1) Producing a database of land coverage for urbanized areas using satellite imagery and ancillary data; 2) Implementing the database for non-urban areas with detailed classifications; 3) Producing historical land use maps; and 4) Updating the Veneto Land Cover Map using high resolution imagery. The land use map is then used to evaluate and manage flood risk in accordance with EU directives by analyzing hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Maps are produced for specific areas and statistics are compiled for local authorities.
This document describes a study that aims to determine the spatial distribution of 2009 rainfall in the Manawatu River Catchment (MRC) in New Zealand using accurate spatial estimation techniques. The study will explore rainfall data from 61 rain gauges in the region, apply several spatial estimation models, and evaluate the accuracy of the models based on their ability to maintain the distinct rainfall pattern observed in measurements. The research is limited to the 2009 data set and evaluation relies on the spatial extent of existing rain gauges. The goal is to identify the best technique for estimating rainfall distribution in mountainous, data-sparse regions like the MRC.
Hydro-structural analysis of Northern Termination of Maiellakaisar ahmat
This document summarizes a master's thesis on the hydro-structural analysis of the northern termination of the Maiella anticline in Abruzzo, Italy. The thesis uses modeling techniques to better understand the aquifer rock properties and subsurface fluid migration patterns in this important fractured carbonate aquifer system. The conceptual model includes different hydrogeological units. A numerical model was developed using FEFLOW software and calibrated based on observed spring discharge and hydraulic head data. The results from the initial model showed good agreement with observations. Including a normal fault at one spring location improved the model fit. Overall, the modeling approach was found suitable for simulating regional groundwater flow in carbonate aquifers.
The document discusses water resilience in urban areas of South Africa in the face of climate change. It presents a water resilience assessment framework that evaluates 5 components of urban water systems: 1) water resources, 2) water distribution, 3) water use, 4) water reuse, and 5) runoff and stormwater. For each component, the framework identifies key questions, resilience indicators, and potential measures to increase resilience based on a literature review. The document concludes that the framework provides a useful tool to assess urban water system resilience to climate change and support related decision making.
Generation of intensity_duration_frequency_curves_for manvi taluk raichur dis...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Manvi Taluk of Raichur District using four Rain gauge Station with rain gauge stations with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
This document is a reference manual for hydro-meteorology that describes a pilot study conducted to design rain gauge networks for two sub-basins in India. The study involved collecting monthly rainfall data from existing stations, validating the data, performing statistical analysis to group stations into homogeneous areas, and assessing the spatial correlation structure between stations to estimate errors in areal rainfall averages. The goal was to determine the optimal network needed to estimate monthly and annual areal rainfall within 10% on average for water resources planning and management.
This document provides details on a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in the Mahanadi river basin in Orissa, India. Statistical analysis was performed on monthly rainfall data from 66 stations over a 26-year period. The data was validated and stations with unreliable data were removed, leaving data from 26 stations for analysis. The stations were grouped into four climatically homogeneous areas. Basic statistics including monthly averages, annual averages, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each area. The analysis found the highest rainfall in areas nearest the coast during the mid-monsoon months of July and August. About 86-89% of the annual rainfall on average occurs during the monsoon season. The results of
This document is a reference manual on hydro-meteorology that describes a pilot study conducted to design rain gauge networks for two sub-basins in India. The study involved collecting 26 years of monthly rainfall data from existing stations, validating the data, performing statistical analysis on the data, and assessing spatial correlation between stations to determine optimal network design. Key steps included grouping stations into climatically homogeneous areas, computing basic statistics such as mean rainfall and variability for each area, and calculating spatial correlation coefficients between station pairs to establish relationships between correlation and distance between stations. The goal of the network design was to estimate mean areal rainfall with less than 10% error on average for each area on both monthly and annual timescales.
This document describes a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in India. Monthly rainfall data from 1966-1995 from existing rain gauge stations in the basins were collected and validated. Only 40% of the data from 66 stations was found to be reliable. The valid data was analyzed statistically to determine basic rainfall statistics and spatial correlation for each basin. The basins were divided into climatically homogeneous areas and the results were presented in tables and figures showing differences in rainfall amounts and variability between the areas. The analysis was intended to provide an example approach for network design studies.
The SELVA project aims to evaluate biomass availability and its environmental impacts in the province of Rieti, Italy. The project will (1) determine short and medium-term biomass availability, (2) develop a decision support system to locate small-scale biomass plants, and (3) analyze impacts on air quality from potential plants. A biomass plant will be installed in Leonessa and emissions will be monitored. The WebGIS platform and dissemination of results will aid policymakers in sustainable biomass development.
This document discusses a water resource management software called EnviroSuite. It allows users to access real-time and predictive environmental data from sensors across an entire catchment or country. The software helps identify issues like sources of pollution or leaks in water networks. It also provides 72-hour predictions to help utilities prepare for incidents in advance. The data and alerts can be accessed anytime, anywhere through a cloud-based platform.
This document discusses drought hazards and climate change impacts in Romania. It notes increasing temperatures, more hot days, and decreasing precipitation, especially in southern regions. This increases the probability of drought events. Climate models project increases in tropical nights and heat waves by 2021-2050.
The National Meteorological Administration's networks monitor these impacts. The agency is modernizing stations to automatically collect meteorological and soil moisture data. Projects also use remote sensing to estimate crop water use under climate change.
Climate scenarios indicate greater drought risk. The agency aims to improve monitoring and early warning systems to help address agricultural and economic vulnerabilities.
- The document discusses a study analyzing the effects of climate change on Italian agriculture from 2000-2010 at the regional level using a stochastic frontier approach.
- It finds that deviations from average rainfall levels have a small negative effect on agricultural production, while changes in minimum temperatures did not have a significant effect.
- The study suggests climate change could lead to inefficiencies in Italian agriculture due to Italy's location and dependence on crops sensitive to changes in climate conditions.
A case study: present and future analysis of water needs in Northen - Africa countries and technical feasibility of an atmospheric water harvesting technology.
Presented by Vladimir Smakhtin at the National Workshop on “Use of Space Based Information for Disaster Management” Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 17, 2014.
This presentation was edited adn addressed By Guillem Chust (Azti_Tecnalia) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
This document summarizes the current status of groundwater resources in Central Asia. It finds that groundwater is highly connected to surface water and irrigation in the region. Most groundwater recharge comes from irrigation water losses. There is widespread shallow groundwater in irrigated areas, increasing agricultural groundwater use. While this may increase productivity, it will not significantly increase total water available for agriculture. The document is based on studies by IWMI and national partners on groundwater in countries like Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. It acknowledges support from organizations like OPEC and UNESCO for funding and coordinating this research on transboundary water issues in Central Asia.
Extremes of the Extremes in rainfall driven floodspierluigi claps
The document discusses extreme rainfall events in Italy that caused flash flooding, referred to as "black swans." It summarizes several major events from the early 20th century to 2011 that caused many fatalities. Regional models estimate return periods of hundreds of years for the 2011 Liguria and Genoa events, but traditional methods have limitations due to varying station records. Estimating flood frequency at individual stations is complicated by infrequent observations. The document questions if such extremes are becoming more common and how to best inform flood design standards.
The document discusses the Global Water Resources and Drought Management Initiative (G-WADI) network. It provides background on G-WADI, including its establishment, objectives, and organizational structure. It then summarizes activities of the Southeastern European G-WADI region, including validation of satellite rainfall estimates, outcomes of the 2014 Belgrade meeting, and future plans for the region. Key points are strengthening regional capacity for water resource management in arid/semi-arid areas through information sharing, training, and collaboration between regional centers.
The document discusses the Veneto Region's Land Use Map project which involves creating and updating cartographic tools to support territorial planning by local authorities. It describes a 4-step process: 1) Producing a database of land coverage for urbanized areas using satellite imagery and ancillary data; 2) Implementing the database for non-urban areas with detailed classifications; 3) Producing historical land use maps; and 4) Updating the Veneto Land Cover Map using high resolution imagery. The land use map is then used to evaluate and manage flood risk in accordance with EU directives by analyzing hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Maps are produced for specific areas and statistics are compiled for local authorities.
This document describes a study that aims to determine the spatial distribution of 2009 rainfall in the Manawatu River Catchment (MRC) in New Zealand using accurate spatial estimation techniques. The study will explore rainfall data from 61 rain gauges in the region, apply several spatial estimation models, and evaluate the accuracy of the models based on their ability to maintain the distinct rainfall pattern observed in measurements. The research is limited to the 2009 data set and evaluation relies on the spatial extent of existing rain gauges. The goal is to identify the best technique for estimating rainfall distribution in mountainous, data-sparse regions like the MRC.
Hydro-structural analysis of Northern Termination of Maiellakaisar ahmat
This document summarizes a master's thesis on the hydro-structural analysis of the northern termination of the Maiella anticline in Abruzzo, Italy. The thesis uses modeling techniques to better understand the aquifer rock properties and subsurface fluid migration patterns in this important fractured carbonate aquifer system. The conceptual model includes different hydrogeological units. A numerical model was developed using FEFLOW software and calibrated based on observed spring discharge and hydraulic head data. The results from the initial model showed good agreement with observations. Including a normal fault at one spring location improved the model fit. Overall, the modeling approach was found suitable for simulating regional groundwater flow in carbonate aquifers.
The document discusses water resilience in urban areas of South Africa in the face of climate change. It presents a water resilience assessment framework that evaluates 5 components of urban water systems: 1) water resources, 2) water distribution, 3) water use, 4) water reuse, and 5) runoff and stormwater. For each component, the framework identifies key questions, resilience indicators, and potential measures to increase resilience based on a literature review. The document concludes that the framework provides a useful tool to assess urban water system resilience to climate change and support related decision making.
Generation of intensity_duration_frequency_curves_for manvi taluk raichur dis...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Manvi Taluk of Raichur District using four Rain gauge Station with rain gauge stations with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
This document is a reference manual for hydro-meteorology that describes a pilot study conducted to design rain gauge networks for two sub-basins in India. The study involved collecting monthly rainfall data from existing stations, validating the data, performing statistical analysis to group stations into homogeneous areas, and assessing the spatial correlation structure between stations to estimate errors in areal rainfall averages. The goal was to determine the optimal network needed to estimate monthly and annual areal rainfall within 10% on average for water resources planning and management.
This document provides details on a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in the Mahanadi river basin in Orissa, India. Statistical analysis was performed on monthly rainfall data from 66 stations over a 26-year period. The data was validated and stations with unreliable data were removed, leaving data from 26 stations for analysis. The stations were grouped into four climatically homogeneous areas. Basic statistics including monthly averages, annual averages, and coefficients of variation were calculated for each area. The analysis found the highest rainfall in areas nearest the coast during the mid-monsoon months of July and August. About 86-89% of the annual rainfall on average occurs during the monsoon season. The results of
This document is a reference manual on hydro-meteorology that describes a pilot study conducted to design rain gauge networks for two sub-basins in India. The study involved collecting 26 years of monthly rainfall data from existing stations, validating the data, performing statistical analysis on the data, and assessing spatial correlation between stations to determine optimal network design. Key steps included grouping stations into climatically homogeneous areas, computing basic statistics such as mean rainfall and variability for each area, and calculating spatial correlation coefficients between station pairs to establish relationships between correlation and distance between stations. The goal of the network design was to estimate mean areal rainfall with less than 10% error on average for each area on both monthly and annual timescales.
This document describes a pilot study conducted to design a rain gauge network for two sub-basins in India. Monthly rainfall data from 1966-1995 from existing rain gauge stations in the basins were collected and validated. Only 40% of the data from 66 stations was found to be reliable. The valid data was analyzed statistically to determine basic rainfall statistics and spatial correlation for each basin. The basins were divided into climatically homogeneous areas and the results were presented in tables and figures showing differences in rainfall amounts and variability between the areas. The analysis was intended to provide an example approach for network design studies.
The SELVA project aims to evaluate biomass availability and its environmental impacts in the province of Rieti, Italy. The project will (1) determine short and medium-term biomass availability, (2) develop a decision support system to locate small-scale biomass plants, and (3) analyze impacts on air quality from potential plants. A biomass plant will be installed in Leonessa and emissions will be monitored. The WebGIS platform and dissemination of results will aid policymakers in sustainable biomass development.
This document discusses a water resource management software called EnviroSuite. It allows users to access real-time and predictive environmental data from sensors across an entire catchment or country. The software helps identify issues like sources of pollution or leaks in water networks. It also provides 72-hour predictions to help utilities prepare for incidents in advance. The data and alerts can be accessed anytime, anywhere through a cloud-based platform.
This document discusses drought hazards and climate change impacts in Romania. It notes increasing temperatures, more hot days, and decreasing precipitation, especially in southern regions. This increases the probability of drought events. Climate models project increases in tropical nights and heat waves by 2021-2050.
The National Meteorological Administration's networks monitor these impacts. The agency is modernizing stations to automatically collect meteorological and soil moisture data. Projects also use remote sensing to estimate crop water use under climate change.
Climate scenarios indicate greater drought risk. The agency aims to improve monitoring and early warning systems to help address agricultural and economic vulnerabilities.
- The document discusses a study analyzing the effects of climate change on Italian agriculture from 2000-2010 at the regional level using a stochastic frontier approach.
- It finds that deviations from average rainfall levels have a small negative effect on agricultural production, while changes in minimum temperatures did not have a significant effect.
- The study suggests climate change could lead to inefficiencies in Italian agriculture due to Italy's location and dependence on crops sensitive to changes in climate conditions.
A case study: present and future analysis of water needs in Northen - Africa countries and technical feasibility of an atmospheric water harvesting technology.
Presented by Vladimir Smakhtin at the National Workshop on “Use of Space Based Information for Disaster Management” Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 17, 2014.
This presentation was edited adn addressed By Guillem Chust (Azti_Tecnalia) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
This document summarizes the current status of groundwater resources in Central Asia. It finds that groundwater is highly connected to surface water and irrigation in the region. Most groundwater recharge comes from irrigation water losses. There is widespread shallow groundwater in irrigated areas, increasing agricultural groundwater use. While this may increase productivity, it will not significantly increase total water available for agriculture. The document is based on studies by IWMI and national partners on groundwater in countries like Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. It acknowledges support from organizations like OPEC and UNESCO for funding and coordinating this research on transboundary water issues in Central Asia.
Extremes of the Extremes in rainfall driven floodspierluigi claps
The document discusses extreme rainfall events in Italy that caused flash flooding, referred to as "black swans." It summarizes several major events from the early 20th century to 2011 that caused many fatalities. Regional models estimate return periods of hundreds of years for the 2011 Liguria and Genoa events, but traditional methods have limitations due to varying station records. Estimating flood frequency at individual stations is complicated by infrequent observations. The document questions if such extremes are becoming more common and how to best inform flood design standards.
Similar to UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY (20)
TECNICHE DI RICOSTRUZIONE SPAZIALE DELLE SERIE DI PIOGGIA ESTREMA IN ITALIA M...Salvatore Manfreda
Nel presente lavoro sono state identificate le dinamiche delle precipitazioni estreme sub-giornaliere nell'Italia meridionale nel periodo 1970-2020 attraverso un database dei massimi annuali delle precipitazioni orarie (1, 3, 6, 12 e 24 ore).
Le attività di Ricerca sull’Impiego di Droni in AgricolturaSalvatore Manfreda
L’impiego di tecnologie avanzate, IOT ed i servizi innovativi guideranno la trasformazione digitale di numerosi settori a diversa vocazione primo tra tutti
l’Agricoltura. Questi i temi al centro del workshop organizzato dall’Associazione Italiana Droni insieme a Confindustria Servizi Innovativi e Tecnologici che avrà come obiettivo l’analisi del contributo delle tecnologie e dei servizi digitali come abilitatori di nuovi modelli di business, orientati all’utilizzo dei dati, alla collaborazione tra attori della filiera, all’attenzione e centralità del cliente finale.
Ref: https://rebrand.ly/UAS
1. The authors developed a Seeding Distribution Index (SDI) to quantify seeding characteristics on river surfaces that can improve the accuracy of image velocimetry techniques for measuring river flow velocities.
2. Applying the SDI, the authors analyzed video footage from different river field sites to identify the optimal frame windows for image analysis, finding error reductions of 20-39% compared to analyzing full video sequences.
3. The SDI-based method shows potential for improving image velocimetry performances in natural river settings where environmental conditions challenge flow measurements.
The document describes a study that used unmanned aerial system (UAS) thermal and RGB imagery to map soil moisture (SM) levels. Researchers took field observations of SM and then used a k-means algorithm to classify the land use, apparent thermal inertia (ATI) maps to estimate SM, and a green leaf index to identify vegetation. They generated SM maps from the UAS data and compared estimated SM values to observed field measurements, finding a high correlation between the two.
1. The document describes a study that used unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and remote sensing data to develop a two-step random forest regression model for downscaling soil moisture estimates from coarse to fine resolutions.
2. The model first downscaled soil moisture from 1km to 30m resolution using predictors like antecedent precipitation index, land surface temperature, NDVI, and DEM. It then further downscaled from 30m to 16cm resolution.
3. Validation showed the model accurately estimated soil moisture patterns and dynamics at the different scales. Maps of long-term average and time series soil moisture were produced at 30m and 16cm resolutions.
On the characterisation of open-flow seeding conditions for image velocimetry...Salvatore Manfreda
1. The document discusses characterizing seeding conditions for image velocimetry techniques used with unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for hydrological monitoring.
2. Field experiments were conducted using artificial tracers deployed via UAS in three rivers to quantify seeding characteristics. Metrics for seeding density, spatial distribution, and tracer size variation were statistically analyzed.
3. Results showed the seeding metrics had a significant impact on the accuracy of surface velocity estimates from particle tracking velocimetry and laser speckle pattern interferometry techniques, with density and distribution most influential. Proper seeding characterization could help optimize image analysis.
From Global satellite water cycle products to field scale satellite water statesSalvatore Manfreda
The document proposes downscaling global satellite soil moisture and evapotranspiration products to field scale using various methods. It involves (1) downscaling satellite data using in-situ observations, Sentinel data, and UAS data, (2) deriving root zone soil moisture from surface measurements using models, and (3) characterizing spatial distribution of soil moisture and evapotranspiration at multiple sites. Current progress includes field data collection, UAS surveys, and generating 1km soil moisture data using random forest regression.
An integrative information aqueduct to close the gaps between global satellit...Salvatore Manfreda
This document describes the iAqueduct project which aims to close gaps between global satellite observation of the water cycle and local sustainable water resource management. It involves 6 work packages: 1) downscaling global water cycle products to field scale; 2) retrieving soil properties; 3) developing scaling functions between soil moisture and evapotranspiration; 4) developing a generic iAqueduct toolbox; 5) demonstrating benefits of closing water cycle gaps; and 6) disseminating knowledge and tools for water management. The project will integrate various data sources, models, and methods to provide high-resolution water cycle information for improving hydrological modeling and water resource management.
The document describes the HARMONIOUS COST Action, which aims to promote the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for environmental monitoring. It discusses (1) using UAS to monitor variables like vegetation, soil moisture, and streamflow; (2) how UAS compare to satellite imagery; and (3) the COST Action which involves 36 countries and focuses on standardizing UAS procedures and transferring knowledge.
Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Hydrological MonitoringSalvatore Manfreda
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Current Practices in UAS-based Environmental MonitoringSalvatore Manfreda
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1. Italian Conference on Integrated River Basin Management (ICIRBM 2023) – 44th Edition
22-23 June 2023
UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY
Salvatore Manfreda1, Manuele Messina1, Angelo Avino1, Teresa Pizzolla2, Rocco Bonelli3, Luciana Giuzio3,
Vincenzo Totaro4, Vito Iacobellis4, Mauro Fiorentino2, Vera Corbelli3
1 Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Italia
2 Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo, Italia
3 Autorità di bacino distrettuale dell'Appennino Meridionale, 81100 Caserta, Italia
4 Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, 70125 Bari, Italia
2. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
2/19
Challenges of the Southern Italy in Water
Resources
• Climate change is altering hydrological forcings, affecting both water resource
availability and extreme events.
• Limited availability of continuous time-series and update flow rating curves.
• Existing infrastructure requires significant maintenance interventions are obsolete.
• Anthropogenic pressure and impermeabilization require specific attention for the
characterization of hydrological response at local scale.
1984 2022
3. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
3/19
“Global and Regional Increase of Precipitation Extremes
under Global Warming”
Papalexiou e Montanari, WRR, 2019
“Observed heavy precipitation increase
confirms theory and early models”
Fischer e Knutti, NCC, 2016
u Trends of increasing annual precipitation can be observed in
regions at mid to high latitudes, while a decrease in
precipitation is observed in the Mediterranean region at mid to
low latitudes.
u There has been a general increase in the frequency and
intensity of extreme precipitation events in recent decades.
The most rainy days are
becoming more frequent, at
the expense of days with
weak or no precipitation.
There is a trend of
increasing both the
intensity and frequency of
precipitation.
Framing the problem at the global scale
4. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
4/19
Mertz et al., (2021)
Trends in Flood
Observations
u Number of flood observation in
Southern Italy is a limiting factor
for this study.
5. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
5/19
Exceptional rainfall events in Southern Italy
Gargano, settembre 2014 (244mm in 24h)
Palermo, luglio 2020 (134mm in 2h)
Rossano Calabro, agosto 2015
(160mm in 4h, 408mm in 19h)
Matera, novembre 2019 (115mm in 9h)
Vibo Valentia, luglio 2006 (190mm in 2h)
Sarno, maggio 1998 (300mm in 72h)
Messina, ottobre 2009 (500mm in 24h)
Napoli Nord, ottobre 2018 (50mm in <1h)
Catania, ottobre 2021 (603mm in 72h)
Number of events observed suggests that
the frequency of extreme events triggered
by precipitation, such as landslides, river
and rainfall floods, has increased, leading
to problems for societies, natural
ecosystems, and productive activities.
6. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
6/19
Collection of hourly rainfall data in Southern
Italy for the period 1970-2020
7. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
7/19
Spatial representation of the detected trends using
the at-site Mann-Kendall (MK) test
Appennino Campano, area al confine
tra Molise, Campania e Puglia
Altopiano centrale del Molise e Parco
Regionale del Matese, al confine tra
Campania e Molise
Appennino Calabro, dall’altopiano della
Sila fino all’Aspromonte
Appennino Lucano, al confine tra
Basilicata e Campania
1h 6h
3h 12h 24h
8. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
8/19
Publication n. 17 Flood Peaks
Hydrological
Yearbooks (Part II)
Annual maximum values of the
average daily discharges, the
flow rating curves of the year
Civil Protection
water level measurements
from 1994 to 2021
Sources of Data
0
20
40
60
80
100
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Total
Number
of
Stations
year
Monitoring Network in Campania
Misure Idrometriche Misure di levello e di portata
Since 1994, monitoring activities
have been limited to only
measuring levels that are useful
for real-time alert purposes, but
less useful for long-term
forecasting purposes.
9. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
9/19
Only 42 of these 181 hydrometric stations are the same of the SIMN network. Moreover, only 81% of these
42 stations have flow measurements for less than 50 years between 1920 and 2021 (database
completeness: 36%).
For Puglia, flow data is available until 2021 and published in the Hydrological Yearbooks.
Monitoring network in Southern Italy
The current
hydrometric
monitoring network
consists of 181 stations
distributed as follows :
u Campania: 55
u Lazio: 17
u Abruzzo: 2
u Molise: 1
u Puglia: 40
u Basilicata: 27
u Calabria: 39
Station Data Availability
8 >50%
22 25% - 50%
12 <25%
Actual Network Network of the ex SIMN still working
10. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
10/19
Sezione descrittiva
Nome stazione
Volturno a Cancello
Arnone (P.Garibaldi)
Regione Campania
Bacino Volturno
Periodo con misure 1931-1970
Area permeabile (%) 53
Area - P17 [kmq] 5558
Deflussomed,anno [mm] 583
Afflussomed,anno [mm] 1173
Qmax [m3/s] 1760
Hmax [m] 7.4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1931
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
Portate
massime
[m
3
/s]
Anni R0
The available peak flow data for this station
only goes up until 1970.
Application on the Volturno at Cancello Arnone
11. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
11/19
Methods for estimating peak flow discharges.
𝑄!"# = 𝑄!$% # 1 + 2.66 # 𝐴&"'()*
+,..
(Fuller, 1914)
𝑄 = 𝑎 # 𝐻 − ℎ,
& (Herschy, 1985)
Method I
Method II
Fuller (1914)
Flood Rating Curve
Flood Rating Curve
Stable cross-section hypothesis: for high flow values, the floodplain
areas of the cross-section are also involved in the discharge, whose
geometry varies little over time (Claps et al., 2003).
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Discharge
[m
3
/s]
H [m]
Cancello Arnone on the Volturno River
Dati Storici
12. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
12/19
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Discharge
[m
3
/s]
H [m]
Flood Rating Curve - Volturno a Cancello Arnone
Dati Storici FRC Numerica FloodRating Curve
Method II
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.1 1 10
Portata
[m
3
/s]
Altezza idrica [m]
The parameters of the flood discharge rating curve were
obtained by interpolating between pairs of historical
values of peak flow and maximum water level.
Application on the Volturno at Cancello Arnone
The numerical discharge rating curves, obtained using HEC-RAS
software, show a consistent trend with the flood stage-
discharge relationships.
For high water level values, the annual discharge rating
curves are aligned.
13. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
13/19
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1931
1933
1935
1937
1939
1941
1943
1945
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Massimi
annuali
portate
al
colmo
di
iena
[m
3
/s]
Anni
R0 R1 R2
Annual peak flows collected in
Publications No. 17 and used to
build the Flood Rating Curve (R0)
Annual peak flows derived from the annual
maximum of daily mean flows (collected in
the Hydrological Annals), using the Method
I (R1)
Annual peak flows derived from the annual
maximum water levels (collected by the
Civil Protection Agency) using the Flood
Rating Curve (Method II) (R2)
Data Total number mean [m3/s]
Dev. Stnd.
[m3/s]
CV [-] Skewness [-]
R0 31 1115 283 0.25 0.517
R1 22 1082 373 0.34 0.267
R2 20 1050 525 0.50 0.080
Application on the Volturno at Cancello Arnone
15. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
15/19
Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests (in the two-
sample version) and the Mann-Kendall trend test
The two methodologies have
allowed for the reconstruction
of a total of 600 new peak
flow values, which are added
to the 597 available historical
measurements during the VAPI
era.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (H-
KS) was performed by comparing
the reconstructed data (R1 and
R2) and the original series (R0).
Additionally, the results of the
Mann-Kendall test (H-MK) and
the estimation of Sen's slope are
provided (applied to the
complete series).
*significance at 5%
Stazione Regione
Area
[kmq]
Num.
R0
Num.
R1
Num.
R2
TOT
Periodo di
Riferimento
H-KS (R0-R2)
(a = 5%)*
H-KS (R0-R1)
(a = 5%)*
H-MK
(a = 5%)*
Sen’s
Slope
Cancello Arnone Campania 5558 31 22 20 73 1925-2021 0 0 No trend -1.00
Ponte Annibale Campania 5442 43 0 20 63 1915-2021 0 - No trend 2.72
Amorosi Campania 2015 41 10 27 78 1931-2021 1 1 Si trend -3.45
Contursi Campania 329 32 14 27 73 1932-2021 0 1 No trend -0.89
Scafa di Persano Campania 2396 13 4 27 44 1929-2021 1 0 Si trend 14.07
Albanella Campania 3235 41 16 27 84 1929-2021 0 0 No trend 2.98
Montella Campania 123 45 14 24 83 1931-2021 1 0 Si trend -0.18
Apice Campania 533 38 0 27 65 1933-2021 1 - Si trend -3.02
Solopaca Campania 2966 15 8 27 50 1965-2021 1 0 Si trend -13.73
Casalvelino Campania 280 18 16 17 51 1961-2021 1 1 Si trend -5.19
Pago Veiano Campania 557 18 6 14 38 1958-2021 1 0 Si trend 7.38
Paduli Campania 675 16 0 27 43 1954-2021 0 - No trend 0.00
Sora Lazio 1272 41 10 26 77 1929-2021 0 0 No trend -0.51
Isola Liri Lazio 1410 25 0 18 43 1929-2021 1 - Si trend 28.84
Ceccano Lazio 923 19 0 27 46 1959-2021 1 - Si trend -10.21
P.te Sant'Ambrogio Lazio 3500 12 0 20 32 1929-2021 0 - No trend -4.37
S.S. 106 Basilicata 2743 19 15 22 56 1933-2021 0 - Si trend 18.02
Episcopia-Pizzutello Basilicata 233 27 21 20 68 1925-2021 1 - No trend -0.84
Piè di Borgo Calabria 279 24 2 6 32 1927-2020 0 - No trend -0.89
Razzona Calabria 116 50 6 6 62 1927-2020 0 - No trend 0.02
Camerata Calabria 303 29 1 6 36 1928-2020 1 - Si trend 1.80
16. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
16/19
Stazione Regione
Area
[kmq]
Num. R0
Periodo di
Riferimento
H-MK
(a = 5%)*
Sen’s
Slope
S.Samuele di Cafiero Puglia 2716 81 1929-2020 Si trend -6.00
Cairano Puglia 272 30 1963-1994 Si trend -5.95
P.te sotto Atella Puglia 158 71 1934-2020 No trend 0.29
Monteverde Puglia 1028 60 1956-2020 Si trend -7.07
Rocchetta S.Antonio Puglia 1120 22 1926-1952 No trend 18.40
P.te Vecchio Rapolla Puglia 124 56 1952-2020 No trend -0.20
P.te SS 168 Puglia 29.5 31 1973-2012 Si trend 0.44
P.te Ferroviario Puglia 201 35 1973-2020 No trend 0.27
P.te S.Angelo Puglia 261 34 1929-1971 No trend 0.52
Carapelle Puglia 720 36 1935-1980 No trend -2.29
P.te Vecchio Ordona Puglia 506 35 1986-2020 No trend 0.46
Incoronata Puglia 657 80 1928-2020 No trend -1.22
S.Vincenzo Puglia 86 36 1967-2012 No trend -0.49
P.te Foggia-S.Severo Puglia 256 62 1935-2015 Si trend -0.87
P.te Troia Lucera Puglia 94 56 1965-2020 Si trend -2.69
Casanova Puglia 43.1 50 1965-2020 Si trend -1.63
P.te Lucera-Motta Puglia 52.3 46 1965-2020 No trend -0.44
P.te Foggia -S.Severo Puglia 463 66 1933-2020 No trend 0.61
P.te Lucera-Torremaggiore (1) Puglia 54 33 1943-2020 No trend -0.87
P.te Lucera-Torremaggiore (2) Puglia 59 43 1948-2020 No trend 0.18
The results of the Mann-Kendall test (H-
MK) and the estimation of Sen's slope are
reported (applied to the complete series).
*significance at 5%
The Mann-Kendall trend test
17. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
17/19
Flood trends derived on the reconstructed data
Station Trend
6 Increaseing
24 No trend
12 Decrising
Station Region Area [kmq] Sen’s Slope
Scafa di Persano Campania 2396 14.07
Pago Veiano Campania 557 7.38
Isola Liri Lazio 1410 28.84
S.S. 106 Basilicata 2743 18.02
Camerata Calabria 303 1.8
P.te SS 168 Puglia 29.5 0.44
Station Region Area [kmq] Sen’s Slope
Amorosi Campania 2015 -3.45
Montella Campania 123 -0.18
Apice Campania 533 -3.02
Solopaca Campania 2966 -13.73
Casalvelino Campania 280 -5.19
Ceccano Lazio 923 -10.21
S.Samuele di Cafiero Puglia 2716 -6
Cairano Puglia 272 -5.95
Monteverde Puglia 1028 -7.07
P.te Foggia-S.Severo Puglia 256 -0.87
P.te Troia Lucera Puglia 94 -2.69
Casanova Puglia 43.1 -1.63
POSITIVE TREND
NEGATIVE TREND
18. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
18/19 u We tried to overcome a critical lack of flood observations over southern Italy.
u Two reconstruction methods have been used including the flood rating curves
(FRC), which can serve as a crucial resource for Civil Protection agencies.
u The new dataset, composed by three groups of data (R0, R1, R2), allowed to update
flood statistics.
u There is a considerable heterogeneity in the dynamics of floods, with a noteworthy
number of stations exhibiting negative trends.
u It is important to note that a negative trend does not necessarily indicate a
reduction of hazards. Recent time-series also exhibit greater variability compared
to the past, which could potentially impact flood severity. Thus, it is essential to
consider the potential implications of increased variability alongside the observed
negative trends.
Conclusions
19. UPDATING FLOOD ANNUAL MAXIMA IN SOUTHERN ITALY – Manfreda et al. (2023)
19/19 Thanks…
Fontana del Sebeto di via Caracciolo