ALL ABOUT ESSENTIAL OILS AND THEIR BENEFITS

1. ALL ABOUT ESSENTIAL OIL

2. Volatile Oils
• Essential oils
• volatilize and distilled in steam
• chemically and physically different from fixed
oils
– not glyceryl esters of fatty acids
– do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper
– not saponified with alkali
– not become rancid but on exposure to air and light
becomes oxidized and resinify
• frequently associated with other substances like
gums, resins

3. Volatile Oils
• they are secreted by oil glands, oil cells, secretory
ducts, glandular hairs, modified parenchyma
cells, oil tubes (vittae), lysigenous or
schizogenous passages
• Use: therapeutically - administered by inhalation
(eucalyptus oil), orally (peppermint oil), gargle
and mouthwash (thymol oil), transdermal
(lavender, rosemary, bergamot - aromatherapy)
• with phenol content - antiseptic, carminative
(clove, thyme) antispasmodic
• anti-bacterial, food preservative

4. Volatile Oils
• generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and
oxygenated compounds derived from
hydrocarbons
• the odor and taste is mainly determined by the
oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in
water but more soluble in alcohol
• many of them are terpenoids in origin with some
containing aromatic derivatives

5. Volatile Oils
• Evaluation
– preliminary examination: odor and taste
• taste, if diluted with a sugar solution in ethanol as
prescribed by BP)
– Physical measurements: optical rotation, relative
density, refractive index
– to determine individual proportions of components -
Gas Chromatography
– volatile oil content in crude drugs - determined by
distillation (clavenger method)

6. Volatile Oils
• Methods of obtaining volatile oils
1. Direct steam distillation
- disadv: hydrolysis of certain components
decomposition at high temperatures
2. Expression - those that cannot be distilled due to
decomposition
a. ecuelle method
b. sponge method
3. Enfleurage - fat absorbs oil
4. Extraction - solvent systems and distilled at 50oC
5. Rectification - second distillation in steam and
frees oil from resin and other impurities

7. Volatile Oils
• volatile oils’ chemical constituents are divided
into 2 classes based on their biosynthetic
origin:
– 1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acid
pathway
– 2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenyl
propanoid pathway
• many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids
and others phenylterpenoids
• constituents are responsible for their
characteristic odor, taste, flavor and therapeutic
properties

9. Oil of Turpentine
Synonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of
turpentine
Origin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the
oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)
Constituents: terpene ((+), (-)α,(-) β – pinene,
camphene)
Use: externally – counterirritant, rubefacient
- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticide
Note: - rarely given internally
- for inhalation – terebene is preferred (terebene is
prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric
acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene
(±limonene)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons

10. Canada turpentine
Synonym: Canada balsam
Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies
balsamea (Pinaceae)
Constituent: contains 23 – 24% volatile oil
Use: use as microscopic mount
Note:
Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large
cavities

11. Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oil
Origin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus
mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae)
Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-
camphene, β – pinene, dipentene, borneol,
cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate
Use:
- decongestant inhalant
- prep. of compound thymol glycerin
- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder

12. Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation
of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras
(Cupressaceae)
Constituent: sesquiterpene – cadinene
- phenolic compounds – guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol
and cresol
Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)

13. Cubeb NF X (1955)
Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubeba
Origin: dreid nearly full – grown but unripe fruit of
Piper cubeba (Piperaceae)
Constituents:
- 20 – 28% volatile oil containing terpenes and
sesquiterpenes
- cubebin – inodorous crystalline substance
- cubebic acid – white amorphous substance
- Amorphous resin
Use: stimulant, carminative, condiment

14. Pepper NF V (1926)
Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, Paminta
Origin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum
(Piperaceae)
Constituents:
- terpene – limonene, sabinene, camphene, β –
bisabolene, β – caryophylene, β – pinene,
thujone
- alkaloids – piperine and piperitine (pungency)
Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea and
chronic bronchitis
- condiment

15. Pepper
Note:
- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretion
of saliva and gastric mucosa
- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during
smoking
white pepper – removal of the outer part of the pericarp

16. Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)
Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile,
lupulin (drug), common hops
Origin: glandular hairs separated from the
strobile of Humulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae
Constituents:
- humulene – α – acids (phlorogluctinol
derivative)
- lupulone – β - acid
- 2 – methyl – 3 – butene – 2 ol (sedative –
hypnotic property

17. Lupulin
Use:
- bitter tonic, mild anti – bacterial (gm +)
- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension
etc.)
- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid
- Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNS – sedation; Resp. – bronchial irritation;
Skin – contact dermatitis
Interactions: CNS depressants – additive
Phenothiazine – type antipsychotic - additive

18. Peppermint NF18(1995)
Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa
Origin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves,
partially or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethyl
sulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene,
terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone
- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odor
Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,
stimulant, counterirritant
- commercial importance, flavor for
confectionery(chewing gum)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol

19. Peppermint
– Antibacterial, antiviral
– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulence
Interactions: Cal. Blockers -  effect
• Adverse:
– gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder
inflammation, severe liver damage
– Face and nostrils of infants and children
Note:
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var.
piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor
compared to peppermint oil

20. Peppermint
Menthol
- used as topical antipruritic in burns and
sunburn preparations
- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant
- internally, depressant effect to the heart

21. Cardamon NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria
cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)
- dried ripe seeds recently removed from the
capsules of Elettaria cardamomum
(Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:
- volatile oil – linalol and terpenes
- cineol ,  - terponyl acetate
Use:
- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of
liqueurs
- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon
- anti- viral

22. Sage
Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow
sage
Origin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis
(Lamiaceae)
Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,
diterpenes, camphor
Use: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and
astringent)
- topical – itching – insect bite, herpes lesions,
shingles, psoriasis
- vaginal douche – yeast infection
- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color

23. Sage
– Has cholinergic activity – treatment of
Alzheimer’s disease
– Mild antioxidant property
• Adverse: seizure
• Interaction: disufiram
– Those with epileptic history

24. Savin
Synonym: Savin Tops, Horse Savin Tops
Origin: young shoots of Juniperus sabina
(Cupressaceae)
Constituent:
- terpene alcohol – sabinol
- podophyllotoxin, coumarin, savinin
Use: powerful irritant both internally and externally

25. Sandalwood Oil NF 7 (1942)
Synonym: white sandalwood
Origin: heartwood of Santalinum album
(Santalaceae)
Constituent:
- sesquiterpene – α, β – santalol
Use:
- mainly used in perfumery
- urinary antiseptic, stimulant, treatment of
bronchitis
Note: chemoprotective action on liver carcinogenesis
(mice)

26. Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Synonym: Horse savin berries, juniper berries
Origin: dried ripe fruits of Juniperus communis
(Cupressaceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains α - pinene,
camphene, sesquiterpene – cadinene,
terpin –4-ol
Uses: diuretic, atiseptic, UTI, kidney stones
- falvoring agent – gin, bitters, liqueurs
Note:
prolonged use of commercial oil causes kidney damage due
to high terpene and low proportion of terpin - 4-ol

27. Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Adverse: kidney failure
Interactions:
Antidiabetics – potentiation
antihypertensives – interfere with blood pressure
diuretics – potentiation – hypokalemia
ginseng, fenugreek – additive
Cucumber, dandelion, horsetail - additive

28. Coriander oil NF 11(1960)
Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de Cilantro,
Chinese parsley
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum
sativum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains (+) linalool (coriandrol),
small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene, limonene,
p-cymene
Use:
spice, flavoring agent, carminative, enhance
appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrhea
treatment of cough, chest pain, fever and measles

29. Coriander oil
- aromatherapy – soothing effect, improve blood
circulation
Note:
unripe fruit has a mousy odor
Adverse: anaphylactic reactions
Interactions: sun exposure - risk of photosensitivity

30. Otto of Rose NF 8 (1947)
Synonym: Rose oil Attar of Rose, Oleum Rosae
Origin: dried fresh flowers of Rosa gallica, R.
damascens, R. centifolia (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, (-) citronellol,
nerol, 2-phenylethanol
Use:
perfume
Note: oil id semi – solid, liquid portion - alcohols

31. Geranium
Synonym: Malvarosa
Origin: the whole plant except the roots of
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol,
limonene
Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, styptic
flavoring agent
Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)
- citronella oil
- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of Cymbopogon
winterianus, C. nardus (Poaceae)
- citronellol, geraniol
- perfume, insect repellant

32. Lavender Oil NF XVI (1985)
Synonym: Lavanda, Espliego , Foreign oil
Origin: fresh flowering tops Lavandula officinalis,
L. augustifolia (Lamiaceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains linalyl acetate,
linalool, cineol, terpin-4-ol
Use: perfume, toiletry (to mask disagreeable odor)
- pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod prep.
(Gamma Benzene Hexachloride)
- treatment of flatulent dyspepsia
- topically - rheumatic pain
- aromatherapy
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester

33. Lavender
oil exert sedative effect orally, topically and inhaled
doses (non-toxic – up to 5g/kg)
Adverse – respiratory depression
Interaction: CNS depressants – potentiate
alcohol - potentiate
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester

34. Rosemary
Synonym: Hoja de Romero, Romero, compass
plant, polar plant
Origin: Flowering tops of leafy twigs of
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)
Constituents: fresh sample, the volatile oil contains
cineole, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, linalol
- leaves contain triterpene alcohols (α, β -
amyrin), rosmarinic acid, diosmin
Use: perfumery, component of soap liniment
- aromatherapy
- insect repellant
Rosemary Oil – NF XII (1985)

35. Rosemary
Note:
oil is adulterated with Spanish eucalyptus oil, camphor oil,
turpentine fractions
Adverse: seizures at high doses
Interactions: sunlight – topical cream

36. Valerian
Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal Root
Origin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana
officinalis (Valerianaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl
isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid,
acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate
valeric acid
- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate
Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous
disorders, perfume
Allied drugs:
1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii
2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia

37. Valerian
Interactions:
barbiturates, benzodiazepine – additive
hops, kava, passion flower - potentiate
Oleum Valerianae USP VI (1882)

38. Gaultheria
Synonym: Wintergreen, Boxberry, Teaberry
Origin: dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens
(Ericaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains methyl salicylate
Use: diuretic, astringent, stimulant, rheumatoid
arthritis
- used in diarrhea
Note:
- methyl salicylate can be obtained from Betula lenta
(Betulaceae)
- enzymatic hydrolysis of gaultherin – methyl salicylate

39. Gaultheria
Methyl salicylate NF 18 (1995)
Adverse: pulmonary edema and collapse, renal failure,
liver failure, metabolic acidosis
Intrerations:
Anticoagulants, antiplatelets - bleeding
Antidiabetics, salicylates - hypoglycemic

40. Bergamot
Synonym:
Origin: rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantium
var. bergania (Rutaceae)
Constituent: linalyl acetate, linalol
Use: used aromatically for stress related conditions
- anti-depressant, antiseptic
- combined with eucalyptus and carrier oil to
relieve symptoms of shingles and cold sores
- suppresses irritation caused by chicken pox
Note:
- oil is phototoxic
Bergamot oil NF XI (1960)

41. Cinnamon NF XVI(1985)
Synonym: Corteza de Canela
Origin: dried bark of the stem and branches of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C.
cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C.
Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene,
p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and
mannitol
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic,
antiseptic, powerful germicide against
Aspergillus
Cassia oil – NF 14(1985)
Ceylon oil – NF 11 (1960)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Aldehyde

42. Sweet Orange USP 15(1955)
Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de Valencia
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially
colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var.
sinensis (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal
Use: flavoring agent, carminative
Caution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor
Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially
expanded flower

43. Bitter Orange
Synonym: Neroli Oil
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored
ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara
(Rutaceae)
Constituents:
flavone glycosides – naringin, neohesperidin
Vol oil – limonene, jasmone, linalyl acetate,
geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate
Uses:
Stimulate appetite and digestion,
relieve flatulence, Antifungal, gargle

44. Lemon Peel
Synonym: limon
Origin: yellow outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of
Citrus limon (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
terpene (limonene), aldehyde (citral, citronellal)
Coumarins, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin)
Use: flavor, stimulant, stomachic, perfume
Note: oil is prepared from hand method, machine or
distilled
adulterant: oil of turpentine

45. Lemongrass BPC 1968
Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrass
Origin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus
(Poaceae)
Constituents:
citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniol
cymbopogol
Use:
flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of
nervous and GI disorders
Mosquito repellant, mask fishy odor
Food additive

46. Bitter Almond oil NF X (1955)
Origin: dried ripe kernel (deprived of fixed oil) of
Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
benzaldehyde, HCN
Use:
sedative, cough remedies
- not taken internally
Bitter Oil is intended for medicinal use and neither
it or its solution be used or sold as flavoring agent

47. Spearmint NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel
Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha
spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene
Use:
carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective,
flavoring agent
Note: oil formation depends on age, time of
collection, chemical varieties or hybridization
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ketone

48. Caraway NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Alcarahueya, Karawya, Carum
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Carum carvi
(Apiaceae)
Constituents:
(+) carvone, terpene (d-limonene or carvene)
dihydrocarvone, carveol, deihydrocarveol
Use:
culinary purpose, flavor, carminative, weak
antispasmodic
promote lactation, stimulate appetite

49. Dill
Synonym:dill herb, dill weed
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Anethum
graveolens (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
carvone, limonene
Use:
carminative, flavor, used in infant’s gripe water
antispasmodic, bacteriostatic
- avoid sun exposure

50. Buchu NF X (1955)
Synonym: Bucco, Bucha
Origin: dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B.
crenulata, B. serratifolia (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains pulegone, limonene,
menthone, diosmin
in distilled oil - diosphenol (buchu camphor)
formed at room temperature
Use:
diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, cystitis
Adverse: stomach, bowel and kidney irritation
Interaction: anticoagulants - enhanced

51. Absinthium NF 4 (1916)
Synonym: green ginger, absinthe, Wormwood
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia
absinthium (Asteraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains thujone anf flavones
bitter principles: absinthine, artabsin (lactone
sesquiterpene)
artabsinolide A,B,C
Use: promote appetite, strengthening effect in the
treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of
roundworms

52. Lovage
Synonym: lavose, maggi plant, sea parsley
Origin: dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum
officinale (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, Ligusticum lactone,
ligustilide, 3-butylphthalide
Use:
herbal remedy, antimicrobial, treatment of
dyspepsia, cystitis, mouthwash (tonsilitis)
stimulates salivation and gastric secretion
diuretic (pedal edema)
Interaction: anticoagulants, warfarin – potentiate
sunlight

53. Matricaria
Synonym: Flor de Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon,
German or Hungarian Chamomile
Origin: dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita
(Asteraceae)
Constituents:
contains a blue volatile oil mainly of
sesquiterpenes α - bisabolol, chamazulene and
farnesene
Use:
anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic property, ulcer -
protective property
Tea – sedation and relaxation
Interaction: warfarin

54. Matricaria
Allied drug:
Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthenum
parthenium or feverfew USP 7 !894)
- also known as bachelor’s button
- parthenolide (germacronolide)
- inhibits protaglandin synthesis, platelet
aggregation, release of serotonin from
platelets etc.

55. Thyme NFX (1955)
Synonym: Common or Garden Thyme, Tremocillo
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus
vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid
Uses:
antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, spasmolytic,
condiment, antibacterial
Oil – NF 12(1965)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenol

56. Clove NF 11 (1960)
Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo aromatico,
Clavillo
Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium
aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with
acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β - caryo -
phyllene), eugenyl acetate
Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and
antiseptic
dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and - )

57. Clove NF 11 (1960)
• store in well – filled, air – tight container
protected from light and heat
Adverse: liver failure, pulmonary toxicity
Interactions: inhibit platelet aggregation

58. Myrcia Oil NF 11 (1060)
Synonym: Bay Oil
Origin: leaves of Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol
Use:
perfume, Constituent of Cpd. Myrcia Spirit (Bay
Rum), pharmaceutical necessity

59. Ajowan
Synonym: Carum capticum
Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi
(Apiaceae)
Constituent: Thymol
Uses:
carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest
infections, epilepsy, hypotensive

60. Allspice NF V (1926)
Synonym: pimiento, Jamaican pepper, clove pepper
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta dioica /
officinalis (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, leviphellandrene
Use:
condiment (enhance the taste of food)
dental analgesic, aid in indigestion
massage oil (aromatherapy)
analgesic – arthritis, muscle spasm

61. Anise
Synonym: Aniseed, Matalahuga
Origin: dried ripe fruits (cremocarp) of Pimpinella
anisum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, chavicol, methyl
ether
Use: flavor, aromatic stimulant, carminative,
treatment of coughs and colds
Note: allied drug - Star Anise
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenolic Ether

62. Star Anise
A) Chinese Star- anise
- Sanke’
- dried fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaceae -
Illiciaceae)
- fruit has 8 follicles
- constituent: anethole
- use: flavoring agent, carminative

63. Star Anise
b) Japanese Star - anise
- Shikimmi
- dried fruit of Illicium religiosum
(Magnoliaceae)
- 2 follicles are smaller like a beak
- anthole, skimmin, skimmic acid
- no use due to its toxicity

64. Fennel
Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, Anis
Origin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
var. dulce (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, fenchone
Use:
aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgatives
Adulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no
anethole but with fenchone and phellandrene

65. Cajeput
Origin: fresh leaves of Melaleuca leucodendron
(Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
cineole, terpineol, terpineol acetate
Use:
used internally and externally as a stimulant
treatment of several parasitic conditions

66. Camphor
Synonym: Natural camphor
Origin: wood of Cinnamomum camphora
(Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains camphor, safrole, borneol,
heliotropic
Use:
externally as a rubefacient
internally - mild antiseptic and carminative
formerly used in the manufacture of celluloid

67. Camphor
Synthetic camphor - American turpentine
Allied drugs:
1. Borneo camphor - Drybalanops aromatico
(Dipterocarpaceae)
2. Ngai camphor - Blumea balsamifera
(Asteraceae)
3. Artemisia - levorotaory camphor

68. Parsley
Synonym: garden parsley, persely
Origin: the whole plant of Petroselinum sativum
(Apiaceae)
Constituents:
apiole (dimethylsafrole), apigenin (flavonol
glycoside)
Use:
condiment
treatment of indigestion, flatulence and dyspepsia

69. Nutmeg
Synonym: Myristica, Nuez de Banda
Origin: dried kernel of Myristica fragrans
(Myristicaceae) deprived of its seed coat and
arillode and with or without thin coating of
lime.
Consituents:
volatile oil contains myristicin, elemicin, safrole,
eugenol, d-camphene, dipentene
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, condiment
Indian medicine, used in the treatment of infantile
diarrhea

70. Nutmeg
Mace (Banda mace)
- dried arillus or arillode of Myristica fragrans
(Myristicaceae)
- contains volatile oil similar to nutmeg and
phenolic compounds - dihydrodiisoeugenol and
5’ - methoxydehydrodiisoeugenol
- significant antibacterial property
Note: Nutmeg is known for its psychoactive and
hallucinogenic properties

71. Sassafras
Synonym: Agûe Tree
Origin: dried bark of the roots of Sassfras albidum
or variifolium (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
safrole, tannic acid --- sassafrid red, terpenes
Use:
carminative, aromatic, stimulant, flavor,
corrective

72. Chenopodium
Synonym: American Wormseed. Alpaseotes
Origin: dried fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides
var. anthelmintica (Chenopodiaceae)
Constituents:
ascaridole, unsaturated terpene peroxide
Use:
anthelmintic (roundworms, hookworms and
intestinal ameobae)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Oxide/ Peroxide

73. Eucalyptus
Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever
Tree
Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of Eucalyptus
globulus (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene
Use:
alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections,
treat coughs and decongestant
internally and externally - expectorant
externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism

74. Tea - Tree Oil
Synonym: paperbark tree
Origin: dried leaves and terminal branches of
Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Constituents
cineole and terpin - 4 -ol
Use:
antiseptic (skin diseases), anti-fungal

75. THANK YOU
VISHNU MOHAN M
9995638126