Unit_15_Review_flashcards_hydrocarbons.ppt
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This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including: - Carbon compounds like hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. - Carbon's ability to form up to 4 covalent bonds allows it to form many compounds. - Properties of hydrocarbon molecules like being molecular, low melting/boiling points, and decomposing when heated. - Bonding capacities of different elements. - Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons containing single, double, or triple carbon bonds. - Molecular and structural formulas, homologous series, and properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
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This document provides an introduction to hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon. It discusses the characteristics of hydrocarbons and defines different types including aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes), aromatic hydrocarbons, and introduces chemical bonding concepts like ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate covalent bonds. It provides examples and properties of different hydrocarbon groups and bond types.
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This document provides an introduction to hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon. It discusses the characteristics of hydrocarbons and defines different types including aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes), aromatic hydrocarbons, and introduces chemical bonding concepts like ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and coordinate covalent bonds. It provides examples and properties of different hydrocarbon groups and bond types.
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1. Benzene is unusually stable due to delocalized pi electrons forming resonant structures. It undergoes substitution rather than addition reactions.
2. The Hückel 4n+2 rule states that monocyclic planar compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons (where n is an integer) exhibit aromaticity. Compounds with 4n pi electrons may be antiaromatic.
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3. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons in stable octet configurations, allowing it to form diverse chains, rings, and functional groups that exhibit properties ranging from nonpolar to ionic.
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The document summarizes key concepts about aromatic compounds:
1. Benzene is unusually stable due to delocalized pi electrons forming resonant structures. It undergoes substitution rather than addition reactions.
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- The Hückel rule states that monocyclic compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic. Heterocycles like pyridine and pyrrole can also be aromatic. Polycyclic aromatic compounds have multiple fused rings.
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Unit_15_Review_flashcards_hydrocarbons.ppt
- 1. Organic Chemistry Branch of chemistry dealing with carbon molecules.
- 2. Hydrocarbons Compounds containing only carbon & hydrogen
- 3. Why can carbon form so many compounds? It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
- 4. What is the maximum # of bonds between any 2 C atoms? A triple bond (3 pairs or 6 electrons)
- 5. Properties of hydrocarbon molecules • Molecular • Low melting points • Low boiling points • Low Hf • Low Hv • High evaporation rate • High vapor pressure • May be gases, liquids, or solids • Decompose on heating • Poor conductors of heat & electricity • Nonpolar (vdw forces) • Dissolve in nonpolar solvents • React slowly • Solids may be soft or brittle
- 6. Bonding capacity of H? 1
- 7. Bonding capacity of O? 2
- 8. Bonding capacity of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)? 1
- 9. Bonding capacity of S? 2
- 10. Bonding capacity of N & P? 3
- 11. Bonding capacity of C? 4
- 12. The 4 single bonds of a carbon atom are directed to … the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
- 13. Saturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon containing only single carbon-carbon bonds
- 14. Unsaturated hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon containing at least 1 double or triple carbon-carbon bond
- 15. Chemical or Molecular Formulas Tell the kind & number of atoms in a molecule.
- 16. Structural Formulas Tell the kind & number of atoms in a molecule. Also attempt to show approximate shapes & bonding patterns of molecules.
- 17. Homologous Series A group of related compounds in which each member differs from the one before it by the same additional unit. Properties vary in a predictable way.
- 18. Alkanes •Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. with the general formula CnH2n+2. • Ratio of C to H is n:2n+2
- 19. Alkanes Release energy when burned: fuels.
- 20. Naming Alkanes •Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. •Suffix: ane
- 21. Properties of Alkanes •Nonpolar. •Boiling point as # of carbon atoms . (van der Waals forces increase with size). •Insoluble in water. (Like dissolves like.)
- 22. Nonpolar •The electron cloud of the molecule is fairly evenly distributed. Either: –Molecule has atoms with similar electronegativities –Molecule has high symmetry
- 23. Isomers •Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. •Different chemical & physical properties. Different names. •Same formula mass & percentage composition.
- 24. Isomers •# of possible isomers as # of C atoms
- 25. Alkenes Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 1 double carbon- carbon bond.
- 26. General formula of alkenes CnH2n
- 27. Naming Alkenes •Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. •Suffix: ene •# in front may give location of double bond.
- 28. Properties of Alkenes Slightly more reactive than the alkanes. Double bond is site of reactivity.
- 29. Alkynes Homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing 1 carbon-carbon triple bond.
- 30. General formula of alkynes CnH2n-2
- 31. Naming alkynes •Prefix: depends on # of carbon atoms in longest continuous chain. •Suffix: yne •# in front gives location of triple bond.