The document defines and provides examples of non-flow processes in thermodynamics, specifically polytropic processes. It states that in a non-flow process, the change in internal energy of a fluid equals the net heat supplied minus the net work done. It then discusses polytropic processes, defining them by the equation pV^n = constant, and providing examples of indices for different types of compression processes. The document provides equations to calculate work, temperature, and pressure changes for a polytropic process on a perfect gas. It includes an example problem calculating these values.
The document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics, which occur when a fluid is sealed within a system and cannot cross the system boundary. It defines non-flow processes and differentiates them from flow processes. It then describes two important non-flow processes: [1] isothermal processes, where temperature remains constant, and [2] adiabatic processes, where there is no heat transfer. Equations are provided for calculating work and other properties for gases undergoing these reversible, non-flow processes. Examples are included to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
The document discusses the application of the steady flow energy equation to various flow processes including turbines, nozzles, throttles, and pumps. It explains that for turbines, the steady flow energy equation relates the enthalpy drop of the fluid to the work produced. For nozzles, the equation shows the relationship between the enthalpy drop and the kinetic energy increase of the fluid. For throttles, the equation indicates that the enthalpy remains constant. And for pumps, the equation relates the enthalpy rise to the work input into the system. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the steady flow energy equation to analyze different flow processes.
The document describes the second law of thermodynamics and reversible processes involving perfect gases on temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams. It discusses:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, and adiabatic processes on T-s diagrams, with constant pressure lines sloping more steeply than constant volume lines.
2) Analyzing a example problem involving a constant pressure expansion of nitrogen gas, calculating work, heat, entropy change, and sketching the process on a T-s diagram.
3) The relationships between pressure, volume, temperature and entropy for perfect gases during various reversible thermodynamic processes.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
The document defines key terms related to the properties of steam:
- Wet steam is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated steam at a constant temperature as liquid vaporizes.
- Saturated steam is vapor that has vaporized from liquid at a constant pressure and temperature.
- Superheated steam is vapor whose temperature has increased above saturation temperature at constant pressure through continued heating.
This document discusses basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by defining a perfect gas and stating Boyle's Law and Charles' Law, which describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases. It then defines specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gas by 1 degree Celsius while keeping its volume constant. The document provides equations relating heat transfer, temperature change, and internal energy for a constant volume process involving a perfect gas. It explains that for such a process, no work is done since the piston cannot move during constant volume heating or cooling.
1) The document discusses the three phases of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - using water as an example substance.
2) It explains that in solids, molecules are closely packed, in liquids they can move within a fixed volume, and in gases they are far apart and move randomly.
3) Various terms are defined regarding phase changes, including saturated and superheated states, and how heating water at constant pressure leads to transitions between these states.
Thermodynamic Chapter 4 Second Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the second law of thermodynamics. It discusses how the second law establishes conditions for equilibrium and determines theoretical performance limits. The document defines key concepts like thermal efficiency, the Carnot cycle, and entropy. It presents examples calculating efficiency and heat transfer for systems like power plants, refrigerators, and heat pumps operating between different temperature levels.
The document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics, which occur when a fluid is sealed within a system and cannot cross the system boundary. It defines non-flow processes and differentiates them from flow processes. It then describes two important non-flow processes: [1] isothermal processes, where temperature remains constant, and [2] adiabatic processes, where there is no heat transfer. Equations are provided for calculating work and other properties for gases undergoing these reversible, non-flow processes. Examples are included to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
The document discusses the application of the steady flow energy equation to various flow processes including turbines, nozzles, throttles, and pumps. It explains that for turbines, the steady flow energy equation relates the enthalpy drop of the fluid to the work produced. For nozzles, the equation shows the relationship between the enthalpy drop and the kinetic energy increase of the fluid. For throttles, the equation indicates that the enthalpy remains constant. And for pumps, the equation relates the enthalpy rise to the work input into the system. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the steady flow energy equation to analyze different flow processes.
The document describes the second law of thermodynamics and reversible processes involving perfect gases on temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams. It discusses:
1) Constant pressure, volume, temperature, and adiabatic processes on T-s diagrams, with constant pressure lines sloping more steeply than constant volume lines.
2) Analyzing a example problem involving a constant pressure expansion of nitrogen gas, calculating work, heat, entropy change, and sketching the process on a T-s diagram.
3) The relationships between pressure, volume, temperature and entropy for perfect gases during various reversible thermodynamic processes.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
The document defines key terms related to the properties of steam:
- Wet steam is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated steam at a constant temperature as liquid vaporizes.
- Saturated steam is vapor that has vaporized from liquid at a constant pressure and temperature.
- Superheated steam is vapor whose temperature has increased above saturation temperature at constant pressure through continued heating.
This document discusses basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by defining a perfect gas and stating Boyle's Law and Charles' Law, which describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases. It then defines specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gas by 1 degree Celsius while keeping its volume constant. The document provides equations relating heat transfer, temperature change, and internal energy for a constant volume process involving a perfect gas. It explains that for such a process, no work is done since the piston cannot move during constant volume heating or cooling.
1) The document discusses the three phases of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - using water as an example substance.
2) It explains that in solids, molecules are closely packed, in liquids they can move within a fixed volume, and in gases they are far apart and move randomly.
3) Various terms are defined regarding phase changes, including saturated and superheated states, and how heating water at constant pressure leads to transitions between these states.
Thermodynamic Chapter 4 Second Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the second law of thermodynamics. It discusses how the second law establishes conditions for equilibrium and determines theoretical performance limits. The document defines key concepts like thermal efficiency, the Carnot cycle, and entropy. It presents examples calculating efficiency and heat transfer for systems like power plants, refrigerators, and heat pumps operating between different temperature levels.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
The document discusses the steam power cycle. It begins by explaining that steam is commonly used as the working fluid in heat engine cycles due to its desirable properties. It then describes the ideal Carnot cycle, noting the four processes of heat addition, expansion, heat rejection, and compression. The thermal efficiency and work ratio of the Carnot cycle are defined. While theoretically efficient, the Carnot cycle is impractical. The document then introduces the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle used in steam power plants as it overcomes the impracticalities of the Carnot cycle by fully condensing the steam.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
The document discusses steady flow processes and the steady flow energy equation. It provides the conditions that must be satisfied for a steady flow process, including constant mass flow rate, constant fluid properties over time, and uniform rates of work, heat, and energy transfer. It then derives the steady flow energy equation and discusses its various terms. Finally, it provides examples of applying the equation to boilers and condensers.
Thermodynamics Assignment 02 contains calculations for various cycles of a steam power plant operating between 40 bar and 0.04 bar:
1) Carnot, simple Rankine, and modified Rankine cycles are analyzed. The modified Rankine cycle with superheat has the highest efficiency of 40.86% and lowest SSC of 2.4820 kg/kWh.
2) "Metallurgical limit" refers to the maximum safe pressures and temperatures a power plant's components can withstand without damage.
3) Implementing reheating in the Rankine cycle increases efficiency to 41.05% and lowers SSC to 2.4663 kg/kWh by utilizing the steam's initial high temperature again
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This laboratory report describes an experiment that studied the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning unit. Temperature and humidity readings of the air were taken at different points as it was heated, humidified, cooled, dehumidified, and reheated. Readings of the refrigerant temperatures and pressures were also recorded. The air conditions were plotted on a psychrometric chart, and the refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram. The cooling loads of the air and refrigerant were calculated, and the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined based on each. The COP value based on the refrigerant was considered more accurate due to inaccuracies in the wet bulb temperature readings for the air.
This experiment aims to determine the relationship between the saturated temperature and pressure of steam in equilibrium with water between 0 and 14 bars using a Marcet boiler. The measured slope of the temperature-pressure graph is compared to theoretical values from steam tables. Results show a direct proportional relationship between temperature and pressure, with the experimental slope deviating slightly from the theoretical slope due to measurement errors ranging from 0.3-44%. The Marcet boiler can be used to study this relationship and various thermodynamic applications that involve changes in steam properties with pressure and temperature.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines key terms like system, boundary, surroundings, open and closed systems. It explains the differences between intensive and extensive properties, and defines state, process, and cycle. The document also covers the first law of thermodynamics, the differences between work and heat transfer, sign conventions, and the concept of internal energy. The objectives are to understand these fundamental concepts and the first law of thermodynamics.
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. It defines non-flow processes as those that occur in a closed system where the working fluid does not cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. Two main non-flow processes are described: isothermal (constant temperature) and adiabatic (no heat transfer) processes. Equations related to work, heat, and state properties are provided for analyzing these processes for ideal gases. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating work, heat, pressure, temperature and volume changes.
1) The document discusses the Otto cycle and diesel cycle processes in an internal combustion engine. It provides equations to calculate important parameters like efficiency, temperatures, and pressures at different points in the cycles.
2) An example calculation is provided to determine the air standard thermal efficiency of a diesel engine given data on compression ratio, inlet temperature and pressure, and maximum cycle temperature.
3) The key processes in the Otto cycle are compression, constant volume combustion, expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. The diesel cycle involves compression, constant pressure combustion, expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.
This document contains 20 multiple choice problems related to mechanical engineering. The problems cover topics such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and other mechanical engineering principles. They involve calculations related to things like tank volumes, pressure differences, flow rates, heat transfer between substances, and more. The questions provide relevant equations, known values, and ask the reader to determine unknown values or temperatures based on the given information.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 3. Integral relations for a control volumeAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, physical laws of fluid mechanics, the Reynolds transport theorem, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Angular momentum equation, Energy equation, Bernoulli equation
Engineering Thermodynamics -Basic Concepts 2 Mani Vannan M
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Systems, boundaries, surroundings, and the types of thermodynamic systems such as closed, open, isolated, and rigid.
- Thermodynamic states, processes, paths, and cycles along with examples of different processes.
- The basic definitions of heat, work, internal energy, and enthalpy along with the sign conventions.
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics regarding thermal equilibrium and temperature.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding the relationship between heat, work, and changes in internal energy for closed and open systems.
The document discusses gas turbine cycles and thermodynamic cycles used in gas turbines. It begins by describing air standard cycles and assumptions made, including the working fluid behaving as an ideal gas. It then discusses the Otto cycle which models spark ignition engines and the processes involved. Details of the Otto cycle calculation are provided. The document also discusses the diesel cycle which models compression ignition engines and provides cycle calculations. Other topics covered include mean effective pressure, engine terminology, gas turbine components and cycles like the Brayton cycle.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted using a Marcet boiler to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam. The experiment measured pressure and temperature values over a range of approximately 0-14 bars. These measured values were then compared to theoretical values from steam tables. The results showed that pressure and temperature were directly proportional, though some measured values differed slightly from predicted values, possibly due to experimental errors. The document also lists the objectives, equipment used, calculations made, and discusses sources of error in the experiment.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. Non-flow processes occur when working fluid cannot cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. It describes three main non-flow processes: polytropic, constant volume, and constant pressure. Polytropic processes involve both heat and work transfer across the boundary according to the relationship pV^n = constant. Constant volume and constant pressure processes assume negligible changes in volume and pressure, respectively. The key non-flow energy equation relating internal energy, heat, and work is presented.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied to the system minus the work done by the system. For a closed system undergoing a process, this can be expressed as ΔU=Q-W. The first law applies to both closed systems undergoing non-flow processes as well as open systems undergoing steady flow processes. For non-flow processes such as constant volume, constant pressure, isothermal, and adiabatic processes, the first law allows determining the relationships between heat, work and changes in internal energy or enthalpy. For steady flow processes, the general energy equation accounts for changes in kinetic and potential energy of the fluid in addition to heat
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
The document discusses the steam power cycle. It begins by explaining that steam is commonly used as the working fluid in heat engine cycles due to its desirable properties. It then describes the ideal Carnot cycle, noting the four processes of heat addition, expansion, heat rejection, and compression. The thermal efficiency and work ratio of the Carnot cycle are defined. While theoretically efficient, the Carnot cycle is impractical. The document then introduces the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle used in steam power plants as it overcomes the impracticalities of the Carnot cycle by fully condensing the steam.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
The document discusses steady flow processes and the steady flow energy equation. It provides the conditions that must be satisfied for a steady flow process, including constant mass flow rate, constant fluid properties over time, and uniform rates of work, heat, and energy transfer. It then derives the steady flow energy equation and discusses its various terms. Finally, it provides examples of applying the equation to boilers and condensers.
Thermodynamics Assignment 02 contains calculations for various cycles of a steam power plant operating between 40 bar and 0.04 bar:
1) Carnot, simple Rankine, and modified Rankine cycles are analyzed. The modified Rankine cycle with superheat has the highest efficiency of 40.86% and lowest SSC of 2.4820 kg/kWh.
2) "Metallurgical limit" refers to the maximum safe pressures and temperatures a power plant's components can withstand without damage.
3) Implementing reheating in the Rankine cycle increases efficiency to 41.05% and lowers SSC to 2.4663 kg/kWh by utilizing the steam's initial high temperature again
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This laboratory report describes an experiment that studied the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning unit. Temperature and humidity readings of the air were taken at different points as it was heated, humidified, cooled, dehumidified, and reheated. Readings of the refrigerant temperatures and pressures were also recorded. The air conditions were plotted on a psychrometric chart, and the refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram. The cooling loads of the air and refrigerant were calculated, and the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined based on each. The COP value based on the refrigerant was considered more accurate due to inaccuracies in the wet bulb temperature readings for the air.
This experiment aims to determine the relationship between the saturated temperature and pressure of steam in equilibrium with water between 0 and 14 bars using a Marcet boiler. The measured slope of the temperature-pressure graph is compared to theoretical values from steam tables. Results show a direct proportional relationship between temperature and pressure, with the experimental slope deviating slightly from the theoretical slope due to measurement errors ranging from 0.3-44%. The Marcet boiler can be used to study this relationship and various thermodynamic applications that involve changes in steam properties with pressure and temperature.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It defines key terms like system, boundary, surroundings, open and closed systems. It explains the differences between intensive and extensive properties, and defines state, process, and cycle. The document also covers the first law of thermodynamics, the differences between work and heat transfer, sign conventions, and the concept of internal energy. The objectives are to understand these fundamental concepts and the first law of thermodynamics.
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. It defines non-flow processes as those that occur in a closed system where the working fluid does not cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. Two main non-flow processes are described: isothermal (constant temperature) and adiabatic (no heat transfer) processes. Equations related to work, heat, and state properties are provided for analyzing these processes for ideal gases. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating work, heat, pressure, temperature and volume changes.
1) The document discusses the Otto cycle and diesel cycle processes in an internal combustion engine. It provides equations to calculate important parameters like efficiency, temperatures, and pressures at different points in the cycles.
2) An example calculation is provided to determine the air standard thermal efficiency of a diesel engine given data on compression ratio, inlet temperature and pressure, and maximum cycle temperature.
3) The key processes in the Otto cycle are compression, constant volume combustion, expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. The diesel cycle involves compression, constant pressure combustion, expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.
This document contains 20 multiple choice problems related to mechanical engineering. The problems cover topics such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and other mechanical engineering principles. They involve calculations related to things like tank volumes, pressure differences, flow rates, heat transfer between substances, and more. The questions provide relevant equations, known values, and ask the reader to determine unknown values or temperatures based on the given information.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 3. Integral relations for a control volumeAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, physical laws of fluid mechanics, the Reynolds transport theorem, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Angular momentum equation, Energy equation, Bernoulli equation
Engineering Thermodynamics -Basic Concepts 2 Mani Vannan M
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including:
- Systems, boundaries, surroundings, and the types of thermodynamic systems such as closed, open, isolated, and rigid.
- Thermodynamic states, processes, paths, and cycles along with examples of different processes.
- The basic definitions of heat, work, internal energy, and enthalpy along with the sign conventions.
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics regarding thermal equilibrium and temperature.
- The first law of thermodynamics regarding the relationship between heat, work, and changes in internal energy for closed and open systems.
The document discusses gas turbine cycles and thermodynamic cycles used in gas turbines. It begins by describing air standard cycles and assumptions made, including the working fluid behaving as an ideal gas. It then discusses the Otto cycle which models spark ignition engines and the processes involved. Details of the Otto cycle calculation are provided. The document also discusses the diesel cycle which models compression ignition engines and provides cycle calculations. Other topics covered include mean effective pressure, engine terminology, gas turbine components and cycles like the Brayton cycle.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted using a Marcet boiler to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam. The experiment measured pressure and temperature values over a range of approximately 0-14 bars. These measured values were then compared to theoretical values from steam tables. The results showed that pressure and temperature were directly proportional, though some measured values differed slightly from predicted values, possibly due to experimental errors. The document also lists the objectives, equipment used, calculations made, and discusses sources of error in the experiment.
This document discusses non-flow processes in thermodynamics. Non-flow processes occur when working fluid cannot cross the system boundary, unlike flow processes. It describes three main non-flow processes: polytropic, constant volume, and constant pressure. Polytropic processes involve both heat and work transfer across the boundary according to the relationship pV^n = constant. Constant volume and constant pressure processes assume negligible changes in volume and pressure, respectively. The key non-flow energy equation relating internal energy, heat, and work is presented.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat supplied to the system minus the work done by the system. For a closed system undergoing a process, this can be expressed as ΔU=Q-W. The first law applies to both closed systems undergoing non-flow processes as well as open systems undergoing steady flow processes. For non-flow processes such as constant volume, constant pressure, isothermal, and adiabatic processes, the first law allows determining the relationships between heat, work and changes in internal energy or enthalpy. For steady flow processes, the general energy equation accounts for changes in kinetic and potential energy of the fluid in addition to heat
Work done by constant volume and pressure using PV diagramayesha455941
This presentation discusses thermodynamic work and processes involving changes in pressure and volume. It begins by defining work as the energy transferred by a system to its surroundings. Work can be measured in joules or newton-meters. Pressure-volume work occurs when the volume of a system changes and is represented by the area under the pressure-volume curve. An isobaric process maintains constant pressure, while an isochoric process maintains constant volume. Pressure-volume diagrams are used to visualize these processes and calculate work done on a system based on changes in pressure and volume.
Thermodynamic work is defined as positive work done by a system when the sole external effect is the lifting of a weight. Heat is defined as the energy transfer between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. Engineers aim to convert heat to work and vice versa through various processes like thermal power plants and refrigeration in a sustained cycle where the initial state is regained. Work can be calculated by integrating the pressure-volume relationship as work is done. Other forms of work include expansion/compression work, work of a reversible chemical cell, work of stretching a liquid surface, work on elastic solids, and work of polarization and magnetization.
This chapter discusses work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems. It defines work as force times distance for simple mechanical systems, and as the potential to lift a mass for thermodynamic systems. Positive work is done by a system when it could potentially lift a mass. Heat is defined as energy transfer due solely to temperature differences. The chapter also covers various forms of work including displacement work, units of work and power, and the sign conventions for work and heat. It discusses different thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isovolumetric and polytropic processes. The path dependence and additivity of work are also covered.
This document discusses two types of work done on a gas: non-flow work (Wnf) and flow work (Ef).
For non-flow work, the area under the P-V curve from the initial to final states represents the work done. For flow work, the work done to push a certain volume of gas out of a control volume is equal to the pressure times that volume (Ef = PV).
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy into a system must equal the total energy out. For a closed system undergoing non-flow work, this is expressed as Q = ΔU + Wnf, where Q is heat transfer, ΔU is the change in
The document discusses steady flow processes and the steady flow energy equation. It defines steady flow processes as those where mass flow, fluid properties, and heat/work transfer rates are constant over time. A key example is a boiler operating at a constant load. The steady flow energy equation equates the total energy entering a system to the total energy leaving for a constant mass flow. The equation accounts for changes in potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, flow work, heat transfer, and external work. The document provides examples of applying the steady flow equation to boilers and condensers, where some terms like kinetic energy and work can be neglected. It includes two sample problems solving for heat transfer rates in a cooler and system power including heat
This document discusses thermodynamic properties and calculations. It defines thermodynamic properties as quantities that characterize a system's overall state, like temperature, pressure, and volume. It also outlines the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy is conserved, while the second law concerns the direction of spontaneous processes and limits energy conversions. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating work, heat, internal energy, and enthalpy changes for ideal gases undergoing various thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamics I discusses energy analysis of closed systems. It examines moving boundary work from processes like in engines and compressors. The first law of thermodynamics states the principle of conservation of energy for closed systems. The general energy balance applied to closed systems relates the change in internal energy to heat and work. Specific heats at constant volume and pressure are defined and used to calculate changes in internal energy and enthalpy for ideal gases and incompressible substances.
1) The document discusses Bernoulli's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid. It states that as velocity increases, pressure decreases.
2) It provides background on Daniel Bernoulli, who developed the equation. Bernoulli's equation is valid for steady, incompressible, frictionless flow.
3) Examples are given to demonstrate how to use the Bernoulli equation and continuity equation to calculate pressure, velocity, and head loss in pipe flow systems. Assumptions like negligible velocity or pressure are explained.
Download Link: https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements (Copy URL)
UNIT-2: Part-1
Zeroth law: Zeroth law, Different temperature scales and temperature measurement
First law: First law of thermodynamics. Processes flow and non-flow, Control volume, Flow work and non-flow work, Steady flow energy equation, unsteady flow systems and their analysis.
Second law: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Essence of second law, Thermal
reservoir, Heat engines. COP of heat pump and refrigerator. Statements of second law and their equivalence, Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius
inequality. Concept of entropy.
Chemical Thermodynamics - power point new.pptxWill
1. The document discusses various thermodynamic concepts including system, surroundings, universe, open system, closed system, isolated system, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, path functions, thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and different types of thermodynamic processes.
2. Key thermodynamic processes discussed are isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric, and isobaric processes. Equations are derived for work done during these processes.
3. The document also covers the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, exothermic and endothermic reactions, and relationships between heat, work and internal energy change for different processes.
- The document discusses thermodynamics concepts including the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems and boundary work.
- It provides examples of typical thermodynamic processes like constant volume, constant pressure, isothermal, and polytropic processes. Equations for calculating boundary work during these processes are given.
- Sample problems demonstrate using thermodynamic property relations and the concepts of boundary work to calculate work values for closed systems undergoing specified processes like isothermal compression of a gas.
Steady flow energy eq....by Bilal AshrafBilal Ashraf
This document provides information about a group presentation on the steady flow energy equation (SFEE). It defines steady and unsteady flow, derives the SFEE, and discusses its applications to nozzles, diffusers, steam turbines, throttling valves, heat exchangers, and systems with multiple outlets. It also covers the non-flow energy equation and provides examples of using the SFEE to solve problems involving turbines, duct flow, isentropic expansion in a turbine, air compression in a nozzle, and isentropic expansion in a nozzle.
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and the Carnot cycle.
2. A Carnot cycle involves four processes - two isothermal and two adiabatic reversible processes - between two heat reservoirs at different temperatures.
3. The maximum possible efficiency of any heat engine is given by the Carnot efficiency, which depends only on the temperatures of the heat reservoirs.
This document discusses different types of work and heat in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamic work as work done by a system through the sole effect of raising a weight, and heat as energy transfer between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. The document outlines how engineers convert heat to work and vice versa through devices like power plants and refrigerators. It also discusses key concepts like cycles, where a system returns to its initial state, and sign conventions for positive and negative work and heat. Finally, it provides examples of different types of work, including expansion/compression work, chemical work, surface tension work, and others.
The document discusses fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation. It provides:
1) Objectives of understanding measurements of fluids in motion and applying Bernoulli's equation to calculate energy in pipes, venturi meters, and orifices.
2) An explanation of Bernoulli's equation and its components of potential, pressure, and kinetic energy.
3) Examples of applying the equation to calculate discharge in a horizontal venturi meter using measurements of pressure and height differences.
The document discusses fluid mechanics concepts including the continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, energy grade lines, and hydraulic grade lines. It provides examples of how to apply these concepts to calculate things like pressure and velocity in pipe systems. Key assumptions when using Bernoulli's equation are discussed, such as assuming zero velocity or pressure at free surfaces. The importance of the continuity equation for solving problems where Bernoulli's assumptions do not apply is also noted.
Applications of Bernoullis eq. (venturi & Nozzle) 2
Unit5
1. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/1
UNIT 5
NON-FLOW PROCESS
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To understand and apply the concept of non-flow process in
thermodynamics
Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you will be able to:
define and calculate the following non-flow processes:
• polytropic
• constant volume
• constant pressure
2. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/2
INPUT
5.0 NON-FLOW PROCESS
Processes, which are
undergone by a system
when the working fluid
cannot cross the
boundary, are called
non-flow process.
In a close system, although energy may be transferred across the boundary in the
form of work energy and heat energy, the working fluid itself never crosses the
boundary. Any process undergone by a close system is referred to as non-flow
process.
The equation for non-flow process is given as follows:
U1 + Q = U2 + W
or, U2 – U1 = Q –W
In words, this equation states that in a non-flow process, the change in the internal
energy of the fluid is equal to the nett amount of heat energy supplied to the fluid
minus the nett amount of work energy flowing from the fluid.
This equation is known as the non-flow energy equation, and it will now be
shown how this may apply to the various non-flow processes.
3. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/3
5.1 Polytropic process (pVn = C)
This is the most general type of process, in which both heat energy and work
energy cross the boundary of the system. It is represented by an equation in the
form
pVn = constant (5.1)
If a compression or expansion is performed slowly, and if the piston cylinder
assembly is cooled perfectly, then the process will be isothermal. In this case the
index n = 1.
If a compression or expansion is performed rapidly, and if the piston cylinder
assembly is perfectly insulated, then the process will be adiabatic. In this case the
index n = γ.
If a compression or expansion is performed at moderate speed, and if the piston
cylinder assembly is cooled to some degree, then the process is somewhere
between those discussed above. Generally, this is the situation in many
engineering applications. In this case the index n should take some value, which is
between 1 and γ depending on the degree of cooling.
Some practical examples include:
compression in a stationary air compressor (n = 1.3)
compression in an air compressor cooled by a fan (n = 1.2)
compression in a water cooled air compressor (n = 1.1)
P
1 pVn=C
W P1
2
P2
W
v1 v2 v
Qloss
Figure 5.1 Polytropic process
4. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/4
Equation 5.1 is applied at states 1 and 2 as:
p1V1n = p 2V2n
or
n
p 2 V1
= (5.2)
p1 V2
Also, for a perfect gas, the general property relation between the two states is
given by
p1V1 p 2V2
= (5.3)
T1 T2
By the manipulation of equations 5.2 and 5.3 the following relationship can be
determined:
n −1
n −1
T2 p 2 n V
(5.4)
= = 1
T1 p1 V2
By examining equations 5.2 and 5.4 the following conclusions for a polytropic
process on a perfect gas can be drawn as:
An increase in volume results in a decrease in pressure.
An increase in volume results in a decrease in temperature.
An increase in pressure results in an increase in temperature.
Work transfer:
Referring to the process represented on the p-V diagram (Fig.5.1) it is noted that
the volume increases during the process.
In other words the fluid is expands and the expansion work is given by
2
W = ∫ pdV
1
2
c
=∫ dV (since pVn = C, a constant)
1 Vn
2
dV
= c∫ n
1 V
5. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/5
p1V1 − p 2V2
= [larger pV- small pV] (5.5)
n −1
Note that after expansion p2 is smaller than p1. In the p – V diagram, the shaded
area under the process represents the amount of work transfer.
Since this is an expansion process (i.e. increase in volume), the work is done by
the system. In other words, the system produces work output and this is shown by
the direction of the arrow representing W as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Heat transfer:
Energy balance is applied to this case (Fig.5.1) as:
U1 – Qloss - W = U2
Qloss = (U1 – U2) – W
or
W = (U1 – U2) - Qloss
Thus, in a polytropic expansion the work output is reduced because of the heat
loses.
Referring to the process represented on the p–V diagram (Fig.5.1) it is noted that
during this process the volume increases and the pressure decreases. For a perfect
gas, equation 5.4 tells us that a decrease in pressure will result in a temperature
drop.
For adiabatic process:
W=
For polytropic process:
W=
6. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/6
Example 5.1
The combustion gases in a petrol engine cylinder are at 30 bar and 800oC
V2 8.5
before expansion. The gases expand through a volume ratio ( ) of ( ) and
V1 1
occupy 510 cm3 after expansion. When the engine is air cooled the polytropic
expansion index n = 1.15. What is the temperature and pressure of the gas after
expansion, and what is the work output?
Solution to Example 5.1
V2 = 510 cm3
P1= 30 bar p2 = ?
t1 = 800oC Qloss t2 = ?
W
State 1 State 2
Data: p1 = 30 bar; T1 = 800 + 273 = 1073 K; n = 1.15
V2
= 8.5; V2 = 510 cm3;
V1
t2 = ? p2 = ? W=?
Considering air as a perfect gas, for the polytropic process, the property relation is
given by equation 5.4 as:
n −1
V
T2 = T1 1
V2
1.15−1
1
= 1073 x
8.5
= 778.4 K
= 505.4oC
7. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/7
From equation 5.2
n
V
p 2 = p1 1
V2
1.15
1
= 30 x
8.5
= 2.56 bar
Now,
V2 = 510 cm3 = 510 x 10-6 m3
and,
V2
= 8.5
V1
Then,
510 x10 −6
V1 =
8.5
= 60 x 10-6 m3
Work output during polytropic expansion is given by equation 5.5 as:
p1V1 − p 2V2
W = [larger pV- small pV]
n −1
(30 x10 5 )(60 x10 −6 ) − ( 2.56 x10 5 ) − (510 x10 −6 )
=
1.15 − 1
= 330 J
= 0.33 kJ
8. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/8
Activity 5A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
5.1 0.112 m3 of gas has a pressure of 138 kN/m2. It is compressed to
690 kN/m2 according to the law pV1.4 = C. Determine the new volume of
the gas.
5.2 0.014 m3 of gas at a pressure of 2070 kN/m2 expands to a pressure of
207 kN/m2 according to the law pV1.35 = C. Determine the work done by
the gas during expansion.
5.3 A cylinder containing 0.07 kg of fluid has a pressure of 1 bar, a volume of
0.06 m3 and a specific internal energy of 200 kJ/kg. After polytropic
compression, the pressure and volume of the fluid are 9 bar and 0.011 m 3
respectively, and the specific internal energy is 370 kJ/kg.
Determine
a) the amount of work energy required for the compression
b) the quantity and direction of the heat energy that flows during the
compression.
9. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/9
Feedback To Activity 5A
5.1 Since the gas is compressed according to the law pV1.4 = C, then,
p1V11.4 = p 2V21.4
1.4 1 / 1.4
p1 V2 V p
∴ = or 2 = 1
p 2 V1 V1 p 2
from which,
1 / 1.4
p p1
V2 = V1 1
p = V1 1.4
2 p2
138
= 0.012 x 1.4
690
= 0.0348 m3
5.2 The work done during a polytropic expansion is given by the expression:
p1V1 − p 2V2
W = [larger pV- small pV]
n −1
In this problem V2 is, as yet, unknown and must therefore be calculated.
Now
p1V1n = p 2V2n
1/ n
p
∴ V2 = V1 1
p
2
1 / 1.35
2070
or V2 = 0.014 x
207
V2 = 0.077 m3
10. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/10
(2070 x10 3 x0.014 − 207 x10 3 x0.077)
∴ Work done =
1.35 − 1
= 37.3 x 103 Nm
= 37.3 x 103 J
= 37.3 kJ
5.3 a) For a polytropic process,
p1V1n = p 2V2n
In the given case
1 x 0.06n = 9 x 0.011n
n
0.06
=9
∴ 0.011
n = 1.302
p1V1 − p 2V2
W =
n −1
(1x10 5 x 0.06) − (9 x10 5 x 0.0111)
=
1.302 − 1
= -13.2 kJ
The negative sign indicates that work energy would flow into the
system during the process.
b) The non-flow energy equation gives
Q – W = U2 – U1
Q – (- 13.2) = ( 370 x 0.07 ) – ( 200 x 0.07 )
∴ Q = - 1.3 kJ
The negative sign indicates that heat energy will flow out of the
fluid during the process.
11. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/11
INPUT
5.2 Constant volume process
If the change in volume during a process is very small then that process may be
approximated as a constant volume process. For example, heating or cooling a
fluid in a rigid walled vessel can be analysed by assuming that the volume
remains constant.
Q
p 2 p 1
1 2
Q v v
a) Heating b) Cooling
Figure 5.2 Constant volume process (V2=V1)
The general property relation between the initial and final states of a perfect gas is
applied as:
p1V1 p 2V2
=
T1 T2
If the volume remain constant during the process, V2 = V1 and then the above
relation becomes
p1 p 2
=
T1 T2
or
T2 p
= 2 (5.6)
T1 p1
From this equation it can be seen that an increase in pressure results from an
increase in temperature. In other words, in constant volume process, the
temperature is proportional to the pressure.
12. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/12
Work transfer:
Work transfer (pdV) must be zero because the change in volume, dV, during the
process is zero. However, work in the form of paddle-wheel work may be
transferred.
Heat transfer:
Applying the non flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
gives Q – 0 = U2 – U1
i.e. Q = U2 – U1 (5.7)
This result, which is important and should be remembered, shows that the nett
amount of heat energy supplied to or taken from a fluid during a constant volume
process is equal to the change in the internal energy of the fluid.
5.3 Constant pressure process
If the change in pressure during a process is very small then that process may be
approximated as a constant pressure process. For example, heating or cooling a
liquid at atmospheric pressure may be analysed by assuming that the pressure
remains constant.
P
W
p 1 2
W
v2 – v1 v
v1
Q
v2
Figure 5.3 Constant pressure process
13. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/13
Consider the fluid in the piston cylinder as shown in Figure 5.2. If the load on the
piston is kept constant the pressure will also remain constant.
The general property relation between the initial and final states of a perfect gas is
applied as:
p1V1 p 2V2
=
T1 T2
If the pressure remain constant during the process, p2 = p1 and then the above
relation becomes
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
or
T2 V2
= (5.8)
T1 V1
From this equation it can be seen that an increase in volume results from an
increase in temperature. In other words, in constant pressure process, the
temperature is proportional to the volume.
Work transfer:
Referring to the process representation on the p-V diagram it is noted that the
volume increases during the process. In other words, the fluid expands. This
expansion work is given by
2
W = ∫ pdV
1
2
= p ∫ dV (since p is constant)
1
= p (V2 – V1) (larger volume – smaller volume) (5.9)
Note that on a p-V diagram, the area under the process line represents the amount
of work transfer. From Figure 5.3
W = area of the shaded rectangle
= height x width
= p (V2 – V1) (larger volume – smaller volume)
This expression is identical to equation 5.9
14. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/14
Heat transfer:
Applying the non flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
or Q = (U2 – U1) + W (5.10)
Thus part of the heat supplied is converted into work and the remainder is utilized
in increasing the internal energy of the system.
Substituting for W in equation 5.10
Q = (U2 – U1) + p(V2 – V1)
= U2 – U1 + p2 V2 – p1 V1 (since p2 = p1 )
= (U2 + p2 V2) – (U1 + p1 V1)
Now, we know that h = u + pv or H = U + pV
Hence
Q = H2 – H1 (larger H – smaller H) (5.11)
Referring to the process representation on the p-v diagram shown in Figure 5.3, it
is noted that heating increases the volume. In other words, the fluid expands. For
a perfect gas, equation 5.8 tells us that an increase in volume will result in
corresponding increase in temperature.
For constant volume process:
W=0
For constant pressure process:
W = p (V2 – V1)
15. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/15
Example 5.2
The specific internal energy of a fluid is increased from 120 kJ/kg to 180 kJ/kg
during a constant volume process. Determine the amount of heat energy
required to bring about this increase for 2 kg of fluid.
Solution to Example 5.2
The non flow energy equation is
Q – W = U2 – U1
For a constant volume process
W=0
and the equation becomes
Q = U2 – U1
∴ Q = 180 – 120
= 60 kJ/kg
Therefore for 2 kg of fluid
Q = 60 x 2 = 120 kJ
i.e. 120 kJ of heat energy would be required.
16. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/16
Example 5.3
2.25 kg of fluid having a volume of 0.1 m3 is in a cylinder at a constant
pressure of 7 bar. Heat energy is supplied to the fluid until the volume
becomes 0.2 m3. If the initial and final specific enthalpies of the fluid are
210 kJ/kg and 280 kJ/kg respectively, determine
a) the quantity of heat energy supplied to the fluid
b) the change in internal energy of the fluid
Solution to Example 5.3
Data: p = 7.0 bar; V1 = 0.1 m3 ; V2 = 0.2 m3
a) Heat energy supplied = change in enthalpy of fluid
Q = H2 – H1
= m( h2 - h1 )
= 2.25( 280 – 210 )
= 157.5 kJ
b) For a constant pressure process
W = P(V2 – V1)
= 7 x 105 x ( 0.2 – 0.1)
= 7 x 104 J
= 70 kJ
Applying the non-flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
gives
U2 – U1 = 157.5 – 70
= 87.5 kJ
17. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/17
Activity 5B
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
5.4 The pressure of the gas inside an aerosol can is 1.2 bar at a temperature of
25o C. Will the aerosol explode if it is thrown into a fire and heated to a
temperature of 600o C? Assume that the aerosol can is unable to withstand
pressure in excess of 3 bar.
5.5 0.05 kg of air, initially at 130o C is heated at a constant pressure of 2 bar
until the volume occupied is 0.0658 m3. Calculate the heat supplied and
the work done.
5.6 A spherical research balloon is filled with 420 m3 of atmospheric air at a
temperature of 10o C. If the air inside the balloon is heated to 80oC at
constant pressure, what will be the final diameter of the balloon?
18. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/18
Feedback To Activity 5B
5.4 Data: p1 = 1.2 bar; T1= 25 + 273 = 298 K
T2 = 600 + 273 = 873 K; p2 = ?
We can idealize this process at constant volume heating of a perfect gas.
Applying the general property relation between states 1 and 2
p1V1 p 2V2
=
T1 T2
in this case V2 = V1
p1 p 2
Hence, =
T1 T2
T
or p 2 = p1 2
T2
873
= 1.2 x
298
= 3.52 bar
Since the aerosol cannot withstand pressures above 3 bar, it will clearly
explode in the fire.
19. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/19
5.5 Data: m = 0.5 kg; p = 2 bar; V2 = 0.0658 m3;
T1 = 130 + 273 =403 K
Using the characteristic gas equation at state 2
p 2V2
T2 =
mR
2 x 10 5 x 0.0658
=
0.05 x 0.287 x 10 3
= 917 K
For a perfect gas undergoing a constant pressure process, we have
Q = mcp(T2 – T1)
i.e. Heat supplied = 0.05 x 1.005(917 – 403)
= 25.83 kJ
W = p (V2 – V1)
From equation pV = RT
∴ Work done = R (T2 – T1)
= 0.287(917 – 403)
i.e. Work done by the mass of gas present = 0.05 x 0.287 x 514
= 7.38 kJ
20. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/20
5.6 Data: T1 = 10 + 273 = 283 K; T2 = 80 + 273 = 353 K
V1 = 420 m3; V2 = ?
Applying the general property relation between states 1 and 2
p1V1 p 2V2
=
T1 T2
Since the air is heated at constant pressure p1 = p2
Then,
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
T2
or V2 = V1
T1
353
= 420 x
283
= 523.9 m3
4 3
Since the balloon is a sphere, V2 = πr
3
where r = radius of the balloon
Hence,
4 3
523.9 = πr
3
Solving gives r=5m
Final diameter of balloon, d = 2r = 2 x 5 = 10 m
21. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/21
SELF-ASSESSMENT
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment
section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback to Self-
Assessment on the next page. If you face any problem, discuss it with your
lecturer. Good luck.
1. A receiver vessel in a steam plant contains 20 kg of steam at 60 bar and
500oC. When the plant is switched off, the steam in the vessel cools at
constant volume until the pressure is 30 bar. Find the temperature of the
steam after cooling and the heat transfer that has taken place.
2. 0.25 kg of combustion gas in a diesel engine cylinder is at temperature of
727oC. The gas expands at constant pressure until its volume is 1.8 times its
original value. For the combustion gas, R = 0.302 kJ/kgK and
cp = 1.09 kJ/kgK. Find the following:
a) temperature of the gas after expansion
b) heat transferred
c) work transferred
3. A quantity of gas has an initial pressure and volume of 0.1 MN/m2 and
0.1 m3, respectively. It is compressed to a final pressure of 1.4 MN/m2
according to the law pV1.26 = constant. Determine the final volume of the
gas.
4. A mass of 0.05 kg of air at a temperature of 40oC and a pressure of 1 bar is
compressed polytropicly at 7 bar following the law pV1.25 = C. Determine the
following:
a) Intial volume
b) final volume
c) work transfer
d) heat transfer
e) change in internal energy
22. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/22
Feedback to Self-Assessment
Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now.
1. 233.8oC; 14380 kJ rejected
2. 1527oC; 218 kJ added; 60.4 kJ output
3. 0.01235 m3
4. 158.9oC; 12390 cm3; 6.82 kJ input; 2.56 kJ rejected; 4.26 kJ increase
CONGRATULATION
S!!!!…May success be
with you always…