The document provides an overview of various types of shift registers and counters. It describes serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers. It explains how each type handles data input and output and the number of clock cycles needed for loading and reading. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous counters such as ripple counters and how they differ in clocking approach. Bidirectional shift registers are described as able to shift data either left or right depending on the mode.
The document discusses different types of shift registers and counters. It describes serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous counters such as ripple counters, up/down counters, and mod-N counters. Diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the working of different shift registers and counters.
This document provides information about shift registers, including:
- Shift registers allow for data movement by shifting the output of each flip-flop or stage to the next one on each clock cycle. They are used for applications like serial-to-parallel conversion and temporary data storage.
- There are different types of shift registers depending on whether data enters and exits in serial or parallel form, including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, and parallel-in serial-out.
- Common integrated circuits used for shift registers are the 74LS164 and 74LS166, which can perform serial-in parallel-out and parallel-in/serial-in serial-out functions respectively.
The document discusses synchronous and asynchronous counters. It defines a counter as a digital circuit that counts input pulses. Asynchronous counters have flip-flops that change state at different times since they do not share a common clock. Synchronous counters have all flip-flops change simultaneously due to a shared global clock, allowing them to operate at higher frequencies. The document provides examples of 2-bit, 3-bit, and 4-bit synchronous binary counters as well as a 4-bit synchronous decade counter along with their operations and timing diagrams.
Presentation on Counters for (Digital Systems Design).pptxAniruddh70
1. Counters are sequential circuits that cycle through a sequence of states upon receiving a clock pulse or other input signal. They are used for applications like counting events, generating timing sequences, and addressing memory.
2. There are two main types of counters: asynchronous/ripple counters where each flip-flop is triggered by the previous one, and synchronous counters where all flip-flops are triggered simultaneously by a clock. Asynchronous counters are simpler but slower while synchronous counters are faster but more complex.
3. Binary counters follow a binary sequence and can count from 0 to 2n-1 for an n-bit counter. Other counter types include up/down, ring, Johnson, and decade counters.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used to store and transfer data. A shift register consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data transfer. Common applications include communications, temporary storage, and time delay devices. The document also provides examples of shift register implementations using MSI logic chips.
in these slides you will find basic concept of combinational and sequenstional logic. these ppts are designed for students of electrical engineering, and covers all the necessary topic of their interest.
1. A register is a group of flip-flops that can store binary data either in parallel or serially.
2. A 4-bit register is constructed with four D-type flip-flops that store data on the rising edge of a clock signal and have an asynchronous reset input.
3. Parallel registers allow all bits to be loaded simultaneously by a common clock pulse, while serial registers transfer data one bit at a time during shifting.
A shift register is a digital circuit that can store and move data. It consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can move data serially in or out, or in parallel, and are used for applications like serial-parallel conversion, temporary storage, arithmetic operations, communications, and counting.
The document discusses different types of shift registers and counters. It describes serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out shift registers. It also covers asynchronous and synchronous counters such as ripple counters, up/down counters, and mod-N counters. Diagrams and truth tables are provided to illustrate the working of different shift registers and counters.
This document provides information about shift registers, including:
- Shift registers allow for data movement by shifting the output of each flip-flop or stage to the next one on each clock cycle. They are used for applications like serial-to-parallel conversion and temporary data storage.
- There are different types of shift registers depending on whether data enters and exits in serial or parallel form, including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, and parallel-in serial-out.
- Common integrated circuits used for shift registers are the 74LS164 and 74LS166, which can perform serial-in parallel-out and parallel-in/serial-in serial-out functions respectively.
The document discusses synchronous and asynchronous counters. It defines a counter as a digital circuit that counts input pulses. Asynchronous counters have flip-flops that change state at different times since they do not share a common clock. Synchronous counters have all flip-flops change simultaneously due to a shared global clock, allowing them to operate at higher frequencies. The document provides examples of 2-bit, 3-bit, and 4-bit synchronous binary counters as well as a 4-bit synchronous decade counter along with their operations and timing diagrams.
Presentation on Counters for (Digital Systems Design).pptxAniruddh70
1. Counters are sequential circuits that cycle through a sequence of states upon receiving a clock pulse or other input signal. They are used for applications like counting events, generating timing sequences, and addressing memory.
2. There are two main types of counters: asynchronous/ripple counters where each flip-flop is triggered by the previous one, and synchronous counters where all flip-flops are triggered simultaneously by a clock. Asynchronous counters are simpler but slower while synchronous counters are faster but more complex.
3. Binary counters follow a binary sequence and can count from 0 to 2n-1 for an n-bit counter. Other counter types include up/down, ring, Johnson, and decade counters.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used to store and transfer data. A shift register consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data transfer. Common applications include communications, temporary storage, and time delay devices. The document also provides examples of shift register implementations using MSI logic chips.
in these slides you will find basic concept of combinational and sequenstional logic. these ppts are designed for students of electrical engineering, and covers all the necessary topic of their interest.
1. A register is a group of flip-flops that can store binary data either in parallel or serially.
2. A 4-bit register is constructed with four D-type flip-flops that store data on the rising edge of a clock signal and have an asynchronous reset input.
3. Parallel registers allow all bits to be loaded simultaneously by a common clock pulse, while serial registers transfer data one bit at a time during shifting.
A shift register is a digital circuit that can store and move data. It consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can move data serially in or out, or in parallel, and are used for applications like serial-parallel conversion, temporary storage, arithmetic operations, communications, and counting.
A register is a group of flip-flops that can store multiple bits of data. There are four types of shift registers: serial-in serial-out (SISO), serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), parallel-in serial-out (PISO), and parallel-in parallel-out (PIPO). Shift registers allow data to move between flip-flops on each clock pulse. Ring counters and Johnson counters are examples of shift register counters that produce repeating output sequences.
Shift registers are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one stage to the next. They can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data movement. Common applications include converting between serial and parallel data, temporary data storage, and implementing counters. MSI shift registers like the 74LS164 and 74LS166 provide 8-bit shift register functionality.
1. The document discusses different types of registers, counters, and shift registers including their components, functions, and loading/shifting processes.
2. It also covers synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as ring and Johnson counters.
3. Finally, it discusses integrated circuits and different digital logic families including TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS, and I2L.
This document discusses counters, which are digital circuits used for counting pulses. It describes asynchronous and synchronous counters, and different types including up/down counters, decade counters, ring counters, and Johnson counters. Examples of counter applications are given such as in kitchen appliances, washing machines, microwaves, and programmable logic controllers. Counters are used for tasks like time measurement, frequency division, and digital signal generation.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one flip-flop to the next. Shift registers have applications in converting between serial and parallel data, temporary storage, and communications. The document describes different types of shift registers based on their input and output configurations, such as serial-in serial-out. It provides examples of how serial data can be shifted into and out of a serial-in serial-out shift register one bit at a time on each clock pulse.
Counters are digital circuits that use flip-flops to count clock pulses. There are different types of counters including synchronous, asynchronous, up/down, decade, ring, and Johnson counters. Synchronous counters are faster but more complex and expensive than asynchronous counters. A decade counter uses JK flip-flops with the J and K inputs connected to logic 1 and the outputs in a cascade to count from 0 to 9 before resetting. A ring counter cascades flip-flops in a loop with the output of the last connected to the input of the first. A Johnson counter is similar but with the inverted output of the last flip-flop connected to the first.
A ring counter is a type of shift register where the output of the last flip-flop is connected back to the input of the first flip-flop, creating a circular shift of bits. When a clock signal is applied, the single '1' bit circulates from one stage to the next in a continuous loop. Ring counters are commonly used as frequency dividers and to generate quadrature signals with multiple phases. Their applications include data counting, pattern detection, and producing square waves for timing signals.
The document discusses registers in digital logic design. It defines a register as a group of flip-flops that can store binary information, with an n-bit register storing n bits. Registers can load data in parallel or serially. Shift registers can shift data left or right by connecting flip-flop outputs to inputs. Types of shift registers include serial in-serial out, serial in-parallel out, parallel in-serial out, and parallel in-parallel out. Serial transfer uses shift registers to move data one bit at a time from one register to another.
Digital Logic Design (EEEg4302)
Chapter 7 : Counters
This chapter discusses different types of counters, including asynchronous (ripple) counters and synchronous counters. Asynchronous counters use a ripple effect where one flip-flop triggers the next. Synchronous counters use a common clock signal to trigger all flip-flops simultaneously. The chapter also covers up/down counters, which can count up or down based on control signals, and methods for designing synchronous counters through state diagrams and logic expressions.
Counters:
Introduction, Asynchronous counter, Terms related to counters, IC-7493 (4-bit binary counter), Synchronous counter, Bushing, Type T-Design, Type JK Design, Presettable counter, IC-7490, IC 7492, Synchronous counter ICs, Analysis of counter circuits
This document provides an overview of sequential circuits and flip-flops. It discusses the basic components and operation of flip-flops including triggering, excitation tables, and different types of flip-flops. Applications of flip-flops like counters, shift registers, and their design procedures are also covered. Shift registers are described in detail including their types and applications such as time delays and serial-parallel data conversion.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and timing diagrams of ring and johnson counters as well as asynchronous and synchronous up, down, up/down and decade counters using popular flipflop ICs. The material will be useful for KTU B Tech second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
Latches
– Flip-Flops - SR, JK, D and T
– Master Slave Flip Flops
• Shift Registers
– SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO and Universal
• Binary Counters
– Synchronous and asynchronous up/down counters
– mod - N counter
– Counters for random sequence
– Johnson counter and Ring counter
This document discusses different types of counters used in digital circuits. It defines a counter as a sequential circuit that cycles through a sequence of states in response to clock pulses. Binary counters count in binary and can count from 0 to 2n-1 with n flip-flops. Asynchronous counters have flip-flops that are not triggered simultaneously by a clock, while synchronous counters use a common clock for all flip-flops. Other counter types include ring counters, Johnson counters, and decade counters. The document provides examples of binary, asynchronous, and synchronous counters and discusses their applications in areas like timing sequences and addressing memory.
B sc cs i bo-de u-iii counters & registersRai University
The document discusses registers and counters in digital circuits. It explains that counters are used for timing, sequencing, and counting applications. There are two main types of counters: ripple counters where each flip-flop triggers the next in sequence, and synchronous counters where all flip-flops are triggered simultaneously by a common clock. Binary ripple and synchronous 4-bit counters are described in detail through diagrams and explanations of their working principles. Parallel versus serial data transmission is also briefly discussed.
Registers are sequential devices that can store multiple bits of data, unlike individual flip-flops which can only store one bit. There are several types of registers including basic registers made up of multiple flip-flops, shift registers that shift data in on each clock cycle, and bidirectional shift registers that can shift data either left or right depending on a control signal. Bidirectional shift registers also allow parallel loading of all bits at once. Registers provide benefits over flip-flops and main memory by allowing faster temporary storage of more data used in processing.
These slides contain the basic of sequential logic, and includes a detailed and animated description of Flip-Flop and latches, it includes shift registers and counters also. It covers the fourth unit of Digital Logic Design
A register is a group of flip-flops that can store multiple bits of data. There are four types of shift registers: serial-in serial-out (SISO), serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), parallel-in serial-out (PISO), and parallel-in parallel-out (PIPO). Shift registers allow data to move between flip-flops on each clock pulse. Ring counters and Johnson counters are examples of shift register counters that produce repeating output sequences.
Shift registers are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one stage to the next. They can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data movement. Common applications include converting between serial and parallel data, temporary data storage, and implementing counters. MSI shift registers like the 74LS164 and 74LS166 provide 8-bit shift register functionality.
1. The document discusses different types of registers, counters, and shift registers including their components, functions, and loading/shifting processes.
2. It also covers synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as ring and Johnson counters.
3. Finally, it discusses integrated circuits and different digital logic families including TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS, and I2L.
This document discusses counters, which are digital circuits used for counting pulses. It describes asynchronous and synchronous counters, and different types including up/down counters, decade counters, ring counters, and Johnson counters. Examples of counter applications are given such as in kitchen appliances, washing machines, microwaves, and programmable logic controllers. Counters are used for tasks like time measurement, frequency division, and digital signal generation.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits composed of flip-flops that can shift data from one flip-flop to the next. Shift registers have applications in converting between serial and parallel data, temporary storage, and communications. The document describes different types of shift registers based on their input and output configurations, such as serial-in serial-out. It provides examples of how serial data can be shifted into and out of a serial-in serial-out shift register one bit at a time on each clock pulse.
Counters are digital circuits that use flip-flops to count clock pulses. There are different types of counters including synchronous, asynchronous, up/down, decade, ring, and Johnson counters. Synchronous counters are faster but more complex and expensive than asynchronous counters. A decade counter uses JK flip-flops with the J and K inputs connected to logic 1 and the outputs in a cascade to count from 0 to 9 before resetting. A ring counter cascades flip-flops in a loop with the output of the last connected to the input of the first. A Johnson counter is similar but with the inverted output of the last flip-flop connected to the first.
A ring counter is a type of shift register where the output of the last flip-flop is connected back to the input of the first flip-flop, creating a circular shift of bits. When a clock signal is applied, the single '1' bit circulates from one stage to the next in a continuous loop. Ring counters are commonly used as frequency dividers and to generate quadrature signals with multiple phases. Their applications include data counting, pattern detection, and producing square waves for timing signals.
The document discusses registers in digital logic design. It defines a register as a group of flip-flops that can store binary information, with an n-bit register storing n bits. Registers can load data in parallel or serially. Shift registers can shift data left or right by connecting flip-flop outputs to inputs. Types of shift registers include serial in-serial out, serial in-parallel out, parallel in-serial out, and parallel in-parallel out. Serial transfer uses shift registers to move data one bit at a time from one register to another.
Digital Logic Design (EEEg4302)
Chapter 7 : Counters
This chapter discusses different types of counters, including asynchronous (ripple) counters and synchronous counters. Asynchronous counters use a ripple effect where one flip-flop triggers the next. Synchronous counters use a common clock signal to trigger all flip-flops simultaneously. The chapter also covers up/down counters, which can count up or down based on control signals, and methods for designing synchronous counters through state diagrams and logic expressions.
Counters:
Introduction, Asynchronous counter, Terms related to counters, IC-7493 (4-bit binary counter), Synchronous counter, Bushing, Type T-Design, Type JK Design, Presettable counter, IC-7490, IC 7492, Synchronous counter ICs, Analysis of counter circuits
This document provides an overview of sequential circuits and flip-flops. It discusses the basic components and operation of flip-flops including triggering, excitation tables, and different types of flip-flops. Applications of flip-flops like counters, shift registers, and their design procedures are also covered. Shift registers are described in detail including their types and applications such as time delays and serial-parallel data conversion.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and timing diagrams of ring and johnson counters as well as asynchronous and synchronous up, down, up/down and decade counters using popular flipflop ICs. The material will be useful for KTU B Tech second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
Latches
– Flip-Flops - SR, JK, D and T
– Master Slave Flip Flops
• Shift Registers
– SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO and Universal
• Binary Counters
– Synchronous and asynchronous up/down counters
– mod - N counter
– Counters for random sequence
– Johnson counter and Ring counter
This document discusses different types of counters used in digital circuits. It defines a counter as a sequential circuit that cycles through a sequence of states in response to clock pulses. Binary counters count in binary and can count from 0 to 2n-1 with n flip-flops. Asynchronous counters have flip-flops that are not triggered simultaneously by a clock, while synchronous counters use a common clock for all flip-flops. Other counter types include ring counters, Johnson counters, and decade counters. The document provides examples of binary, asynchronous, and synchronous counters and discusses their applications in areas like timing sequences and addressing memory.
B sc cs i bo-de u-iii counters & registersRai University
The document discusses registers and counters in digital circuits. It explains that counters are used for timing, sequencing, and counting applications. There are two main types of counters: ripple counters where each flip-flop triggers the next in sequence, and synchronous counters where all flip-flops are triggered simultaneously by a common clock. Binary ripple and synchronous 4-bit counters are described in detail through diagrams and explanations of their working principles. Parallel versus serial data transmission is also briefly discussed.
Registers are sequential devices that can store multiple bits of data, unlike individual flip-flops which can only store one bit. There are several types of registers including basic registers made up of multiple flip-flops, shift registers that shift data in on each clock cycle, and bidirectional shift registers that can shift data either left or right depending on a control signal. Bidirectional shift registers also allow parallel loading of all bits at once. Registers provide benefits over flip-flops and main memory by allowing faster temporary storage of more data used in processing.
These slides contain the basic of sequential logic, and includes a detailed and animated description of Flip-Flop and latches, it includes shift registers and counters also. It covers the fourth unit of Digital Logic Design
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
3. Shift Registers
• Flip flops can be used to store a single bit of binary
data (1or 0).
• However, in order to store multiple bits of data, we
need multiple flip flops.
• N flip flops are to be connected in an order to store
n bits of data.
• A Register is a device which is used to store such
information. It is a group of flip flops connected in
series used to store multiple bits of data.
4. Contd..
• The information stored within these registers can be
transferred with the help of shift registers.
• An n-bit shift register can be formed by connecting n
flip-flops where each flip flop stores a single bit of data.
• The registers which will shift the bits to left are called
“Shift left registers”. (Makes multiplication by 2)
The registers which will shift the bits to right are called
“Shift right registers”. (Makes division by 2)
• Shift registers are basically of 4 types. These are:
• Serial In Serial Out shift register
• Serial In parallel Out shift register
• Parallel In Serial Out shift register
• Parallel In parallel Out shift register
5. Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register
(SISO) –
• The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the
other through a single data line) and produces a serial
output is known as Serial-In Serial-Out shift register.
• Since there is only one output, the data leaves the shift
register one bit at a time in a serial pattern, thus the name
Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register.
• The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected
in a serial manner. All these flip-flops are synchronous with
each other since the same clock signal is applied to each flip
flop.
6. • The above circuit is an example of shift right
register, taking the serial data input from the left
side of the flip flop.
• The main use of a SISO is to act as a delay element.
• Initially value is 0000
• Taking value of Q3Q2Q1Q0 = 1010
• Then following table works:
Clock
Signals
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
Initially 0 0 0 0
CLK-1 0 0 0 0
CLK-2 1 0 0 0
CLK-3 0 1 0 0
CLK-4 1 0 1 0
7. • So we can say, in n- bit register we need n clock
pulses to LOAD the value.
• To Read the clock pulse = (n-1)
8. Serial-In Parallel-Out shift Register
(SIPO) –
• The shift register, which allows serial input (one bit after the other
through a single data line) and produces a parallel output is known as
Serial-In Parallel-Out shift register.
• The logic circuit given below shows a serial-in-parallel-out shift register.
The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected. The clear
(CLR) signal is connected in addition to the clock signal to all the 4 flip
flops in order to RESET them.
• The output of the first flip flop is connected to the input of the next flip
flop and so on. All these flip-flops are synchronous with each other since
the same clock signal is applied to each flip flop.
9. • The above circuit is an example of shift right
register, taking the serial data input from the left
side of the flip flop and producing a parallel output.
• They are used in communication lines where
demultiplexing of a data line into several parallel
lines is required because the main use of the SIPO
register is to convert serial data into parallel data.
• Here for loading you will be needing ‘n’ clock pulse
only for n-bit register
• But for reading, the output is parallel means its
ready at that time, so time taken=0.
10. Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register
(PISO) –
• The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given
separately to each flip flop and in a simultaneous manner) and
produces a serial output is known as Parallel-In Serial-Out shift
register.
• The logic circuit given below shows a parallel-in-serial-out shift
register.
• The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected.
• The clock input is directly connected to all the flip flops but the
input data is connected individually to each flip flop through a
multiplexer at the input of every flip flop.
• The output of the previous flip flop and parallel data input are
connected to the input of the MUX and the output of MUX is
connected to the next flip flop.
• All these flip-flops are synchronous with each other since the
same clock signal is applied to each flip flop.
11. • A Parallel in Serial out (PISO) shift register used to
convert parallel data to serial data.
12. • In this, for loading only in 1 clock pulse all n-bits
will be loaded.
• For reading = (n-1)
13. Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift
Register (PIPO) –
• The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given
separately to each flip flop and in a simultaneous manner) and
also produces a parallel output is known as Parallel-In parallel-Out
shift register.
• The logic circuit given below shows a parallel-in-parallel-out shift
register.
• The circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected.
• The clear (CLR) signal and clock signals are connected to all the 4
flip flops.
• In this type of register, there are no interconnections between the
individual flip-flops since no serial shifting of the data is required.
• Data is given as input separately for each flip flop and in the same
way, output also collected individually from each flip flop.
14. • A Parallel in Parallel out (PIPO) shift register is used
as a temporary storage device and like SISO Shift
register it acts as a delay element.
• Here for loading we need 1 clock pulse.
• For reading we need 0 clock pulse
15. Mode Clocks needed for n-bit shift register
Loading Reading Total
SISO n n-1 2n-1
SIPO n 0 n
PISO 1 n-1 n
PIPO 1 0 1
16. Bidirectional Shift Register –
• If we shift a binary number to the left by one position, it is equivalent to
multiplying the number by 2 and if we shift a binary number to the right
by one position, it is equivalent to dividing the number by 2.
• To perform these operations we need a register which can shift the data
in either direction.
• Bidirectional shift registers are the registers which are capable of
shifting the data either right or left depending on the mode selected.
• If the mode selected is 1(high), the data will be shifted towards the right
direction and if the mode selected is 0(low), the data will be shifted
towards the left direction.
• The logic circuit given below shows a Bidirectional shift register. The
circuit consists of four D flip-flops which are connected.
• The input data is connected at two ends of the circuit and depending on
the mode selected only one and gate is in the active state.
17.
18. Counters
• A special type of sequential circuit used to count the
pulse is known as a counter, or a collection of flip flops
where the clock signal is applied is known as counters.
• The counter is one of the widest applications of the flip
flop. Based on the clock pulse, the output of the
counter contains a predefined state. The number of the
pulse can be counted using the output of the counter
• There are the following types of counters:
• Asynchronous Counters
• Synchronous Counters
19. Asynchronous Counters
• In asynchronous counter
we don’t use universal
clock, only first flip flop is
driven by main clock and
the clock input of rest of
the following flip flop is
driven by output of
previous flip flops.
• We can understand it by
following diagram-
20. Contd..
• It is evident from timing diagram that Q0 is
changing as soon as the rising edge of clock pulse
is encountered, Q1 is changing when rising edge
of Q0 is encountered(because Q0 is like clock
pulse for second flip flop) and so on.
• In this way ripples are generated through
Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 hence it is also
called RIPPLE counter. A ripple counter is a
cascaded arrangement of flip flops where the
output of one flip flop drives the clock input of the
following flip flop .
•
21. Synchronous Counter
• Unlike the asynchronous
counter, synchronous
counter has one global
clock which drives each flip
flop so output changes in
parallel.
• The one advantage of
synchronous counter over
asynchronous counter is, it
can operate on higher
frequency than
asynchronous counter as it
does not have cumulative
delay because of same
clock is given to each flip
flop.
22. • Synchronous counter circuit
Timing diagram
synchronous counter
From circuit diagram we see
that Q0 bit gives response to
each falling edge of clock while
Q1 is dependent on Q0, Q2 is
dependent on Q1 and Q0 , Q3
is dependent on Q2,Q1 and
Q0.
23. Ripple Counter
• Ripple counter is a special type of Asynchronous counter in which the
clock pulse ripples through the circuit.
• The n-MOD ripple counter forms by combining n number of flip-flops. The
n-MOD ripple counter can count 2n states, and then the counter resets to
its initial value.
• Features of the Ripple Counter:
• Different types of flip flops with different clock pulse are used.
• It is an example of an asynchronous counter.
• The flip flops are used in toggle mode.
• The external clock pulse is applied to only one flip flop. The output of this flip flop is
treated as a clock pulse for the next flip flop.
• In counting sequence, the flip flop in which external clock pulse is passed, act as
LSB.
• A counter may be an up counter that counts upwards or can be a down counter
that counts downwards or can do both i.e. count up as well as count downwards
depending on the input control. The sequence of counting usually gets repeated
after a limit. When counting up, for the n-bit counter the count sequence goes
from 000, 001, 010, … 110, 111, 000, 001, … etc. When counting down the count
sequence goes in the opposite manner: 111, 110, … 010, 001, 000, 111, 110, …
etc.
24. • Below is a diagram of the 2-bit Asynchronous
counter in which we used two T flip-flops.
Apart from the T flip flop, we can also use
the JK flip flop by setting both of the inputs to 1
permanently.
• The external clock pass to the clock input of
the first flip flop, i.e., FF-A and its output, i.e., is
passed to clock input of the next flip flop, i.e.,
FF-B.
• Block Diagram
26. • A 3-bit Ripple counter using a JK flip-flop is as follows:
• In the circuit shown in the above figure, Q0(LSB) will
toggle for every clock pulse because JK flip-flop works
in toggle mode when both J and K are applied 1, 1, or
high input. The following counter will toggle when the
previous one changes from 1 to 0.
27. • Let us assume that the clock is negative edge
triggered so the above the counter will act as an up
counter because the clock is negative edge
triggered and output is taken from Q.
28. Modulus Counter (MOD-N
Counter)
• It is a number of the states that the counter passes
through before reaching to its original value.
• Examples:
• 2 bit counter (Mod-4 Counter)
• 3 bit counter (Mod-8 counter)
• 4 bit counter (Mod-16 counter)
• Sometimes counter truncates in between the states
and some of the states are not used.
• Example
• MOD-5
• MOD-6
• MOD-10
29. Mod – N synchronous Counter
• The following method is applied for designing for mod N and
any counting sequence.
• Design for Mod-N counter :
The steps for the design are –
• Step 1 : Decision for number of flip-flops –
• Example : If we are designing mod N counter and n number of
flip-flops are required then n can be found out by this equation.
• N <= 2n
• Here we are designing Mod-10 counter Therefore, N= 10 and
number of Flip flops(n) required is
• For n =3, 10<=8, which is false.
• For n= 4,10<=16, which is true.
• Therefore, number of FF required is 4 for Mod-10 counter.
30. • Step 2 : Write excitation table of Flip flops –
Here T FF is used
• Step 3 : Draw state diagram and circuit
excitation table –
31. • A decade counter is called as mod -10 or divide by 10
counter. It counts from 0 to 9 and again reset to 0. It
counts in natural binary sequence. Here 4 T Flip flops
are used. It resets after Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 = 1001.
• Circuit excitation table –
Here Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 are present states of four flip-flops
and Q*3 Q*2 Q*1 Q*0 are next counting state of 4 Flip
flops. If there is a transition in current state i.e if Q3
value changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 then there’s
corresponding T(toggle) bit is written as 1 otherwise 0.
32. • Step 4 : Create Karnaugh map for each FF
input in terms of flip-flop outputs as the
input variable –
Simplify the K map –
33. • Step 5 : Create circuit diagram –
Here negative edge triggered clock is used for
toggling purpose.
• The clock is provided to every Flip flop at same
instant of time.
• The toggle(T) input is provided to every Flip
flop according to the simplified equation of K
map.
•
34. Ring Counter
• A ring counter is a typical application of the
Shift register. The ring counter is almost the
same as the shift counter.
• The only change is that the output of the last
flip-flop is connected to the input of the first flip-
flop in the case of the ring counter but in the
case of the shift register it is taken as output.
• Except for this, all the other things are the
same.
• No of states in Ring Counter = No. of flip flop
used
35. • So, for designing a 4-bit Ring counter we need 4 flip-flops.
• In this diagram, we can see that the clock pulse (CLK) is
applied to all the flip-flops simultaneously. Therefore, it is a
Synchronous Counter. Also, here we use Overriding input
(ORI) for each flip-flop. Preset (PR) and Clear (CLR) are
used as ORI. When PR is 0, then the output is 1. And when
CLR is 0, then the output is 0. Both PR and CLR are active
low signal that always works in value 0.
• PR = 0, Q = 1
• CLR = 0, Q = 0
36. • These two values are always fixed. They are
independent of the value of input D and the
Clock pulse (CLK).
• Working – Here, ORI is connected to Preset
(PR) in FF-0 and it is connected to Clear (CLR)
in FF-1, FF-2, and FF-3. Thus, output Q = 1 is
generated at FF-0, and the rest of the flip-flop
generates output Q = 0. This output Q = 1 at
FF-0 is known as Pre-set 1 which is used to
form the ring in the Ring Counter.
37. • This Preseted 1 is generated by making ORI low and that time
Clock (CLK) becomes don’t care.
• After that ORI is made to high and apply low clock pulse signal as
the Clock (CLK) is negative edge triggered.
• After that, at each clock pulse, the preseted 1 is shifted to the next
flip-flop and thus forms a Ring. From the above table, we can say
that there are 4 states in a 4-bit Ring Counter.
• 4 states are:
• 1 0 0 0
• 0 1 0 0
• 0 0 1 0
• 0 0 0 1
• In this way can design a 4-bit Ring Counter using four D flip-flops.
• Types of Ring Counter: There are two types of Ring Counter:
• Straight Ring Counter
• Twisted Ring Counter
38. • Straight Ring Counter:
• It is also known as One hot Counter. In this
counter, the output of the last flip-flop is
connected to the input of the first flip-flop.
The main point of this Counter is that it
circulates a single one (or zero) bit around
the ring.
• Here, we use Preset (PR) in the first flip-flop
and Clock (CLK) for the last three flip-flops.
39. • Total no. of states in n-bit Ring counter=n.
• Therefore, we can say Mod n counter
• How many are usable states?
• Taking an example of 4 bit ring counter.
• Total no. of states = n = 4.
• Although, possible no.of states = 2^n = 2^4 = 16
• So, usable states = 4
• Unused states = 16-4 = 12 states
40. • Twisted Ring Counter
• It is also known as a switch-tail ring counter,
walking ring counter, or Johnson counter.
• It connects the complement of the output of the
last shift register to the input of the first register
and circulates a stream of ones followed by zeros
around the ring.
• Here, we use Clock (CLK) for all the flip-flops. In
the Twisted Ring Counter, the number of states = 2
X the number of flip-flops.
41. • Here take Q0Q1Q2Q3 = 0000
• In twisted ring Q3’ is connected to D0.
• Therefore 0000 state will work.
• Q0(n+1) = D0= Q3’
• Possible states are = 8
• Different states here :
• if n – bit = 2n
• Used states = 2n
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0