This document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems. It aims to help the reader understand the main components of a CNC system including point-to-point positioning and contouring systems. It also aims to teach how to write simple CNC milling programs. CNC systems use onboard computers to control machines from pre-programmed part programs, allowing remote programming and modifications to be easily made. The availability of low-cost programmable controllers has enabled the widespread adoption of CNC in manufacturing.
The document provides an introduction to gears and gearing. It defines the objectives as understanding the concept of gears, their types and functions in engineering, and being able to sketch and label gear parts and understand spur gear measurement. The document then describes various types of gears including spur gears, internal gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, bevel gears, miter gears, angular bevel gears, hypoid gears, worm and worm gears, rack and pinion gears. It also defines various gear terminology and describes measuring and testing gears using a gear-tooth vernier caliper.
This document discusses gear manufacturing methods. It begins by outlining the general and specific objectives of understanding gear manufacturing technology. The document then discusses various methods for making gears, including casting, forging, and machining. The two main gear machining methods covered are form cutting and generating. Form cutting involves using a cutter shaped like the space between gear teeth. Generating involves rotating a cutter or gear blank against a stationary cutter to generate gear teeth.
This document provides an overview of surface texture, including definitions of key terms like roughness, waviness, and lay. It discusses the importance of standard surface finish symbols and specifications in manufacturing. Specific objectives covered include identifying surface finish symbols, defining terms like roughness height and waviness width, and calculating different metrics of surface roughness including Ra, Rq, and Rt. Methods of measuring surface texture in both inches and metric units are also presented.
This document provides information on measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, mean diameter, and thread form. It defines each element and describes methods for measuring them using tools like micrometers, wires, and optical comparators. The document focuses on measuring ISO metric, unified, and Whitworth screw threads specifically. It provides formulas for calculating mean diameter and pitch diameter based on measurements taken using a 3-wire method.
This document discusses power press machines and their use in cold metal working. It introduces the objectives of understanding the types and functions of presses and press tools, being able to sketch their parts, and elaborating on methods of cold working sheet metal through shearing, bending, and drawing. It then provides background on how metal forming can be more economical than metal cutting for large production quantities due to lower variable costs, despite higher fixed costs for dies. The document focuses on using presses and press tools for cold working metal objects into shape, especially ductile sheet or strip metals.
This document provides an introduction to shielded gas arc welding, specifically TIG and MIG welding. It outlines the objectives of understanding the principles of TIG and MIG welding, including their welding procedures, machines, gases used, and advantages/disadvantages compared to manual arc welding. The document then provides input on the introduction to shielded gas arc welding and a section on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding.
The document describes different types of drills and drilling machines. It defines a drill as a tool or machine with a rotating or reciprocating cutting tip used for boring holes. It then lists and shows images of several types of drilling machines including hand drills, pillar drills, bench drills, gang drills, multi-spindle drills, and radial arm drills. The document is authored by Mokhtar Padeli.
This document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems. It aims to help the reader understand the main components of a CNC system including point-to-point positioning and contouring systems. It also aims to teach how to write simple CNC milling programs. CNC systems use onboard computers to control machines from pre-programmed numeric data, allowing remote programming and manual modification of programs. The availability of low-cost programmable controllers enabled the widespread adoption of CNC in manufacturing.
The document provides an introduction to gears and gearing. It defines the objectives as understanding the concept of gears, their types and functions in engineering, and being able to sketch and label gear parts and understand spur gear measurement. The document then describes various types of gears including spur gears, internal gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, bevel gears, miter gears, angular bevel gears, hypoid gears, worm and worm gears, rack and pinion gears. It also defines various gear terminology and describes measuring and testing gears using a gear-tooth vernier caliper.
This document discusses gear manufacturing methods. It begins by outlining the general and specific objectives of understanding gear manufacturing technology. The document then discusses various methods for making gears, including casting, forging, and machining. The two main gear machining methods covered are form cutting and generating. Form cutting involves using a cutter shaped like the space between gear teeth. Generating involves rotating a cutter or gear blank against a stationary cutter to generate gear teeth.
This document provides an overview of surface texture, including definitions of key terms like roughness, waviness, and lay. It discusses the importance of standard surface finish symbols and specifications in manufacturing. Specific objectives covered include identifying surface finish symbols, defining terms like roughness height and waviness width, and calculating different metrics of surface roughness including Ra, Rq, and Rt. Methods of measuring surface texture in both inches and metric units are also presented.
This document provides information on measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, mean diameter, and thread form. It defines each element and describes methods for measuring them using tools like micrometers, wires, and optical comparators. The document focuses on measuring ISO metric, unified, and Whitworth screw threads specifically. It provides formulas for calculating mean diameter and pitch diameter based on measurements taken using a 3-wire method.
This document discusses power press machines and their use in cold metal working. It introduces the objectives of understanding the types and functions of presses and press tools, being able to sketch their parts, and elaborating on methods of cold working sheet metal through shearing, bending, and drawing. It then provides background on how metal forming can be more economical than metal cutting for large production quantities due to lower variable costs, despite higher fixed costs for dies. The document focuses on using presses and press tools for cold working metal objects into shape, especially ductile sheet or strip metals.
This document provides an introduction to shielded gas arc welding, specifically TIG and MIG welding. It outlines the objectives of understanding the principles of TIG and MIG welding, including their welding procedures, machines, gases used, and advantages/disadvantages compared to manual arc welding. The document then provides input on the introduction to shielded gas arc welding and a section on Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding.
The document describes different types of drills and drilling machines. It defines a drill as a tool or machine with a rotating or reciprocating cutting tip used for boring holes. It then lists and shows images of several types of drilling machines including hand drills, pillar drills, bench drills, gang drills, multi-spindle drills, and radial arm drills. The document is authored by Mokhtar Padeli.
This document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) systems. It aims to help the reader understand the main components of a CNC system including point-to-point positioning and contouring systems. It also aims to teach how to write simple CNC milling programs. CNC systems use onboard computers to control machines from pre-programmed numeric data, allowing remote programming and manual modification of programs. The availability of low-cost programmable controllers enabled the widespread adoption of CNC in manufacturing.
This document provides information on various measurement tools including vernier calipers, dial calipers, digital calipers, vernier teeth gears, depth verniers, height gauges, and universal bevel protractors. It includes diagrams of the tools, descriptions of their parts, and examples of taking measurements with a vernier caliper down to 0.02mm.
This document discusses different types of measurement tools, focusing on vernier micrometers. It defines a vernier micrometer as a tool used to measure external or internal dimensions very accurately. The document describes outside micrometers, which measure the diameter or thickness of objects, and inside micrometers, which measure the internal diameter of holes. It also mentions other micrometer features like digital displays, depth measurement capabilities, and telescoping extensions.
The document discusses the concept of chirality, which refers to geometric shapes or figures that are non-superimposable on their mirror images. It provides the etymology of the term from the Greek word for hand. It also includes quotes that further explain chirality, such as one from Lord Kelvin defining a chiral object. Additionally, the document presents several chemical examples to illustrate the concept of chirality in molecules.
This document provides information about a module on Workshop Technology 3 taught at a Malaysian polytechnic. It lists the module code as J3103 and provides contact information for the two lecturers, Haji Mahmud bin Haji Sidek and Saifuddin bin Abdul Rahman. Both lecturers teach at the Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah polytechnic and have qualifications in mechanical engineering.
The document provides an overview of various types of hand tools used in workshops. It includes measuring tools like rulers, calipers, and protractors; marking and layout tools like scribers, dividers, and trammel points; cutting tools like hacksaws, chisels, and files; fastening tools like screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches; and striking tools like hammers. The document presents these tools categorized and with images for identification purposes in technical and vocational training.
Search and Structure Design of Physiologically Active CompoundsSSA KPI
This document discusses the history of applying mathematics to chemistry. It notes that in 1830, Augusto Compte argued that using mathematics in chemistry was "profoundly irrational." However, in 1808, Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac stated that the application of calculation to chemistry was not far off. The document provides these two quotes contrasting early views on quantitative chemistry.
This document contains a crossword puzzle with clues listed down the left side and across the top. The crossword focuses on vocabulary related to daily life, food, religion and other common topics. It was created by Luisa Galvis Garcia using a free crossword-making tool called EclipseCrossword.
The document discusses IBM LotusLive, a Software as a Service (SaaS) offering. It explains that with SaaS, software and associated data are centrally hosted in the cloud. Customers can access the software and data via the internet from different devices. Some key benefits of SaaS mentioned are low upfront costs, easy deployment and maintenance, and constant updates and upgrades to the latest versions.
This document provides an overview and summary of IBM's Lotus Notes and Domino product portfolio in 3 sentences:
IBM Lotus Notes and Domino is a software suite for email, calendaring, collaboration and rapid application development. It includes products like Notes, Sametime, Connections and Quickr for messaging, conferencing and social networking. The document highlights key features of these products and how they can be accessed across different platforms including mobile devices.
The document provides an overview of the main processes under REACH, including registration, evaluation, and authorization. It discusses the pre-registration period and how industry must pre-register substances before the registration deadline. It also summarizes the key steps of registration, including forming Substance Information Exchange Forums for data sharing, preparing dossiers, and submitting completed registration documents.
The document summarizes major changes made to income tax and wealth tax in India's 2009-2010 budget. Key points include:
- Exemption limits for personal income tax were raised for senior citizens, women taxpayers, and all other individuals.
- Deduction limits for dependent medical care were increased. Surcharge on various direct taxes will be phased out, starting with a 10% surcharge on personal income tax.
- Benefits for export profits were extended by one year. Fringe benefit tax was abolished starting in 2010-2011. Scope of weighted deduction for in-house R&D was expanded.
The document discusses how ABBYY, a software company, has transformed from desktop software to cloud-based services over the past 30 years. It questions whether ABBYY's transformation allows it to better serve the needs of modern users on platforms like MySpace compared to its original desktop products. The document is copyrighted by IBM Corporation.
This document contains a summary of the table of contents for a physics textbook divided into two volumes. Volume 1 is divided into 5 parts covering topics such as measurement, motion, force, energy, momentum, rotation, oscillations, waves, thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases. Volume 2 is divided into 5 additional parts covering electromagnetism, images, interference, diffraction, and relativity, as well as additional topics in modern physics.
This document discusses various approaches to quantifying chemical similarity, including structural similarity based on substructures, fingerprints, and topological descriptors; 3D similarity based on fields, shapes, and quantum properties; physicochemical properties; and quantum chemistry approaches. It notes that while structurally similar molecules can have very different 3D properties, exploiting similarity is challenging without unambiguous definitions and most categories of chemicals contain both toxic and nontoxic members.
The document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses:
1) The historical development of NC from mechanized production equipment to programmable automation using NC, PLCs, and robots.
2) The basic definition and components of an NC machine, including the numerical controller, NC code, and interactions between the operator and machine.
3) The main components of NC machines - the machine control unit, machine tool, and various control units. It also discusses different types of machine control units.
4) Key aspects of NC motion control including point-to-point and continuous path control, open and closed loop systems, and different
The document provides an overview of a study conducted on conventional and CNC lathe and milling machines. It describes the key operations and components of conventional lathe and milling machines. It then explains the concepts of computer numerically controlled machines in more detail, covering important terms related to CNC machining like machine zero, work zero, absolute and incremental measuring systems, axis designations, spindle speed, feed rate, cutting speed, and tool and tool offset.
The document provides an introduction to gears and gearing. It defines the objectives as understanding the concept of gears, their types and functions in engineering, and being able to sketch and label gear parts and understand spur gear measurement. The document then describes various types of gears including spur gears, internal gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, bevel gears, miter gears, angular bevel gears, hypoid gears, worm and worm gears, rack and pinion gears. It also defines various gear terminology and describes measuring and testing gears using a gear-tooth vernier caliper.
The document discusses numerical control (NC) machine tools. [1] NC refers to controlling manufacturing operations through coded numerical instructions inserted directly into machine tools. [2] John T. Parsons is considered the inventor of NC in the 1940s when he used punched cards to control machine tool movements. [3] A NC system consists of a program of instructions, controller unit that interprets the program and controls the machine tool.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It begins by explaining the history of numerical control, which was developed in the 1950s and used coded instructions to automate machine tools. The development of electronics like microprocessors led to computer-based CNC systems with greater flexibility and precision. CNC machines are now used across many industries to automate machining processes. The document outlines the advantages of CNC machines like higher productivity, quality and accuracy compared to manual machine tools. It provides definitions of CNC and describes the typical components and closed-loop control systems used.
This document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It begins by defining CNC and its evolution from numerical control (NC) machines. It then describes how CNC machines work by using computer code converted from CAD designs to control tool and workpiece movement. The document outlines various applications of CNC in manufacturing like lathes and mills. It provides a brief history of NC machines and discusses advantages and disadvantages of CNC versus traditional machining. Finally, it details the key elements that make up modern CNC machines.
This document provides information on various measurement tools including vernier calipers, dial calipers, digital calipers, vernier teeth gears, depth verniers, height gauges, and universal bevel protractors. It includes diagrams of the tools, descriptions of their parts, and examples of taking measurements with a vernier caliper down to 0.02mm.
This document discusses different types of measurement tools, focusing on vernier micrometers. It defines a vernier micrometer as a tool used to measure external or internal dimensions very accurately. The document describes outside micrometers, which measure the diameter or thickness of objects, and inside micrometers, which measure the internal diameter of holes. It also mentions other micrometer features like digital displays, depth measurement capabilities, and telescoping extensions.
The document discusses the concept of chirality, which refers to geometric shapes or figures that are non-superimposable on their mirror images. It provides the etymology of the term from the Greek word for hand. It also includes quotes that further explain chirality, such as one from Lord Kelvin defining a chiral object. Additionally, the document presents several chemical examples to illustrate the concept of chirality in molecules.
This document provides information about a module on Workshop Technology 3 taught at a Malaysian polytechnic. It lists the module code as J3103 and provides contact information for the two lecturers, Haji Mahmud bin Haji Sidek and Saifuddin bin Abdul Rahman. Both lecturers teach at the Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah polytechnic and have qualifications in mechanical engineering.
The document provides an overview of various types of hand tools used in workshops. It includes measuring tools like rulers, calipers, and protractors; marking and layout tools like scribers, dividers, and trammel points; cutting tools like hacksaws, chisels, and files; fastening tools like screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches; and striking tools like hammers. The document presents these tools categorized and with images for identification purposes in technical and vocational training.
Search and Structure Design of Physiologically Active CompoundsSSA KPI
This document discusses the history of applying mathematics to chemistry. It notes that in 1830, Augusto Compte argued that using mathematics in chemistry was "profoundly irrational." However, in 1808, Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac stated that the application of calculation to chemistry was not far off. The document provides these two quotes contrasting early views on quantitative chemistry.
This document contains a crossword puzzle with clues listed down the left side and across the top. The crossword focuses on vocabulary related to daily life, food, religion and other common topics. It was created by Luisa Galvis Garcia using a free crossword-making tool called EclipseCrossword.
The document discusses IBM LotusLive, a Software as a Service (SaaS) offering. It explains that with SaaS, software and associated data are centrally hosted in the cloud. Customers can access the software and data via the internet from different devices. Some key benefits of SaaS mentioned are low upfront costs, easy deployment and maintenance, and constant updates and upgrades to the latest versions.
This document provides an overview and summary of IBM's Lotus Notes and Domino product portfolio in 3 sentences:
IBM Lotus Notes and Domino is a software suite for email, calendaring, collaboration and rapid application development. It includes products like Notes, Sametime, Connections and Quickr for messaging, conferencing and social networking. The document highlights key features of these products and how they can be accessed across different platforms including mobile devices.
The document provides an overview of the main processes under REACH, including registration, evaluation, and authorization. It discusses the pre-registration period and how industry must pre-register substances before the registration deadline. It also summarizes the key steps of registration, including forming Substance Information Exchange Forums for data sharing, preparing dossiers, and submitting completed registration documents.
The document summarizes major changes made to income tax and wealth tax in India's 2009-2010 budget. Key points include:
- Exemption limits for personal income tax were raised for senior citizens, women taxpayers, and all other individuals.
- Deduction limits for dependent medical care were increased. Surcharge on various direct taxes will be phased out, starting with a 10% surcharge on personal income tax.
- Benefits for export profits were extended by one year. Fringe benefit tax was abolished starting in 2010-2011. Scope of weighted deduction for in-house R&D was expanded.
The document discusses how ABBYY, a software company, has transformed from desktop software to cloud-based services over the past 30 years. It questions whether ABBYY's transformation allows it to better serve the needs of modern users on platforms like MySpace compared to its original desktop products. The document is copyrighted by IBM Corporation.
This document contains a summary of the table of contents for a physics textbook divided into two volumes. Volume 1 is divided into 5 parts covering topics such as measurement, motion, force, energy, momentum, rotation, oscillations, waves, thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases. Volume 2 is divided into 5 additional parts covering electromagnetism, images, interference, diffraction, and relativity, as well as additional topics in modern physics.
This document discusses various approaches to quantifying chemical similarity, including structural similarity based on substructures, fingerprints, and topological descriptors; 3D similarity based on fields, shapes, and quantum properties; physicochemical properties; and quantum chemistry approaches. It notes that while structurally similar molecules can have very different 3D properties, exploiting similarity is challenging without unambiguous definitions and most categories of chemicals contain both toxic and nontoxic members.
The document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses:
1) The historical development of NC from mechanized production equipment to programmable automation using NC, PLCs, and robots.
2) The basic definition and components of an NC machine, including the numerical controller, NC code, and interactions between the operator and machine.
3) The main components of NC machines - the machine control unit, machine tool, and various control units. It also discusses different types of machine control units.
4) Key aspects of NC motion control including point-to-point and continuous path control, open and closed loop systems, and different
The document provides an overview of a study conducted on conventional and CNC lathe and milling machines. It describes the key operations and components of conventional lathe and milling machines. It then explains the concepts of computer numerically controlled machines in more detail, covering important terms related to CNC machining like machine zero, work zero, absolute and incremental measuring systems, axis designations, spindle speed, feed rate, cutting speed, and tool and tool offset.
The document provides an introduction to gears and gearing. It defines the objectives as understanding the concept of gears, their types and functions in engineering, and being able to sketch and label gear parts and understand spur gear measurement. The document then describes various types of gears including spur gears, internal gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, bevel gears, miter gears, angular bevel gears, hypoid gears, worm and worm gears, rack and pinion gears. It also defines various gear terminology and describes measuring and testing gears using a gear-tooth vernier caliper.
The document discusses numerical control (NC) machine tools. [1] NC refers to controlling manufacturing operations through coded numerical instructions inserted directly into machine tools. [2] John T. Parsons is considered the inventor of NC in the 1940s when he used punched cards to control machine tool movements. [3] A NC system consists of a program of instructions, controller unit that interprets the program and controls the machine tool.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It begins by explaining the history of numerical control, which was developed in the 1950s and used coded instructions to automate machine tools. The development of electronics like microprocessors led to computer-based CNC systems with greater flexibility and precision. CNC machines are now used across many industries to automate machining processes. The document outlines the advantages of CNC machines like higher productivity, quality and accuracy compared to manual machine tools. It provides definitions of CNC and describes the typical components and closed-loop control systems used.
This document discusses computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It begins by defining CNC and its evolution from numerical control (NC) machines. It then describes how CNC machines work by using computer code converted from CAD designs to control tool and workpiece movement. The document outlines various applications of CNC in manufacturing like lathes and mills. It provides a brief history of NC machines and discusses advantages and disadvantages of CNC versus traditional machining. Finally, it details the key elements that make up modern CNC machines.
Milling machines were developed in the early 19th century to manufacture gun parts for the American military. Early machines could only move in two dimensions but Joseph Brown later invented the universal milling machine which added a third dimension. After World War I, milling machines saw increased demand from the automobile industry. Engineers then started using numerical controls on milling machines in the 1950s and MIT developed one using 240 vacuum tubes, demonstrating numerical control could work. Improvements in computer-aided design and cheaper computer processing power led to the development of computer numerical control (CNC) machines which are now commonly used with a variety of cutting methods.
This document provides an overview of CNC control systems. It discusses that CNC machines use open loop and closed loop control systems to position tools and axes based on programmed instructions. Closed loop systems incorporate feedback to monitor the output and correct any discrepancies. Feedback can be provided through linear scales or encoders. The document also examines hardware and software interpolation methods used to generate intermediate positioning points along tool paths between programmed coordinates. Finally, it outlines some key features, advantages, and limitations of CNC machines.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC machines from the 1940s to present day. The key elements of a CNC machine are described as the input device, machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. The document also covers the basic programming and operation of CNC machines using G and M codes to control axes movement, feed rates, spindle speeds, tool changes, and other functions. Advantages of CNC include easier programming and reducing human errors, while challenges include high setup costs and requiring computer and programming knowledge.
The document discusses the history and development of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. It traces the evolution from manual machine tools to CNC machines, which are now controlled by programming codes and allow for automated, precise machining. The document also describes the different types of CNC machines and their applications in manufacturing industries like aerospace and automotive.
The document provides an overview of NC programming including:
- Types of NC machines and their components
- Control mechanisms like interpolation and software components
- Examples of manual NC programming using G-codes and other elements
- A sample part program is presented with explanations for milling a slot and drilling holes on a workpiece based on given part drawings and process plans.
The document provides an overview of shielded gas arc welding techniques, specifically Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. It describes the principles and objectives of TIG welding, including using an inert gas shield to prevent contamination of the molten metal. The document discusses TIG welding equipment, processes, and variables such as current type and polarity that affect the weld. It also explains considerations for joint preparation, filler metals, and factors that influence torch and electrode selection.
Turning software for cnc lathe machinesShehbaz Mulla
This document summarizes the features of CAM Works turning software for CNC lathe machines. The software includes automatic and interactive tools for feature recognition on solid models. It generates toolpaths for roughing, grooving, finishing, threading and cutoff operations on 2-axis and 4-axis lathes. The software also enables stock definition, toolpath simulation, reverse machining and options for optimizing groove and cutoff toolpaths.
The Hunar Foundation was established by a group of successful businessmen and professionals to provide vocational training programs. It operates several technical institutes that offer internationally recognized certifications in trades like refrigeration, plumbing, welding, and electrical installation. The foundation works with industry partners who employ its graduates. Donors can sponsor individual students or classes, and support capital expenditures like building new workshops or institutes. The goal is to address Pakistan's skills shortage by training the literate, semi-literate, and motivated illiterate.
This document discusses tolerances, allowances, and fits between parts. It defines tolerance as the permissible variation in a dimension, given as the difference between maximum and minimum limits. Tolerances are necessary due to variations in materials and machines. The document provides examples of shaft and hole tolerances of 0.001 inches each, resulting in a clearance of 0.004 inches maximum. Allowance is defined as the intentional difference between the lower hole limit and higher shaft limit, ensuring the proper fit. The key difference between tolerance and allowance is that tolerance refers to variation within a single part, while allowance refers to the relationship between mating parts.
Agile manufacturing is an operational strategy focused on inducing velocity and flexibility in make-to-order or configure-to-order production with minimal changeover time and interruptions. It differs from lean manufacturing in that lean is for high-volume/low-mix production while agile is for low-volume/high-mix. Agile manufacturing applies to environments where customized orders provide a competitive advantage. The main characteristics of agile manufacturing are short time-to-market, modular design/assembly, and configurable components. A major challenge is the high capital required for production/assembly flexibility, but payback periods are often less than two years.
Mesin kimpalan arka merupakan alat yang mengubah voltan tinggi kepada voltan rendah tetapi menghasilkan arus tinggi untuk menerbitkan arka bagi kegunaan mengimpal, dilengkapi dengan kabel pemegang elektrod dan kabel bumi ke meja kerja.
This document provides an overview of surface texture, including definitions of key terms like roughness, waviness, and lay. It discusses the importance of standard surface finish symbols and specifications in manufacturing. Specific objectives covered include identifying surface finish symbols, defining terms like roughness height and waviness width, and calculating different metrics of surface roughness including Ra, Rq, and Rt. Methods of measuring surface texture in both inches and metric units are also presented.
This document discusses gear manufacturing methods. It begins by describing common gear manufacturing processes like casting, forging, and blanking sheet metal. It then focuses on the two main gear cutting methods: form cutting and gear generating. Form cutting involves using a cutter shaped like the gear teeth to cut each tooth individually. Gear generating uses pinion-shaped, rack-shaped, or hob cutters that cut multiple teeth simultaneously. The document also discusses cutting bevel gears and finishing processes like shaving to improve gear quality.
This document provides objectives and information about measuring and testing screw threads. The specific objectives are to identify methods of measuring major diameter, minor diameter, and mean diameter of a screw thread; to measure and calculate those diameters; and to check the thread form using an optical comparator. The introduction explains that pitch, angle, and effective diameter are important elements that influence the strength and interchangeability of screw threads.
This document discusses power press machines and cold metal working. It begins by introducing presses and press tools, describing their main types and functions. It then discusses the specific objectives of understanding presses, press tools, and cold working methods like shearing, bending, and drawing of sheet metal. The document provides detailed descriptions of different types of presses and press operations. It explains the principles of metal plasticity and effects of cold working metals.
This document provides information about a module on Workshop Technology 3 taught at a Malaysian polytechnic. It lists the module code as J3103 and provides contact information for the two lecturers, Haji Mahmud bin Haji Sidek and Saifuddin bin Abdul Rahman. Both lecturers teach at the Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah polytechnic and have qualifications in mechanical engineering.
This document provides floor plans and details for the Castleton home design. The 3 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom home has a total square footage of 4,151 square feet with 2,521 square feet on the main level and 1,630 square feet on the second level. The front elevation drawing and plan features are also included.
This document discusses the CADASTER project which aims to integrate information, models, and strategies for safety assessment and risk assessment of large numbers of substances according to the REACH framework. The project will develop decision support systems for chemical hazard and risk assessment of emerging chemicals classes using non-animal testing methods like QSAR models, read-across, and exposure scenarios. It involves collecting data, developing and validating QSAR models, integrating models into risk assessments, and providing policy recommendations.
This document provides information about a translation project titled "The Eye's Delight" based on the explanation of pages from "Imamul-Haramayn". It is presented by Submission Productions and is a translation by Shaykh Abdullah Muhammad Al-Hattab Ar-Ra'iniyy Al-Malikiyy. This appears to be the 2nd edition of the translation.
The document discusses employer branding and recruitment touchpoints. It defines employer branding as focusing on initiatives to enhance a company's perception among current employees and external stakeholders. It emphasizes that employer branding requires a long-term, coordinated strategy to attract, retain and motivate talent. The document outlines key aspects of building an employer brand like defining objectives, ensuring brand relevancy and storytelling through multiple communication channels. It also maps out common recruitment touchpoints that shape a candidate's experience.
The document discusses the evolution of the internet and social media:
1. It describes the transition from static Web 1.0 to dynamic Web 2.0 with user-generated content and social networking features.
2. It outlines the rise of social networking services (SNS) like blogs, social bookmarking, media sharing sites, and microblogging platforms.
3. It provides examples of different types of social media including social networks, content communities, social gaming, chat, and discussion forums.
Testing Techniques For Agile Testers - Janet GregoryAGILEMinds
This document discusses techniques for agile testers. It covers test planning at the product, release, and iteration levels. Collaboration and communication are emphasized. The Agile Testing Quadrants framework is introduced for classifying different types of tests based on purpose. Test-driven development (TDD) benefits and quadrant one testing are described, focusing on technology-facing tests that support developers. Automation, test strategy planning, and the testing toolkit are also mentioned.
This document discusses the definition of Islamic architecture and whether it can be considered a unique style. It questions whether Islamic architecture refers only to religious buildings like mosques, or all architecture from Muslim lands. It explores how the term "Islamic" is being used and whether there is a recognizable style that differs from non-Islamic cultures. The document suggests identifying typical elements in Islamic architecture that express a culture shaped by Islam in a way that differs from other traditions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
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1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
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6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Unit6 Computer Numerical Control
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UNIT 6
COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL
OBJECTIVES
General Objective :To understand the concept and principles of computer
numerical control (CNC) system.
Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you will be able to :
Ø Understand the main components of the CNC system,
Ø Understand the point-to-point system (positioning),
Ø Understand the contouring system (continuous
system), and
Ø Write a simple CNC milling program.
.
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INPUT
6.0 INTRODUCTION
Computer numerical control is a system in which a control microcomputer
is an integral part of a machine or a piece of equipment (onboard computer). The
part programmes can be prepared at a remote site by programmer, and it may
incorporate information obtained from drafting software packages and from
machining simulations, in order to ensure that the part programme is bug free.
The machine operator can, however, easily and manually programme onboard
computers. The operator can be modify the programs directly, prepare
programme for different parts, and store the programmes.
Because of the availability of small computers having a large memory,
microprocessor(s), and programme-editing capabilities, CNC systems are widely
used today. The availability of low-cost programmable controllers also played a
major role in the successful implementation of CNC in manufacturing plants.
Numerical Control is a system where machine action is created from the
insertion of Numeric Data. The Numeric Data is, in the beginning, written
words in an easily understood code of letters and numbers (alphanumeric
characters) known as a programme, which in turn is converted by the machine
control unit (MCU) into the electrical signals used to control the machine
movements.
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The relationship between the words "Numerical" and "Control" is shown
below.
NUMERICAL CONTROL
An instructional expression, To control such machine
in a language of numbers, actions as:
which represents a series of Directing Altering
commands for specific Commanding Timing
Prescribing Ceasing
machine tool movements Sequencing Guiding
Initiating
Two important points should be made about N.C. First, the actual N.C.
machine tool can do nothing more than it was capable of doing before a control
unit was joined to it. There are now new metal removing principles involved.
N.C. machines position and drive the cutting tools, but the same milling cutters,
drills, taps, feeds, and other tools still perform the cutting operations. Cutting
speeds, feeds, and tooling principles must still be adhered to. Given this
knowledge, what is the real advantage of numerical control?
Primarily, the idle time or time to move into position for new cuts is
limited only by the machine's capacity to respond. Because the machine receives
commands from the machine control unit (MCU), it responds without hesitation.
The actual utilisation rate or chip making rate is therefore much higher than on
a manually operated machine.
The second point is that numerical control machines can initiate nothing
on their own. The machine accepts and responds to commands from the control
unit. Even the control unit cannot think, judge, or reason. Without some input
medium, e.g., punched tape or direct computer link, the machine and control
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unit will do nothing. The N.C. Machine will perform only when the N.C. tape is
prepared and loaded and cycle start is initiated.
6.1. NC OPERATION
CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control. An N.C. system in which a
dedicated stored program computer is used to perform basic control functions.
The functions of a CNC Controller are:
1. To read and store programme information.
2. To interpret the information in a logical command sequence.
3. To control the motion of the machines mechanical members.
4. To monitor the status of the machine.
The interpretation of programme commands by a machine control unit
and its conversion of those commands into machine motion is complex. The
basic elements and operation of a typical NC machine are shown in Fig. 6.1. The
functional elements in numerical control and the components involved follow:
a. Data input: The numerical information is read and stored in the
tape reader or in computer memory
b. Data processing: The programmes are read into the machine
control unit for processing.
c. Data output: This is information is translated into commands
(typically pulsed commands) to the servomotor (Fig. 6.2 and 6.3).
The servomotor then moves the table (on which the work piece is
mounted) to specific positions, through linear or rotary
movements, by means of stepping motors, leadscrews, and other
similar devices.
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Computer:
Input command,
Processing,
Output command
Limit switches
Position feedback
Drive signal
Figure 6.1. A schematic illustration of the major component
of a computer numerical control machine tool
Work table
Pulse train Stepping
motor Gear
Lead screw
Figure 6.2. An open-loop control system for a numerical-control machine
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Work table
Input Dc
Comparator DAC servomotor Gear
Feedback signal Lead screw Position sensor
Figure 6.3. A closed-loop control system for a numerical-control machine
6.2. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
6.2.1. Metal Machining
Lathes of all types
Milling Machines of all types
Drilling Machines
Jig borers
Electric Discharge Machining (including wire cut machines)
Laser cutting machines
Machining centres
Turning centres
All types of grinding machines
Gear cutting machines
6.2.2. Metal Forming
Punching and nibbling
Guillotines
Flame cut and profiling
Folding
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Pipe bending
Metal spinning
6.2.3. Finishing
Plating
Painting
6.2.4. Assembly Joining -
Pick and place robots, spot and seam welding machines and robots,
riveting, looming of wires and assembly of components into printed circuit
boards.
6.3. CNC AXIS CONVENTIONS
CNC axis classification follows the three-dimensional Cartesian
coordinate system and is established in BS 3635: 1972: Part 1. Fig. 5.3 shows the
tree primary axes and the associated rotational axes.
Most machines have two or three slide ways placed at right angles to one
another. On CNC machines each slide is fitted with a control system, and is
identified with either the letter X, Y or Z.
Conventions have been adopted as to the naming of each axis. The axis of
the main spindle, whether it is the axis of the tool spindle or the axis about
which the work piece rotates is called the Z axis.
The X axis is the motion of the largest travel of the primary movement (in
case there is more than one).
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The Y axis then makes the third motion and is the shorter primary
movement.
In addition to these primary linear axes, there is provision for Rotary
axes. They are designated A, B and C, with A rotary about the X axis, B rotary
about the Y axis, and C rotary about the Z axis.
It is often required to command a motion parallel to X, Y or Z axes within
the realm of a secondary motion, or a tertiary motion within special automatic
cycles such as describing the amount of finish allowance on a turned part, or to
describe the distance of advancement of a drill during a drilling cycle etc. etc.
Table 6.1. NC axes
Linear Axes X Y Z
Rotary Axes A B C
Secondary Linear U V W
Interpolation I J K
Tertiary motion codes differ considerably, but the address characters
variously used are P, Q, R, D, L, E, and H.
The z-axis is parallel to the main spindle of the machine. It will be
horizontal on a lathe or horizontal machining centre and vertical on a vertical
machining centre.
The x-axis is always horizontal and at 90o to z.
The y-axis is at right angles to both the x and z axes.
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spindle
rotation
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Figure 6.3. CNC axes
6.4. NC MACHINE SUB-UNIT
We have already seen the many and varied applications of numerical
control to the manufacturing and other industries, now we will look at the
methods of controlling machines. There are three sub units to study:
The machine tool itself.
The control unit.
The control system.
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6.4.1. The Machine Tool
A machine tool is a device designed to cut away surplus material
and leave a component of the required shape and size. To do this a
machine tool must be capable of:
- Holding the work piece securely
- Holding the cutting tool securely and driving it with suitable power.
- Moving the tool and work piece relative to one another precisely enough
to achieve accuracy of size and surface finish.
In addition, provision must be made for altering the spindle speed
and feed rates, tool changing, supply of coolant etc. On a conventional
machine an operator controls these functions and sets or alters them
when he considers it necessary, the decision resulting from his training,
skill and experience. Obviously, the machine settings may differ between
operators as will the time taken to read scales, set positions, change tools,
alter speeds and feeds, engage drives and set up the work piece etc. CNC
Automatic Control can be applied to these functions and so result in
consistent and reduced machining times through optimised cutting data,
fast accurate positioning between cuts and fast automatic tool changing.
6.4.2. The Control Unit
The CNC Machine Control Unit (MCU) has to read and decode the
part programme, and to provide the decoded instructions to the control
loops of the machine axes of motion, and to control the machine tool
operations.
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The main grouping of parts of a control could be considered to be:
The Control Panel.
The Tape Reader,
The Processors
The first part of the control panel is the human interface that
allows various modes of machine or control operation to be initiated, from
switching on and homing, to programme loading and editing, to setting
work positions and tool offsets, manually controlled movements and
commencing the automatic cycling of a programme. Information about
machine status and condition is available to the operator via VDU
screens, gauges, meters, indicator lights and readouts.
The tape reader is the device used to transfer the programme
information contained on a programme tape into the control unit. Most
tape readers are of the photo-electric type which offers high speed reading
with reliability and accuracy providing the tape is in good condition and
the reader is kept clean and free of paper dust particles.
The processors within a control are the electronic circuits that
permit conversion of part programme data into machine motions and they
may be classified into two main sections. The data processing unit and
the axis control processor. The function of the data processor is to decode
the commands of the part program, process it and provide data to the axis
control processor which then operates the slide drives and receives
feedback signals on the actual position and velocity of each axis.
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The Data Processing Unit includes the following functions:
i. The input device, such a tape reader.
ii. Reading circuits and parity checking logic.
iii. Decoding circuits for distributing data to the controlled axes
iv. An interpolator to supply velocity commands to the axes, either
singly or in combination.
The axis control processor consists of the following circuits:
i. Position control loops for each and all axes.
ii. Velocity control loops.
iii. Deceleration and backlash take up circuits.
An MCU is adaptable to virtually any machine, the differing control
motions and codes being a result of the way the control has been
programmed. This permanent resident program is known as an executive
programme and resides in the read only memory (ROM) of the control,
whereas the N.C. programme resides in the Random Access Memory
(RAM). RAM allows external access and alteration if necessary, while
ROM is programmed by the manufacturer and cannot be accessed through
the control keyboard.
6.4.3. Control System
There are two types of control systems used on NC machines. The
point-to-point system and the continuous-path system. Point-to-point
systems are not so common these days, but they operate only in straight
lines, which are suitable for positioning moves on a drilling machine or
limited use on a lathe or milling machine, where at best 45% cuts are
possible with two axes running continuous path controls allow angular
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path and radius motion because the control interpolator has the ability to
move the axis drive motors at varying velocities.
The point-to-point controls were NC controls, while the continuous
path controls could be NC or CNC controls.
NOTE: NC is a general term used for Numerical Control and is also a term
used to describe controls that run directly off tape. CNC is a
specific term for Computer Numerical Control. CNC Machines are
all NC machines, but NC controlled machines are not CNC
machines.
6.5. PROGRAM INPUT
Programmes can be produced and entered (loaded) by any of the following
methods where available.
a. Punched Tape
b. Computer
c. Direct Input
6.5.1. .Punched Tape
Punched tapes may be made of paper or plastic (Mylar) and have a
standard width of one inch (25.4mm) for the eight track (8 bit) format
used in numerical control.
A tape punch unit is connected to a teletype or similar keyboard
and produces a punched tape during typing of the program. Alternatively,
a punch unit can be connected to a personal computer (P.C.) and the
completed programme punched. The holes punched in the tape form
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certain patterns and the pattern represents a value when read by the tape
reader on the MCU.
The pattern is a code in itself, and complies to a standard, either
E.I.A. ( Electronics Industries Association ) which uses an odd number of
holes or I.S.O. ( International Standards Organization ) which uses an
even number of holes for each character. The I.S.O. code is most
commonly used in Australia. The E.I.A. code is known as an odd parity
system, and the I.S.O. code as an even parity system.
One of the tracks of each is assigned as a parity track and a hole is
sometimes punched there automatically to maintain the parity. The
purpose of parity is to check during tape reading for errors caused by
unpunched holes, dirt or oil spots etc.
6.5.2. Computers
Personal computers can be used to type the programme in its
entirety while being visible on the screen, so mistakes can easily be
spotted and corrected before the programme is loaded into the machine.
The programme can be down loaded to the machine via a
connecting link (interface cable) or via punched tape if a punch unit is
connected to a computer.
6.5.3. Direct Input
Programming at the machine may eliminate the need for tape
punching equipment and computers, but the machine is usually non-
productive during this time.
Programming can be done by several methods, such as ;
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- by typing the program directly into the memory of the M.C.U. through
the edit function.
- programmes produced in this way can include all functions available, are
stored in the machine ready for use at any time and can be output to a
punch unit or computer for external storage.
6.5.4. By Manual Data Input (M.D.I.)
M.D.I. may not allow all programming functions to operate, the
programme can only be used once, and as it is not stored in the main
memory cannot be output to an external device. Additionally, some
controls allow only one line (block) of programme to be entered and
executed at a time.
6.5.5. Interactive Programming.
Some controls allow programming by a method that may be
simpler and speedier than conventional N.C. program language. These
methods usually take up considerable memory space and so fewer
programmes could be stored in the M.C.U. than if they were prepared by
N.C. language. Most of the controls allow
for external storage of these programs providing the necessary devices are
at hand. Interactive programming can also be known as "conversational",
"symbolic", "blueprint","IGF" etc.
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6.5.6. . External Devices.
A programme can be loaded directly from a P.C. as described, or from
other specialised units that have been designed as a portable device for
loading, transferring or storing N.C. programs. The devices may store the
information on floppy discs, hard discs, magnetic tape, or through solid
state circuitry. Those with discs or magnetic tape would be no larger than
a briefcase or perhaps a tissue box, down to pocket calculator size for solid
state devices.
NOTE: Where punched tape was once the only practical way for most
programmers to transfer (or load) their programs into the controls, it is
presently being overtaken by personal computers connected directly via
interface cable. Other popular and convenient methods are simply
through the edit mode or by interactive (conversational) programming.
Companies specialising in complex die work probably use DNC more often
now. Inputting through M.D.I. mode is common providing the restrictions
noted are adhered to.
6.6. NC PROGRAMMING
6.6.1. Job Planning
1. Sketch the part. Add incremental or absolute dimensions.
2. Ascertain fixturing. Select fixtures which have minimal projections
above the part.
3. Identify a set-up point. Locate the set-up point near:
1. A corner of the part
2. A spot above the fixture
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Consider space requirements for:
1. Part loading and unloading
2. Tool change.
4. Plan operation sequence Mark sequence pattern of sketch.
Test program data for accuracy.
5. Record necessary data for
each movement of the table
and tool on the program
sheet.
6. Record instructions for Identify, specific:
the machine operator. 1. Tools needed.
2. Speed and feed data
3. Tool change points
4. Console switch setting
6.6.2. Incremental
The word "incremental" may be defined as a dimension or a
movement with respect to the preceding point in a prescribed sequence of
points. Each positioning move is described quantitatively in distance and
in direction from a previous point rather than from a fixed zero reference
point.
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In incremental mode all moves are with respect to the last position
reached.
N10 G91
Y N15 G01 X10.Y10.F300.
N20 Y10.
N25 X20.
40 N30 X10.Y20.
30 N35 X20-Y-30.
20 N40 X-10.Y-10.
10 N45 X-50.
X N50 M02
10 20 30 40 50 60
6.6.3. Absolute
The data in the absolute system describes the next location always
in terms of its relationship to the fixed zero point. The zero point when
used as a programme datum is known as the programme origin.
The G90 code sets the control up in absolute mode. All moves are
performed with respect to the axes zero.