psikodinamik

2. Psychodynamic
Approach to
C
C
o
u
o
u
n
n
s
e
s
l
e
i
n
l
i
n
g
g
By
Saira Hossain

3. Origin
❖Has its origin in
the ideas of
Sigmund Freud

4. Contd.
❑Freud’s method of treatment is called
psychoanalysis.
❑Psychodynamic counseling focused on anxiety-
related hysteria, disorders, depression, neuroses,
marital conflicts etc.

5. Aim
❖To help clients to achieve insight &
understanding around the reason for their
problem .
❖To translate this insight into a mature
capacity to cope with any future difficulties.

6. Basic Constructs and Concepts
❖Id, Ego, and Superego: The three parts of the
personality.
❖Ego Defense Mechanisms: Used by the ego to reduce
anxiety associated with threatening situations or
feelings.
❖Psychological problem occurs during disruption of the
developmental stages .

7. Id , Ego & Super ego
❖ Id
❖ Operates on the “pleasure principle”
❖ Immediate gratification
❖ Ego
❖ Operates on the “reality principle”
❖ Seeks to gratify id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring
long-term pleasure rather than pain and destruction
❖ Superego
❖ Operates on the “ideal principle”
❖ What is morally correct

9. Mechanisms of Defense
1. Repression
2. Denial
3. Regression
4. Displacement
5. Reaction formation
6. Projection
7. Rationalization
5.Displacem

10. Contd.
▪ Repression :banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts
and feelings from consciousness
▪ Denial : refusing to accept that certain facts exist;
insisting that something is not true.
▪ Regression: Revert to a previous stage of
development.
▪ Displacement: Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses
toward a more acceptable or less threatening
object or person,

11. Contd..
▪ Reaction Formation : the ego unconsciously makes
unacceptable impulses look like their opposites.
▪ Projection :Repress one’s feelings and attribute
them to someone else.
▪ Rationalization : Channeling impulses on to
socially accepted medium.

12. Psychosexual Stages of Development
❑Oral Stage
❑Anal Stage
❑Phallic Stage
❑Latency Stage
❑Genital Stage

13. Oral Stage
❖About first 12-18 months of life
❖Infants seek & gain pleasure from the mouth
❖Focus: sucking, biting, chewing etc.
❖ Fixation causes - Nail biters, pencil chewers,
thumb suckers, chain smokers etc.

15. Anal Stage
❖Approx. 18 months to three years of age
❖Fascination with bodily function.
❖Focus : Anal region, eliminating & retaining feces
❖ Fixation causes due to inappropriate Toilet-
training
❖ “Anal retentive” – obsessed with tidiness
❖ “Anal expulsive” – messy & disorganized

17. Phallic Stage
❖Approx. 3-6 yrs of age
❖Child’s energy focuses on genitals.
❖Penis Envy
❖Castration anxiety
❖Fixation causes oedipus or electra complex

18. Latency
❖Approx. 6-12 yrs of age.
❖Focuses on spending time with people of the same
sex.
❖Sexual instincts die down & superego develops.
❖Child acquire new social values from adult,
outside the family & play from peer.

19. Genital Stage
❖Puberty to Adulthood
❖Sexual desires come back to the fore front.
❖Successful development in the earlier stage leads
to mature sexuality,, marriage & the birth &rearing
of children.

20. Techniques used in Psychodynamic
Therapy
❑Transference
❑Free Association
❑Dream Analysis
❑Interpretation
❑Analysis of Resistance
❑Others

21. Transference
❑Client’s feelings are directed toward the therapist
as though the therapist were the source of the
feelings instead of someone from the client’s past.
❑Therapist as a blank screen
❑To become aware of this projection.

22. Free Association
❖Saying whatever comes to mind,usually lying in a
relaxed position.
❖No matter how trivial or embarrassing.

23. Dream Analysis
❖ Dream is wish fulfillment & have 2 component.
✓ Manifest Content- Incorporates traces of previous days’
experiences and preoccupations.
✓ Latent Content- Censored symbolic version-consists of
unconscious drives and wishes that may be threatening if
expressed directly.

24. Interpretation
❖To generate meaning from transference, free
association, dreams etc.
❖Issues while making interpretation-
✓Is the timing right?
✓Is the interpretation correct?
✓Can the interpretation be phrased in such a way
that the client will understand it?

25. Others :
❑Use of toys & plays.
❑Use of art, sculpture, poetry.
❑Use of projective Techniques e.g.
➢TAT
➢Rorschach Inkblot Test

26. TAT

27. Rorschach Inkblot Test

28. Post Freudian Evolution
❖Object relations theories
❖British Independents
❖Bowl by's Attachment Theory

29. Object Relation Theory
❑Originator : Melanie Klein
❑Conflict & anxieties felt by children arose from
their relationship with human objects rather than
sexual impulses.
❑Mother represented as the ‘part-object’ of breast in
the first month to child

31. Contd.
❑Paranoid-schizoid -
✓Fundamental insecurity evoked by the feelings of
bad.
✓During the first few month of baby
✓Perceive mother as a whole object rather than part
✓Splitting experience began to resolved

32. Contd..
❑Depressive reaction
✓Deep sense of disappointment & anger.
✓Sense of guilt.
❑Self vs rest of the world
Inability to differentiate between what is self &
what is rest of the world

33. Application of Object Relation in
Psychodynamic Therapy
❑Make aware the client about Splitting
❑Projective Identification –
✓ a process of emotional defense that is
interpersonal rather than intrapersonal .
✓Client’s problem rooted in relationships

34. British Independent
▪ Middle group between kleinians & anna freud.
▪ Independent mind
▪ Kohon & Rayner
▪ Counter transference: when the therapist feelings
are placed on the client .

35. John Bowlby’s Theory of attachment
❖ Stresses the importance of the child developing in relation
to context and environment.
❖ The child impacts the environment and the environment
impacts the child.
❖ Psychoanalyst focuses on attachment to understand
development
ble to successfully separate and individuate

36. Multi cultural Issues & psychodynamic counseling
❖ It has received a lot of criticism from women and minority groups
because it tends to be seen as male and elitist.
❖ Its beginning had sexist concepts such as “penis envy.”
❖ Historically, patriarchy, domination and lengthy treatment hold to
oppressive views and patronage by only the wealthy.
❖ Insight is not a highly valued concept in many cultures or lower
socioeconomic statuses.

37. Own interpretation:
❖ May falsifiable!
❖ Generalizing from experiences of a few
❖ A typical patients
❖ Based the memories of patients
❖ Might be tempting to do too much analysis and not
enough working toward change.
❖ transference and counter transference can be hard to deal
with without training and awareness.

38. Thank you you

39. Questions if any ?