The document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Defining systems, boundaries, surroundings, open and closed systems
- Explaining properties, states, and processes
- Stating the first law of thermodynamics that total energy is conserved
- Describing the differences between work and heat transfer
- Defining internal energy as the sum of all energy stored within a system
The document defines and provides examples of non-flow processes in thermodynamics, specifically polytropic processes. It states that in a non-flow process, the change in internal energy of a fluid equals the net heat supplied minus the net work done. It then discusses polytropic processes, defining them by the equation pV^n = constant, and providing examples of indices for different types of compression processes. The document provides equations to calculate work, temperature, and pressure changes for a polytropic process on a perfect gas. It includes an example problem calculating these values.
The document discusses steady flow processes and the steady flow energy equation. It provides the conditions that must be satisfied for a steady flow process, including constant mass flow rate, constant fluid properties over time, and uniform rates of work, heat, and energy transfer. It then derives the steady flow energy equation and discusses its various terms. Finally, it provides examples of applying the equation to boilers and condensers.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines key terms like system, boundary, surroundings, open and closed systems. It explains the differences between intensive and extensive properties, and defines state, process, and cycle. The document also covers the first law of thermodynamics, the differences between work and heat transfer, sign conventions, and the concept of internal energy. The objectives are to understand these fundamental concepts and the first law of thermodynamics.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
This document discusses basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by defining a perfect gas and stating Boyle's Law and Charles' Law, which describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases. It then defines specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gas by 1 degree Celsius while keeping its volume constant. The document provides equations relating heat transfer, temperature change, and internal energy for a constant volume process involving a perfect gas. It explains that for such a process, no work is done since the piston cannot move during constant volume heating or cooling.
The document discusses the steam power cycle. It begins by explaining that steam is commonly used as the working fluid in heat engine cycles due to its desirable properties. It then describes the ideal Carnot cycle, noting the four processes of heat addition, expansion, heat rejection, and compression. The thermal efficiency and work ratio of the Carnot cycle are defined. While theoretically efficient, the Carnot cycle is impractical. The document then introduces the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle used in steam power plants as it overcomes the impracticalities of the Carnot cycle by fully condensing the steam.
The document defines key terms related to the properties of steam:
- Wet steam is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated steam at a constant temperature as liquid vaporizes.
- Saturated steam is vapor that has vaporized from liquid at a constant pressure and temperature.
- Superheated steam is vapor whose temperature has increased above saturation temperature at constant pressure through continued heating.
1) The document discusses the three phases of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - using water as an example substance.
2) It explains that in solids, molecules are closely packed, in liquids they can move within a fixed volume, and in gases they are far apart and move randomly.
3) Various terms are defined regarding phase changes, including saturated and superheated states, and how heating water at constant pressure leads to transitions between these states.
The document defines and provides examples of non-flow processes in thermodynamics, specifically polytropic processes. It states that in a non-flow process, the change in internal energy of a fluid equals the net heat supplied minus the net work done. It then discusses polytropic processes, defining them by the equation pV^n = constant, and providing examples of indices for different types of compression processes. The document provides equations to calculate work, temperature, and pressure changes for a polytropic process on a perfect gas. It includes an example problem calculating these values.
The document discusses steady flow processes and the steady flow energy equation. It provides the conditions that must be satisfied for a steady flow process, including constant mass flow rate, constant fluid properties over time, and uniform rates of work, heat, and energy transfer. It then derives the steady flow energy equation and discusses its various terms. Finally, it provides examples of applying the equation to boilers and condensers.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines key terms like system, boundary, surroundings, open and closed systems. It explains the differences between intensive and extensive properties, and defines state, process, and cycle. The document also covers the first law of thermodynamics, the differences between work and heat transfer, sign conventions, and the concept of internal energy. The objectives are to understand these fundamental concepts and the first law of thermodynamics.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
This document discusses basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by defining a perfect gas and stating Boyle's Law and Charles' Law, which describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases. It then defines specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gas by 1 degree Celsius while keeping its volume constant. The document provides equations relating heat transfer, temperature change, and internal energy for a constant volume process involving a perfect gas. It explains that for such a process, no work is done since the piston cannot move during constant volume heating or cooling.
The document discusses the steam power cycle. It begins by explaining that steam is commonly used as the working fluid in heat engine cycles due to its desirable properties. It then describes the ideal Carnot cycle, noting the four processes of heat addition, expansion, heat rejection, and compression. The thermal efficiency and work ratio of the Carnot cycle are defined. While theoretically efficient, the Carnot cycle is impractical. The document then introduces the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle used in steam power plants as it overcomes the impracticalities of the Carnot cycle by fully condensing the steam.
The document defines key terms related to the properties of steam:
- Wet steam is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated steam at a constant temperature as liquid vaporizes.
- Saturated steam is vapor that has vaporized from liquid at a constant pressure and temperature.
- Superheated steam is vapor whose temperature has increased above saturation temperature at constant pressure through continued heating.
1) The document discusses the three phases of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - using water as an example substance.
2) It explains that in solids, molecules are closely packed, in liquids they can move within a fixed volume, and in gases they are far apart and move randomly.
3) Various terms are defined regarding phase changes, including saturated and superheated states, and how heating water at constant pressure leads to transitions between these states.
The document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics, which occur when a fluid is sealed within a system and cannot cross the system boundary. It defines non-flow processes and differentiates them from flow processes. It then describes two important non-flow processes: [1] isothermal processes, where temperature remains constant, and [2] adiabatic processes, where there is no heat transfer. Equations are provided for calculating work and other properties for gases undergoing these reversible, non-flow processes. Examples are included to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
Here are the answers to the tutorial questions:
1. TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
i. F
ii. T
iii. F
iv. T
v. T
vi. T
vii. F
2. Thermal efficiency (η) = Work done/Heat supplied from hot reservoir
= 20 kW/3000 kJ/min
= 0.2 or 20%
Rate of heat rejection (Q2) = Heat supplied - Net work done
= 3000 kJ/min - (20 kW * 1000/60) kJ/min
= 3000 - 333.33 kJ/min
= 2666.67 kJ/min
3.
The document discusses the application of the steady flow energy equation to various flow processes including turbines, nozzles, throttles, and pumps. It explains that for turbines, the steady flow energy equation relates the enthalpy drop of the fluid to the work produced. For nozzles, the equation shows the relationship between the enthalpy drop and the kinetic energy increase of the fluid. For throttles, the equation indicates that the enthalpy remains constant. And for pumps, the equation relates the enthalpy rise to the work input into the system. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the steady flow energy equation to analyze different flow processes.
The document describes the second law of thermodynamics and reversible processes involving perfect gases on temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams. It discusses:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, and adiabatic processes on T-s diagrams, with constant pressure lines sloping more steeply than constant volume lines.
2) Analyzing a example problem involving a constant pressure expansion of nitrogen gas, calculating work, heat, entropy change, and sketching the process on a T-s diagram.
3) The relationships between pressure, volume, temperature and entropy for perfect gases during various reversible thermodynamic processes.
The document defines different phases of steam:
1) Wet steam is a mixture of liquid and vapor at saturation temperature;
2) Saturated steam is all vapor at saturation temperature;
3) Superheated steam is vapor with temperature above saturation.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- The objectives of understanding the laws of thermodynamics and their constants.
- Definitions of perfect gases and their properties of pressure, volume, and temperature.
- Explanations of Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Universal Gas Law.
- Introduction of specific heat capacity at constant volume and constant pressure.
- Examples demonstrating applications of the gas laws and calculations involving specific heat.
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
The document describes the application of the steady flow energy equation to various fluid flow processes, including turbines, nozzles, throttling, and pumps. It explains that the steady flow energy equation can be applied provided certain conditions are met. For each type of process, it lists the key points and assumptions made in applying the equation. Examples are also provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve the steady flow energy equation for specific problems involving turbines, nozzles, and pumps.
Unit1 principle concepts of fluid mechanicsMalaysia
This document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including temperature scales, pressure measurements, and fluid properties. It defines temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine and shows conversions between them using formulas. It describes different pressure terms like atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, absolute pressure and vacuum. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at sea level of about 101 kPa. Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure and can be positive or negative. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge and atmospheric pressures. Vacuum refers to a perfect empty space with zero pressure. Formulas are provided to convert between these pressure terms and examples are given to demonstrate conversions and calculations.
Thermodynamic Chapter 4 Second Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the second law of thermodynamics. It discusses how the second law establishes conditions for equilibrium and determines theoretical performance limits. The document defines key concepts like thermal efficiency, the Carnot cycle, and entropy. It presents examples calculating efficiency and heat transfer for systems like power plants, refrigerators, and heat pumps operating between different temperature levels.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. It defines non-flow processes as those that occur in a closed system where the working fluid does not cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. Two main non-flow processes are described: isothermal (constant temperature) and adiabatic (no heat transfer) processes. Equations related to work, heat, and state properties are provided for analyzing these processes for ideal gases. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating work, heat, pressure, temperature and volume changes.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines a heat engine as a system that develops net work from a heat supply, requiring both a hot and cold reservoir. The second law states that the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done, meaning the efficiency of a heat engine is always less than 100%. Entropy is introduced as a property that enables the representation of heat flow on temperature-entropy diagrams. Such diagrams are shown and described for steam.
1. The document discusses heat transfer from fins and unsteady state heat conduction. It covers topics such as types of fins, the fin equation, fin efficiency, and transient versus steady heat transfer.
2. It provides equations for calculating temperature variation along fins, heat transfer from fins, and fin efficiency. Different boundary conditions for fin tips are also examined.
3. Transient or unsteady state heat conduction involves temperature changing over time as well as position, such as during cooling of engines or boiler tubes. The lumped system approach and analytical solutions for some basic geometries are described.
This document contains 6 exercises related to calculating the thermal efficiency of steam power plants operating on different Rankine cycle configurations including:
1) Ideal Rankine cycle
2) Ideal reheat Rankine cycle
3) Reheat Rankine cycle with specified turbine inlet/exit conditions
4) Regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
5) Reheat-regenerative cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater.
The 6th exercise asks to determine the fractions of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency for a plant operating on the reheat-regenerative cycle described in item 5 above.
1) Sound is a small pressure wave that travels through a medium and requires a medium, unlike light which can travel through a vacuum.
2) The speed of sound in a medium depends on the properties of that medium and changes as those properties change, such as temperature.
3) The speed of sound is highest in gases with a high kR value, such as helium, and increases with increasing temperature in all gases.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and various reversible processes on a temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for a perfect gas. It defines:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes on a T-s diagram.
2) Equations to calculate work, heat, and entropy change for constant pressure, volume, and temperature processes.
3) Provides an example problem calculating properties of air undergoing two processes - constant volume heating and constant pressure cooling.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This document provides an overview of a thermodynamics module for Malaysian polytechnics. It includes biographies of the two module writers, an evaluation form for students to provide feedback, a curriculum grid outlining the topics and hours for each unit, and summaries of the content and objectives covered in each of the 11 units. The units progress from basic thermodynamics concepts to properties of steam, the second law of thermodynamics, and the steam power cycle. Guidelines at the end instruct students to carefully complete all activities to maximize learning from the module.
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
The document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics, which occur when a fluid is sealed within a system and cannot cross the system boundary. It defines non-flow processes and differentiates them from flow processes. It then describes two important non-flow processes: [1] isothermal processes, where temperature remains constant, and [2] adiabatic processes, where there is no heat transfer. Equations are provided for calculating work and other properties for gases undergoing these reversible, non-flow processes. Examples are included to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
Here are the answers to the tutorial questions:
1. TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
i. F
ii. T
iii. F
iv. T
v. T
vi. T
vii. F
2. Thermal efficiency (η) = Work done/Heat supplied from hot reservoir
= 20 kW/3000 kJ/min
= 0.2 or 20%
Rate of heat rejection (Q2) = Heat supplied - Net work done
= 3000 kJ/min - (20 kW * 1000/60) kJ/min
= 3000 - 333.33 kJ/min
= 2666.67 kJ/min
3.
The document discusses the application of the steady flow energy equation to various flow processes including turbines, nozzles, throttles, and pumps. It explains that for turbines, the steady flow energy equation relates the enthalpy drop of the fluid to the work produced. For nozzles, the equation shows the relationship between the enthalpy drop and the kinetic energy increase of the fluid. For throttles, the equation indicates that the enthalpy remains constant. And for pumps, the equation relates the enthalpy rise to the work input into the system. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the steady flow energy equation to analyze different flow processes.
The document describes the second law of thermodynamics and reversible processes involving perfect gases on temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams. It discusses:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, and adiabatic processes on T-s diagrams, with constant pressure lines sloping more steeply than constant volume lines.
2) Analyzing a example problem involving a constant pressure expansion of nitrogen gas, calculating work, heat, entropy change, and sketching the process on a T-s diagram.
3) The relationships between pressure, volume, temperature and entropy for perfect gases during various reversible thermodynamic processes.
The document defines different phases of steam:
1) Wet steam is a mixture of liquid and vapor at saturation temperature;
2) Saturated steam is all vapor at saturation temperature;
3) Superheated steam is vapor with temperature above saturation.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- The objectives of understanding the laws of thermodynamics and their constants.
- Definitions of perfect gases and their properties of pressure, volume, and temperature.
- Explanations of Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Universal Gas Law.
- Introduction of specific heat capacity at constant volume and constant pressure.
- Examples demonstrating applications of the gas laws and calculations involving specific heat.
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
The document describes the application of the steady flow energy equation to various fluid flow processes, including turbines, nozzles, throttling, and pumps. It explains that the steady flow energy equation can be applied provided certain conditions are met. For each type of process, it lists the key points and assumptions made in applying the equation. Examples are also provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve the steady flow energy equation for specific problems involving turbines, nozzles, and pumps.
Unit1 principle concepts of fluid mechanicsMalaysia
This document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including temperature scales, pressure measurements, and fluid properties. It defines temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine and shows conversions between them using formulas. It describes different pressure terms like atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, absolute pressure and vacuum. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at sea level of about 101 kPa. Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure and can be positive or negative. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge and atmospheric pressures. Vacuum refers to a perfect empty space with zero pressure. Formulas are provided to convert between these pressure terms and examples are given to demonstrate conversions and calculations.
Thermodynamic Chapter 4 Second Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the second law of thermodynamics. It discusses how the second law establishes conditions for equilibrium and determines theoretical performance limits. The document defines key concepts like thermal efficiency, the Carnot cycle, and entropy. It presents examples calculating efficiency and heat transfer for systems like power plants, refrigerators, and heat pumps operating between different temperature levels.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. It defines non-flow processes as those that occur in a closed system where the working fluid does not cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. Two main non-flow processes are described: isothermal (constant temperature) and adiabatic (no heat transfer) processes. Equations related to work, heat, and state properties are provided for analyzing these processes for ideal gases. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating work, heat, pressure, temperature and volume changes.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines a heat engine as a system that develops net work from a heat supply, requiring both a hot and cold reservoir. The second law states that the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done, meaning the efficiency of a heat engine is always less than 100%. Entropy is introduced as a property that enables the representation of heat flow on temperature-entropy diagrams. Such diagrams are shown and described for steam.
1. The document discusses heat transfer from fins and unsteady state heat conduction. It covers topics such as types of fins, the fin equation, fin efficiency, and transient versus steady heat transfer.
2. It provides equations for calculating temperature variation along fins, heat transfer from fins, and fin efficiency. Different boundary conditions for fin tips are also examined.
3. Transient or unsteady state heat conduction involves temperature changing over time as well as position, such as during cooling of engines or boiler tubes. The lumped system approach and analytical solutions for some basic geometries are described.
This document contains 6 exercises related to calculating the thermal efficiency of steam power plants operating on different Rankine cycle configurations including:
1) Ideal Rankine cycle
2) Ideal reheat Rankine cycle
3) Reheat Rankine cycle with specified turbine inlet/exit conditions
4) Regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater
5) Reheat-regenerative cycle with one open feedwater heater, one closed feedwater heater, and one reheater.
The 6th exercise asks to determine the fractions of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency for a plant operating on the reheat-regenerative cycle described in item 5 above.
1) Sound is a small pressure wave that travels through a medium and requires a medium, unlike light which can travel through a vacuum.
2) The speed of sound in a medium depends on the properties of that medium and changes as those properties change, such as temperature.
3) The speed of sound is highest in gases with a high kR value, such as helium, and increases with increasing temperature in all gases.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and various reversible processes on a temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for a perfect gas. It defines:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, adiabatic, and polytropic processes on a T-s diagram.
2) Equations to calculate work, heat, and entropy change for constant pressure, volume, and temperature processes.
3) Provides an example problem calculating properties of air undergoing two processes - constant volume heating and constant pressure cooling.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This document provides an overview of a thermodynamics module for Malaysian polytechnics. It includes biographies of the two module writers, an evaluation form for students to provide feedback, a curriculum grid outlining the topics and hours for each unit, and summaries of the content and objectives covered in each of the 11 units. The units progress from basic thermodynamics concepts to properties of steam, the second law of thermodynamics, and the steam power cycle. Guidelines at the end instruct students to carefully complete all activities to maximize learning from the module.
notes on thermodynamics system and properties ,which is the on of the basics of thermodynamics useful for mechanical ,chemical engineering,physics students also can read this. for practice objective questions on thermodynamic visit www.testindia24x7.com free online web portal
This document defines key concepts in thermodynamics over 16 pages. It discusses systems and boundaries, open and closed systems, different types of processes like isothermal and adiabatic processes. It also defines properties of pure substances like saturated liquid and vapor. The first law of thermodynamics is explained as well as concepts like heat, work, internal energy. Devices like nozzles, diffusers, turbines and compressors are covered. The document also discusses entropy, the Carnot heat engine principle, and efficiency of compressors and turbines.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their interconversion between different forms. It describes processes involving changes in temperature, phase, or energy of a system.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases, reaching a maximum at equilibrium.
Thermodynamic properties describe a system and include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, as well as extensive properties like volume and energy. A system's state is defined by the values of its properties, and equilibrium occurs when properties no longer change with time.
Positive displacement pumps displace a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle or rotation. They are capable of developing high pressures at low suction pressures, unlike centrifugal pumps whose capacity is affected by outlet pressure. There are two main types of positive displacement pumps: rotary pumps which displace a fixed volume per revolution using components like gears or screws; and reciprocating pumps which use pistons or diaphragms moving back and forth in a cylinder. Reciprocating pumps are generally more efficient and suitable for high-pressure, low-volume applications while rotary pumps have lower fuel consumption and noise. Both have advantages for different industrial uses.
Applied thermodynamics for engineering technologistsTanveer Hussain
This document outlines the steps needed to prepare and submit a report on recent market trends. It details acquiring the necessary data from various departments, analyzing it to identify key trends, and drafting a report with charts and graphs to present the findings to leadership. The report aims to help the company understand shifting customer demands and preferences to aid future planning and decision making.
The document provides an index and glossary of key terms in applied thermodynamics. It begins with definitions of the zero, first, and second laws of thermodynamics. It then defines important thermodynamic concepts like state, extensive and intensive properties, specific properties, phases of water, enthalpy of vaporization, gas constant, and more. It also provides conversion factors and lists common thermodynamic properties of materials.
Open Systems Theory (OST) views organizations as open systems that are influenced by and influence their external environments through a process of mutual adaptation. An open system must actively adapt to changing values and expectations in its external environment in order to remain viable over time. OST recognizes that organizations exist within broader social, economic, political, and technological contexts and must respond to changes in these environments to succeed.
This PowerPoint shows an introduction to positive displacement compressors. You will have a brief introduction about the operating principles of reciprocating compressors, the different types of rotary compressors, and techniques for controlling compressor output most important variables.You will learn as well the construction, principal parts, and operation of reciprocating compressors
A compressor is a machine that compresses air or gas to pressures over 241.25 KPa. There are three main types: centrifugal for low pressure/high capacity, rotary for medium pressure/low capacity, and reciprocating for high pressure/low capacity. Compressed air has many industrial and specialized uses. Compressors can be analyzed using the steady flow energy equation and isentropic, polytropic, or isothermal processes. Multistage compression saves power by cooling the air between stages to limit temperature and pressure increases.
This document contains solved problems from chapter 12 on positive displacement machines. Problem 12.1 calculates the indicated power and delivery temperature for air compression in a single-stage reciprocating compressor under isentropic, isothermal and polytropic processes. Problem 12.2 calculates the bore size required for the compressor running at 1000 rpm with a stroke to bore ratio of 1.2:1. Problem 12.3 calculates various parameters like bore, stroke, volumetric efficiency and indicated power for a single-stage single-acting air compressor running at 1000 rpm.
The document discusses thermodynamics from both macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints. It defines key concepts like system, surroundings, open and closed systems, intensive and extensive properties, state, equilibrium, processes, cycles, work, heat transfer, and different types of thermodynamic processes. Specific processes discussed include isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and polytropic processes. The document also explains the zeroth law of thermodynamics and its importance for temperature measurement.
This document summarizes different types of hydroelectric power plants and turbines. It describes impulse and reaction turbines, including Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It provides diagrams of hydroelectric and pump storage plants. Key concepts covered include gross and net heads, discharge, water power, brake power, efficiency, and speed. Fundamental equations for hydroelectric systems are given. Common terms are defined. Sample problems demonstrate calculations for hydroelectric plant design and performance analysis.
Unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (2020-21 Session)Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Dear Students,
Please find the Basic Mechanical Engineering (TME-101, 2020-21 Session) Unit One notes in this section.
Topic cover in this section are:
UNIT-1: Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Definition of thermodynamics, System, Surrounding and universe, Phase, Concept of continuum, Macroscopic & microscopic point of view. Density, Specific volume, Pressure, temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium, Property, State, Path, Process, Cyclic and non-cyclic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Quasi-static process, Energy and its forms, Enthalpy.
The document defines thermodynamics as the science of energy and discusses its key concepts. It explains that thermodynamics studies how energy is transferred between systems and their surroundings. There are three types of systems: closed systems allow only energy transfer, isolated systems have no mass or energy transfer, and open systems involve both energy and mass transfer across their boundaries. The document uses examples like engines, thermos flasks, and turbines to illustrate these different thermodynamic system classifications.
Thermodynamics part 1 ppt |Sumati's biochemistry |SumatiHajela
Thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy in a system. A system is a quantity of matter that has defined boundaries that distinguish it from its surroundings. Thermodynamic properties can be extensive, meaning they depend on the amount of matter in the system, or intensive, meaning they do not depend on amount. The thermodynamic state of a system is defined by its macroscopic properties like temperature, pressure, and volume. State functions depend only on the initial and final states, while path functions depend on the process between states. Thermodynamic equilibrium occurs when a system's properties no longer change over time during interactions with its surroundings.
This course provides an introduction to thermodynamics over 15 weeks. Topics covered include the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy analysis of control volumes and cycles, and isentropic processes. By the end of the course, students are expected to understand fundamental thermodynamic principles, laws, and be able to apply concepts such as the first law to calculate work and heat transfer in open and closed systems. Assessment includes exams and problem solving.
Basic mechanical engineering unit 1 thermodynamics by varun pratap singh (202...Varun Pratap Singh
Free Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Notes for Basic mechanical engineering subject unit 1 thermodynamics for Uttarakhand Technical University
This document outlines a thermodynamics course taught by Md. Toufiq Islam Noor. It introduces key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, equilibrium, and units. Specific topics covered include defining closed, open, and isolated systems, intensive/extensive properties, equilibrium states, and standard SI and other units for mass, length, time, and force. Examples are provided for calculating weight and converting between units.
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy and the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size. Ther
Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of energy from one form to another, mainly heat into work or vice versa. Some applications of thermodynamics include power generation, automobiles, processing industries, and gas compressors. The four main laws of thermodynamics are: (1) the zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium, (2) the first law concerns the conservation of energy and states that heat and work are different forms of energy transfer, (3) the second law concerns the entropy of the universe increasing, and (4) the third law relates entropy to the absolute zero of temperature. Thermodynamic properties can be either intensive, which do not depend on system size, or extensive, which do depend on system size.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics concepts including:
- The microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamic systems.
- Key definitions including systems, surroundings, boundaries, states, properties, paths, processes and cycles.
- The four laws of thermodynamics with explanations of the zeroth and first laws.
- Different types of thermodynamic processes and the relationships between heat, work and internal energy as described by the first law.
- Common thermodynamic properties including temperature, heat, work, enthalpy and the different forms of energy.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to thermodynamics. It discusses microscopic and macroscopic approaches, defines key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, and state. It classifies thermodynamic systems and properties, and describes concepts like equilibrium, path, process, and cycle. It defines different forms of energy specifically work and heat. It also gives the first law of thermodynamics and discusses other thermodynamic processes.
chapter one: Introduction to ThermodynamicsBektu Dida
Thermodynamics is the science of energy and energy transformations. The name comes from the Greek words for heat and power. Some key points:
- Thermodynamics studies the transformation of various forms of energy, especially heat and work, and relationships between properties of matter.
- A fundamental law is the conservation of energy principle - energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
- Thermodynamics emerged in the industrial revolution to study engines and energy conversion. The first and second laws were established in the 1850s.
- Properties, processes, state, equilibrium, closed and open systems, intensive/extensive properties, and the equation of state are some core concepts in ther
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation. It discusses the relationship between heat, work, and the physical properties of systems. Some applications of thermodynamics include pressure cookers, internal combustion engines, steam plants, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, chemical plants, and jet propulsion. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. A system can be described either through a macroscopic or microscopic approach. The macroscopic approach considers properties like pressure and temperature without examining molecular-level events, while the microscopic approach considers molecular motion and properties like velocity and kinetic energy.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal and mechanical forms. Key concepts include systems, properties, state, process, and the laws of thermodynamics. A system is defined as a quantity of matter or space being studied. Properties can be intensive or extensive, and two intensive properties are required to define the state of a simple compressible system. A process is a change in a system from one equilibrium state to another. The first law concerns conservation of energy, and the second law concerns the direction of spontaneous processes and the irreversibility of real processes.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations between thermal and mechanical forms. Key concepts include systems, properties, state, process, and the laws of thermodynamics. A system is defined as a quantity of matter or space being studied. Properties can be intensive or extensive, and two intensive properties are required to define the state of a simple compressible system. A process is a change in a system from one equilibrium state to another. The first law concerns conservation of energy, and the second law concerns the direction of spontaneous processes and the irreversibility of real processes.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics concepts. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with energy, energy transformations, and properties of matter. It discusses microscopic and macroscopic approaches, distinguishing between analyzing individual particle behavior and averaged bulk properties. Key concepts defined include systems, surroundings, boundaries, states, paths, processes, cycles, equilibrium, intensive/extensive properties, and the various forms of energy including work, heat, and power. The document lays out the foundation for further exploring thermodynamic principles.
This course covers fundamentals of thermodynamics and its applications. The objectives are to understand various energy concepts and laws of thermodynamics. Key topics include the first law relating heat and work, the second law and concept of entropy, properties of pure substances and steam, and analysis of common thermodynamic cycles. Assessment is based on assignments, tests, and a final exam covering all topics with emphasis on later modules. The course content is divided into six units covering topics such as the second law of thermodynamics, properties of steam, gas power cycles, vapor power cycles, air compressors, and gas turbines.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamics, including definitions of key terms, types of systems and processes, the three laws of thermodynamics, and concepts like state functions, equilibrium, and exergonic and endergonic reactions. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with different forms of energy and quantitative relationships between them. The objectives are to define terms, state the laws of thermodynamics and their limitations, explain applications to chemical reactions, and derive equations.
1. The document is a chapter outline for an engineering thermodynamics course covering topics such as basic concepts, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy, energy, vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, and properties of gases and mixtures.
2. It includes brief descriptions of chapter contents and learning objectives for each of the 8 chapters.
3. The course materials were prepared by Bhavin Vegada and include fundamental thermodynamic concepts such as system and control volume analysis, intensive and extensive properties, processes and cycles, and the criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium.
This document provides an overview of fundamental thermodynamic concepts relevant to refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It defines important terms like system, process, heat, work, path and point functions. It explains the four laws of thermodynamics, including the first law in relation to closed and open systems. Key thermodynamic properties like internal energy and enthalpy are introduced. The document distinguishes between heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps and provides expressions for their Carnot efficiencies. It also discusses the Clausius inequality and introduces the concept of entropy.
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
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1. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/1
UNIT 2
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To understand the basic concept and the First Law of
Thermodynamics
Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you will be able to:
Define the fundamental concepts of system, boundary,
surrounding, open system and close system
explain the property, state and process of the working fluid and
provide example
state the definitions of the First Law of Thermodynamics
describe the differences between work and heat transfer
define the definitions and show the application of internal
energy
2. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/2
INPUT
2.0 Introduction
Every science has a unique vocabulary associated with it, and thermodynamics is no
exception. Precise definition of the basic concepts forms a sound foundation for the
development of science and prevents possible misunderstandings. In this unit, the
systems that will be used are reviewed, and the basic concepts of thermodynamics
such as system, energy, property, state, process, cycle, pressure and temperature are
explained. Careful study of these concepts is essential for a good understanding of
the topics in the following units.
2.1 Definitions of system, boundary, surrounding, open system and close system
A thermodynamic system, or simply a system, is defined as a quantity of matter or
a region in space chosen for study. The fluid contained by the cylinder head,
cylinder walls and the piston may be said to be the system.
The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. The surroundings
may be affected by changes within the system.
The boundary is the surface of separation between the system and its surroundings.
It may be the cylinder and the piston or an imaginary surface drawn as in Fig. 2.1-1,
so as to enable an analysis of the problem under consideration to be made.
Boundary
Surrounding
System
3. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/3
Figure 2.1-1 System, surroundings and boundary
A system can either to be close or open, depending on whether a fixed mass or a
fixed volume in space is chosen for study. A close system (also known as a control
mass) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That
is, no mass can enter or leave a close system, as shown in Fig. 2.1-2. But energy,
in the form of heat or work can cross the boundary, and the volume of a close system
does not have to be fixed.
SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
BOUNDARY
Fig. 2.1-2 A closed system with a moving boundary
An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called, is a properly selected
region in space. It usually encloses a device, which involves mass flow such as a
boiler, compressor, turbine or nozzle. Flow through these devices is best studied by
selecting the region within the device as the control volume. Both mass and energy
can cross the boundary of a control volume, as shown in Fig. 2.1-3.
Fluid Inlet SURROUNDINGS
QOUT
SYSTEM WOUT
BOUNDARY
Fluid Outlet
Fig 2.1-3 Open system in boiler
4. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/4
2.2 Property, State and Process
Properties are macroscopic characteristics of a system such as mass,
volume, energy, pressure, and temperature to which numerical values can be
assigned at a given time without knowledge of the history of the system.
Many other properties are considered during the course of our study of
engineering thermodynamics. Thermodynamics also deals with quantities
that are not properties, such as mass flow rates and energy transfers by work
and heat. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties are those which are independent of the size of the
system such as temperature, pressure and density.
Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size or extent of
the system. Mass, volume and total energy are some examples of extensive
properties.
The word state refers to the condition of system as described by its
properties. Since there are normally relations among the properties of a
system, the state often can be specified by providing the values of a subset of
the properties.
When there is a change in any of the properties of a system, the state changes
and the system are said to have undergone a process. A process is a
transformation from one state to another. However, if a system exhibits the
same values of its properties at two different times, the state remains the
same at these times. A system is said to be at a steady state if none of its
properties changes with time. A process occurs when a system’s state (as
measured by its properties) changes for any reason. Processes may be
reversible or actual (irreversible). In this context the word ‘reversible’ has a
special meaning. A reversible process is one that is wholly theoretical, but
can be imagined as one which occurs without incurring friction, turbulence,
leakage or anything which causes unrecoverable energy losses. All of the
processes considered below are reversible and the actual processes will be
dealt with later.
Processes may be constrained to occur at constant temperature (isothermal),
constant pressure, constant volume, polytropic and adiabatic (with no heat
transfer to the surroundings).
5. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/5
Activity 2A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
2.1 Fill in the blanks with suitable names for the close system in the diagram
below.
i. _____________
ii. _________
iii. _____________
2.2 Study the statements in the table below and decide if the statements are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
STATEMENT TRUE or FALSE
i. The mass or region inside the system is called
the surroundings.
ii. In a close system, no mass can enter or leave
a system.
iii. Intensive properties are those which are
independent of the size of the system
iv. Mass, volume and total energy are some
examples of intensive properties.
6. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/6
Feedback To Activity 2A
2.1 i. Surroundings
ii. System
iii. Boundary
2.2 i. False
ii. True
iii. True
iv. False
CONGRATULATIONS, IF YOUR ANSWERS ARE CORRECT YOU CAN
PROCEED TO THE NEXT INPUT…..
7. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/7
INPUT
2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can exist in
many forms such as
thermal, kinetic,
potential, electric,
chemical,…
Figure 2.3 Pictures showing types of energy
The first law of thermodynamics is simply a statement of conservation of
energy principle and it asserts that total energy is a thermodynamic property.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change forms. This
principle is based on experimental observations and is known as the First
Law of Thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics can therefore be
stated as follows:
When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle then the
net heat supplied to the system from its surroundings is
equal to the net work done by the systems on its surroundings.
……The First Law of Thermodynamics
In symbols,
Σ dQ = Σ dW (2.1)
where Σ represents the sum of a complete cycle.
8. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/8
2.4 Work and Heat Transfer
Work transfer is defined as a product of the force and the distance moved in
the direction of the force. When a boundary of a close system moves in the
direction of the force acting on it, then the system does work on its
surroundings. When the boundary is moved inwards the work is done on the
system by its surroundings. The units of work are, for example, Nm or J. If
work is done on unit mass of a fluid, then the work done per kg of fluid has
the units of Nm/kg or J/kg. Consider the fluid expanding behind the piston
of an engine. The force F (in the absence of friction) will be given by
F = pA (2.2)
where
p is the pressure exerted on the piston and
A is the area of the piston
If dx is the displacement of the piston and p can be assumed constant
over this displacement, then the work done W will be given by,
W = F x dx
= pA x dx
= p x Adx
= p x dV
= p(V2 – V1) (2.3)
where dV = Adx = change in volume.
F
IS
PRESSURE
dx
Figure 2.4 Work transfer
When two systems at different temperatures are in contact with each other,
energy will transfer between them until they reach the same temperature (that
is, when they are in equilibrium with each other). This energy is called heat,
or thermal energy, and the term "heat flow" refers to an energy transfer as a
consequence of a temperature difference.
Heat is a form of energy which crosses the boundary of a system during a
change of state produced by the difference in temperature between the system
9. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/9
and its surroundings. The unit of heat is taken as the amount of heat energy
equivalent to one joule or Nm. The joule is defined as the work done when
the point of application of a force of one newton is displaced through a
distance of one meter in the direction of the force.
2.5 Sign Convention for Work Transfer
It is convenient to consider a convention of sign in connection with work
transfer and the usual convention adopted is:
• if work energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings, it is
donated as positive.
• if work energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system, it is
donated as negative.
SURROUNDINGS BOUNDARY
WORK W2
+ ve
SYSTEM
WORK W1
- ve
Figure 2.5 Sign Convention for work transfer
10. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/10
2.6 Sign Convention for Heat Transfer
The sign convention usually adopted for heat energy transfer is such that :
• if heat energy flows into the system from the surroundings it is said to be
positive.
• if heat energy flows from the system to the surroundings it is said to be
negative. It is incorrect to speak of heat in a system since heat energy
exists only when it flows across the boundary. Once in the system, it is
converted to other types of energy.
SURROUNDINGS
HEAT ENERGY
Q2
HEAT SYSTEM -ve
ENERGY
Q1
+
ve
BOUNDARY
Figure 2.6 Sign convention for heat transfer
2.7 Internal Energy
Internal energy is the sum of all the energies a fluid possesses and stores
within itself. The molecules of a fluid may be imagined to be in motion
thereby possessing kinetic energy of translation and rotation as well as the
energy of vibration of the atoms within the molecules. In addition, the fluid
also possesses internal potential energy due to inter-molecular forces.
Suppose we have 1 kg of gas in a closed container as shown in Figure 2.7.
For simplicity, we shall assume that the vessel is at rest with respect to the
earth and is located on a base horizon. The gas in the vessel has neither
macro kinetic energy nor potential energy. However, the molecules of the gas
are in motion and possess a molecular or 'internal' kinetic energy. The term is
usually shortened to internal energy. If we are to study thermal effects then
11. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/11
we can no longer ignore this form of energy. We shall denote the specific
(per kg) internal energy as u J/kg.
Now suppose that by rotation of an impeller within the vessel, we add work
dW to the closed system and we also introduce an amount of heat dQ. The
gas in the vessel still has zero macro kinetic energy and zero potential
energy. The energy that has been added has simply caused an increase in the
internal energy.
The change in internal energy is determined only by the net energy that has
been transferred across the boundary and is independent of the form of that
energy (work or heat) or the process path of the energy transfer. In molecular
simulations, molecules can of course be seen, so the changes occurring as a
system gains or loses internal energy are apparent in the changes in the
motion of the molecules. It can be observed that the molecules move faster
when the internal energy is increased. Internal energy is, therefore, a
thermodynamic property of state. Equation 2.4 is sometimes known as the
non-flow energy equation and is a statement of the First Law of
Thermodynamics.
dU = dQ - dW
or, U 2 − U 1 = Q12 − W12 (2.4)
dW
dQ
Figure 2.7 Added work and heat raise the internal energy of a close system
12. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/12
Example 2.1
Qin = +10 kJ Wout = (+) ?
SYSTEM
Qout = -3 kJ
Win= -2 kJ
The figure above shows a certain process, which undergoes a complete cycle
of operations. Determine the value of the work output for a complete cycle,
Wout.
Solution to Example 2.1
ΣQ = Qin + Qout Qin is +10 kJ
= (10) + (-3)
= 7 kJ Qout is –3 kJ
Win is –2 kJ
ΣW = Win + Wout
= (-2) + (Wout) Wout is +ve
Hence ΣQ - ΣW = 0
ΣW = ΣQ
(-2) + (Wout) = 7
Wout = 9 kJ
13. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/13
Example 2.2
A system is allowed to do work amounting to 500 kNm whilst heat energy
amounting to 800 kJ is transferred into it. Find the change of internal energy
and state whether it is an increase or decrease.
Solution to Example 2.2
U2 – U1 = Q12 – W12
now,
W12 = +500 kNm = 500 kJ
Q12 = +800 kJ
∴ U2 – U1 = 800 – 500
= 300 kJ
Since U2 > U1, the internal energy has increased.
14. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/14
Activity 2B
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
2.3 During a complete cycle operation, a system is subjected to the
following: Heat transfer is 800 kJ supplied and 150 kJ
rejected.
Work done by the system is 200 kJ.
Calculate the work transferred from the surrounding to the system.
2.4 Each line in Table 2.4 gives information about a process of a closed system.
Every entry has the same energy unit i.e. kJ. Fill in the empty spaces in the
table with the correct answers.
PROCESS Q12 W12 (U2 – U1)
a. +50 -20 i. ________
b. +100 ii. _______ -30
c. iii. _______ -70 +130
d. -50 +20 iv. _______
2.5 A close system undergoes a process in which there is a heat transfer of 200 kJ from
the system to the surroundings. The work done from the system to the surroundings
is 75 kJ. Calculate the change of internal energy and state whether it is an increase
or decrease.
15. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/15
Feedback To Activity 2B
2.3 ΣQ = Qin + Qout = (800) + (-150) = 650 kJ
ΣW = Win + Wout = (Win) + (200)
Hence ΣQ - ΣW = 0
ΣW = ΣQ
(Win) + (200) = 650
Win = 450 kJ
2.4 i. 70
ii. 130
iii. 60
iv. -70
2.5 U2 – U1 = Q12 – W12
now,
Q12 = -200 kJ
W12 = 75 kJ
∴ U2 – U1 = (-200) – (75) = -275 kJ
(Since U2 - U1 = -ve, the internal energy is decreased)
CONGRATULATIONS, IF YOUR ANSWERS ARE CORRECT THEN YOU
ARE SUCCESSFUL.
16. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/16
! Tips
Problem Solving Methodology
There are several correct and effective steps to problem solving. There are many
variations as to what various authors give for their problem solving strategy.
Some of these steps are:
Read the ENTIRE problem carefully and all the way through before starting work on the
problem. Make sure that you understand what is being asked.
List the data based on the figures given in the question. This will include both explicit and
implicit data items. Note that not all of the explicitly given data are always necessarily
involved in the problem solution. Be wary of introducing implicit conditions that may be
unnecessary for the problem solution.
Draw a diagram of the physical situation. The type of drawing will depend upon the
problem.
Determine the physical principles involved in the particular problem. What are the pertinent
equations and how can they be used to determine either the solution or intermediate
results that can be further used to determine the solution. Often one equation will be
insufficient to solve a particular problem.
Simplify the equations as much as possible through algebraic manipulation before
plugging numbers into the equations. The fewer times numbers are entered into equations,
the less likely numerical mistakes will be made.
Check the units on the quantities involved. Make sure that all of the given quantities are in
a consistent set of units.
Insert the given data into the equations and perform the calculations. In doing the
calculations, also manipulate the units. In doing the calculations, follow the rules for
significant figures.
Is the result reasonable and are the final units correct?
GOOD LUCK, TRY YOUR BEST.
17. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/17
SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment
section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback to Self-
Assessment on the next page. If you face any problem, discuss it with your
lecturer. Good luck.
1. A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy decreases
by 300 kJ. If at the same time, 120 kJ of work is done on the system, find the heat
transferred to or from the system.
2. The internal energy of a system increases by 70 kJ when 180 kJ of heat is transferred
to the system. How much work is done by the gas?
3. During a certain process, 1000 kJ of heat is added to the working fluid while 750 kJ
is extracted as work. Determine the change in internal energy and state whether it is
increased of decreased.
4. If the internal energy of a system is increased by 90 kJ while the system does 125 kJ
of work to the surroundings, determine the heat transfer to or from the system.
18. BASIC THERMODYNAMICS J2006/2/18
Feedback to Self-Assessment
Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now.
1. Q = - 420 kJ
2. W = 110 kJ
3. U2 – U1 = 250 kJ (Since U2 - U1 = +ve, the internal energy is increased)
4. Q = 215 kJ
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!
…..May success be with
you always….