This document provides an overview of a thermodynamics module for Malaysian polytechnics. It includes biographies of the two module writers, an evaluation form for students to provide feedback, a curriculum grid outlining the topics and hours for each unit, and summaries of the content and objectives covered in each of the 11 units. The units progress from basic thermodynamics concepts to properties of steam, the second law of thermodynamics, and the steam power cycle. Guidelines at the end instruct students to carefully complete all activities to maximize learning from the module.

1. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (1)
MALAYSIA
POLYTECHNICS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MODULE J2006
THERMODYNAMICS 1
KAMARUZZAMAN BIN DAUD (PUO)
ROSLAN BIN HASHIM (PUO)

2. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (2)
BIODATA OF MODULE WRITERS
J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Name : Kamaruzzaman b. Daud
Address : Mechanical Engineering Department,
Ungku Omar Polytechnic,
Jln. Raja Musa Mahadi,
31400 Ipoh, Perak.
Telephone No. : 05-5457622 ext.1041
e-mail : kman_dd@hotmail.com
Position : Polytechnic Lecturer
Name : Roslan b. Hashim
Address : Mechanical Engineering Department,
Ungku Omar Polytechnic,
Jln. Raja Musa Mahadi,
31400 Ipoh, Perak.
Telephone No. : 05-5457622 ext.1041
Position : Polytechnic Lecturer
Editor
Name : Nor Resom bt. Buyong
Address : English Language Unit,
General Studies Department,
Ungku Omar Polytechnic,
Jln. Raja Musa Mahadi,
31400 Ipoh, Perak.
Telephone No. : 05-5457622 ext. 2225
Position : Polytechnic Lecturer

3. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (3)
What Do You Think Of This Module?
Title of Module: _______________________ Module Code : ___________
Student’s Name: _______________________ Registration No. : ___________
Course: ____________________________________
Module Writers: ______________________________
Please use the following scale for your evaluation:
4 Strongly Agree
3 Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Instruction : Please √ on the space provided.
No. How much do you agree with the following statements? SCALE
1 2 3 4
A. FORMAT
1 The pages are organized in an interesting manner.
2 The font size makes it easy for me to read the module.
The size and types of pictures and charts used are suitable for
3
the input.
4 The pictures and charts are easy to read and understand.
5 The tables used are well-organised and easy to understand.
6 The arrangement of the Input makes it easy for me to follow.
7 All the instructions are displayed clearly.
1 2 3 4
B. CONTENTS
8 I understand all the objectives clearly.
9 I understand the ideas conveyed.
10 The ideas are presented in an interesting manner.
11 All the instructions are easy to understand.
12 I can carry out the instructions in this module.
13 I can answer the questions in the activities easily.
14 I can answer the questions in the self-assessment.
15 The feedback section can help me identify my mistakes.
16 The language used is easy to understand.
17 The way the module is written makes it interesting to read.
18 I can follow this module easily.
19 Each unit helps me understand the topic better.
I have become more interested in the subject after using this
20
module.

4. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (4)
CURRICULUM GRID
The curriculum grid of this module is based on the curriculum used by Malaysian
Polytechnics.
No. TOPIC UNIT Total
Hours
1 Basic 1 2 3
Thermodynamics ( 1 H) (2H) (2H) 5 Hours
2 Non-Flow 4 5 5 Hours
Process ( 3 H) ( 2 H)
3 Flow Process 6 7 4 Hours
(2H) (2H)
4 Properties of 8 5 Hours
Steam (5H)
5 The Second 9 10 6 Hours
Law of (3H) (3H)
Thermodynamics
6 The Steam Power 11 5 Hours
Cycle (5H)

5. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (5)
UNIT 1 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Fundamental and derived quantities
1.1.1 Force
1.1.2 Energy
1.1.3 Power
1.1.4 Pressure
1.1.5 Density
1.2 Unit conversions
UNIT 2 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Definitions of system, boundary, surrounding, open system and close system
2.2 Property, state and process
2.3 The First Law of thermodynamics
2.4 Work and heat transfer
2.5 Sign convention for work transfer
2.6 Sign convention for heat transfer
2.7 Internal energy
UNIT 3 BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
3.0 Definition of perfect gas
3.1 Boyle’s Law
3.2 Charles’ Law
3.3 Universal Gases Law
3.4 Specific heat capacity at constant volume
3.5 Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
3.6 Relationship between the specific heats
3.7 Specific heat ratio
UNIT 4 NON-FLOW PROCESS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Differences between the Flow and Non-Flow Process
4.1.1 Flow Process
4.1.2 Non-Flow Process
4.2 Constant temperature (isothermal) process
4.3 Adiabatic process

6. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (6)
UNIT 5 NON-FLOW PROCESS
5.0 Non-flow process
5.1 Polytropic process
5.2 Constant volume process
5.3 Constant pressure process
UNIT 6 FLOW PROCESS
6.0 Steady flow processes
6.1 Steady flow energy equation
6.2 Application of steady flow equation
6.2.1 Boilers
6.2.2 Condensers
UNIT 7 FLOW PROCESS
7.0 Application of steady flow equation
7.0.1 Turbine
7.0.2 Nozzle
7.0.3 Throttle
7.0.4 Pump
7.1 Equation of continuity
UNIT 8 PROPERTIES OF STEAM
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Phase-change process
8.2 Saturated and Superheated Steam
8.3 Properties of a Wet Mixture
8.3.1 Specific volume
8.3.2 Specific enthalpy
8.3.3 Specific internal energy
8.3.4 Specific entropy
8.4 The use of Steam Tables
8.4.1 Saturated Water and Steam Tables
8.4.2 Superheated Steam Tables
8.5 Interpolation
8.5.1 Single Interpolation
8.5.2 Double Interpolation

7. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (7)
UNIT 9 THE SECOND LAW OF THE THERMODYNAMICS
9.0 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics
9.1 The heat engine and heat pump
9.2 Entropy
9.3 The T-s diagram for a steam
9.4 To show that Q = h2 – h1
9.5 Reversible processes on the T-s diagram for steam
9.5.1 Constant pressure process
9.5.2 Constant volume process
9.5.3 Constant temperature (or isothermal) process
9.5.4 Adiabatic (or isentropic) process
9.5.5 Polytropic process
UNIT 10 THE SECOND LAW OF THE THERMODYNAMICS
10.0 The P-V and T-s diagram for a perfect gas
10.1 Reversible processes on the T-s diagram for a perfect gas
10.1.1 Constant pressure process
10.1.2 Constant volume process
10.1.3 Constant temperature (or isothermal) process
10.1.4 Adiabatic (or isentropic) process
10.1.5 Polytropic process
UNIT 11 THE STEAM POWER CYCLE
11.0 Introduction
11.1 The Carnot cycle
11.1.1 Thermal efficiency of Carnot cycle
11.1.2 The work ratio for Carnot cycle
11.2 Rankine cycle
11.2.1 Thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle
11.2.2 The work ratio for Rankine cycle
11.3 Specific steam consumption

8. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (8)
MODULE GUIDELINES
To achieve maximum benefits in using this module, students must follow the instructions
carefully and complete all the activities.
1. This module is divided into 11 units.
2. Each page is numbered according to the subject code, unit and page number.
J2006 / 1 / 5
Subject Page Number 5
Unit 1
3. The general and specific objectives are given at the beginning of each unit.
4. The activities in each unit are arranged in a sequential order and the following
symbols are given:
OBJECTIVES
The general and specific objectives for each learning topic are stated
in this section.
INPUT
This section introduces the subject matter that you are going to learn.
ACTIVITIES
The activities in this section test your understanding of the subject matter.
You have to complete this section by following the instructions carefully.
FEEDBACK
Answers to the questions in the activity section are given here

9. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (9)
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Self-assessment evaluates your understanding of each
unit.
FEEDBACK TO SELF-ASSESSMENT
This section contains answers to the activities in the self-assessment.
5. You have to follow the units in sequence.
6. You may proceed to the next unit after successfully completing the unit and you are
confident of your achievement.

10. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (1
0)
GENERAL AIMS
This module is prepared for the second semester students who are undergoing
Certificate/Diploma programmes in Malaysian Polytechnics. In each unit, the aim is to
expose the students to the concepts of Thermodynamics and to lead them towards self-
directed learning with guidance from their lecturers.
PREREQUISITE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
At least a pass in Mathematics and Science at SPM level
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. understand the principles and concepts of units and dimensions
2. define the fundamental concepts of system, boundary, surrounding, open system and
close system
3. understand the state of working fluid, its example and the definition of the first law of
thermodynamics
4. describe the differences between work and heat transfer
5. define and show the definition and application of internal energy, the Boyle’s law,
Charles’ law and universal gases law
6. define and apply the principle of specific heat capacity of constant pressure and constant
volume
7. provide definition, differences and give examples of the flow process and the non
flow process
8. provide definitions of heat and work in reversible processes
9. define and calculate the following non-flow processes :
9.1 constant temperature (isothermal) process
9.2 adiabatic process
9.3 polytropic process
9.4 pressure and volume constant processes
10. derive the meaning and interpret the steady-flow energy equations
11. apply the steady-flow energy equations on :
11.1 boiler
11.2 condenser
11.3 turbine
11.4 nozzle
11.5 throttle
11.6 pump
12. define the following phases:
12.1 solid
12.2 liquid

11. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (1
1)
12.3 steam
13. define steam at constant pressure
14. differentiate the wet steam, dry saturated steam and superheated steam
15. define dryness fraction (x) and internal energy
16. derive enthalpy from the energy equations
17. apply of the wet steam equations
18. define and evaluate the properties of steam using u = h + pv and the steam tables
19. calculate the specific volume, enthalpy, internal energy and entropy using the steam
table, equation and interpolation
20. define The Second Law of Thermodynamics
21. define, give examples and state the differences between the efficiency of heat engine
and heat pump
22. define entropy, s
23. derive Q = ∫ T. ds equations for reversible process
24. use T – s diagram to show the changes in entropy and its properties for steam
25. define constant pressure using T – s diagram
26. define and calculate Q = h2 - h1
27. draw volume and pressure properties using T – s diagram
28. use equations and calculate the changes in entropy for constant pressure and
constant volume
29. draw reversible isothermal, isentropic and polytropic process using T-s diagram for
vapour and perfect gas
30. calculate heat, work done and the changes in entropy for isothermal, isentropic and
polytropic process
31. draw Carnot cycle using the T – s diagram
32. define and calculate the Carnot cycle efficiency
33. differentiate between Carnot and Rankine cycle
34. describe the two characteristics of Rankine cycle
35. draw Rankine cycle using the T – s diagram
36. define the processes in Rankine cycle
37. draw block diagrams for Rankine cycle
38. derive equation for turbine, condenser, pump and boiler
39. calculate heat, work done and efficiency of Rankine cycle.

12. J2006 THERMODYNAMICS 1 (1
2)
TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCES NEEDED
1. Calculator
2. Mayhew,Y.R. & Rogers, G.F.C. Steam tables
3. Plant laboratory
REFERENCES
1. Ahmad Taufek Mohd Tiblawi, (1990). Haba dan Bendalir II; IBS Buku Sdn. Bhd.
2. Dr. Yunus A. Cengel & Boles, M.A.(1994). Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach; McGraw-Hill, Inc
3. Eastop, T.D. and Mc Conkey, A.(1978). Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering
Technologists; Longman
4. Irving Granet & Maurice Bluestein, (2000). Thermodynamics and Heat Power (6th
Edition); Prentice Hall Inc.
5. K. Iynkaran & David J. Tandy, (1993). Basic Thermodynamics: Applications and
Pollution Control; Prentice Hall, Simon & Schuster (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
6. Mayhew,Y.R. & Rogers, G.F.C., (1981). Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
of Fluids in SI Units (3rd Edition); Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
7. Metcalfe, F. (1972). Heat Engines and Applied Heat; Cassell & Company Ltd
8. Moran,M.J. and Shapiro, H.N.(1988). Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics; John Wiley & Sons, Inc
9. Rayner Joel, (1971). Basic Engineering Thermodynamics in SI Units
(3rd Edition); Longman Group Ltd.
10. Thomas,T.H. and Hunt, R. (1987). Applied Heat; Heinemann Educational Books
11. http://www.engr.lousiana.edu
12. http://www.mme.tcd.ie