Water pollution can be caused by point sources like industries or non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It affects both surface water and groundwater. Surface water pollution is caused by sewage, industrial effluents, synthetic detergents, agrochemicals, oil, and waste heat. Nutrient pollution leads to eutrophication and algal blooms. Water pollution causes diseases, changes in water color, depletion of dissolved oxygen harming aquatic life, and makes water unfit for use. It can also corrode metals and cause health issues. Control involves treating wastewater and reducing non-point sources like runoff.
Water is very useful for our daily
life. We use it for various purpose like
cocking, washing cloths, cleaning,
drinking, industries and agriculture
etc.Undesirable change in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water that may harmfully
affect the life or create a potential hazard for living
organism is called “water pollution”.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are introduced into water bodies, making the water unsuitable for its intended use. There are two main sources of water pollution: point source pollution which enters water bodies from identifiable sources like pipes, and non-point pollution which enters diffusely from sources like surface runoff. Various human activities like industrial waste, urban development, agriculture, and accidents cause water pollution. Effects of water pollution include destruction of ecosystems, death of aquatic animals, and diseases in humans. Preventive measures include reducing dumping of household and industrial wastes, recycling and reusing water.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are introduced into bodies of water, making the water harmful to humans or ecosystems. The main sources of water pollution include natural sources like decaying organic matter, as well as agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, industrial effluents, municipal sewage, and mining waste. Water pollution can have physical, chemical, and biological effects like reducing dissolved oxygen levels, increasing toxicity, promoting excess algal growth that harms aquatic life. Various pollutants that contaminate water bodies include organic compounds from sewage and synthetic sources, inorganic heavy metals, microorganisms, radioactive materials, and suspended solids. Proper management is needed to control pollution and protect water resources.
This document discusses water pollution and two case studies related to water pollution. It begins with definitions of water pollution and its types. It then discusses two major cases of water pollution in India - pollution of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers. The first case study provides details on the causes, impacts, and efforts to address pollution in the Ganges River. The second case study examines an oil spill incident off the coast of Mauritius from a stranded ship in July 2020 and its impacts on the environment as well as methods used to remove the spilled oil.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including types of pollutants, sources, impacts, and control methods. The main types of pollutants are pathogens, organic wastes, nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater, causing health issues and environmental degradation. Control of pollution requires reducing waste at the source, treating wastewater, and improved land management practices.
Water pollution and Sewage treatment (By Pushpita)Pushpita Saha
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, and methods for managing it. It begins with an introduction defining water pollution and its sources. It then covers the nature of different pollutants and why water management is needed. Methods for measuring pollution like BOD, COD, and detecting pathogens are described. The document outlines water treatment processes including preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. It discusses India's water pollution management and regulations. Finally, it highlights innovations by Indians to reduce pollution like using hair to absorb oil, floating wetlands, and technologies to treat sewage and inspect pipelines.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes and effects. It defines water pollution as the contamination of bodies of water that impairs the water, making it unsuitable for human or biological use. The main causes of water pollution discussed are dumping of industrial and nuclear wastes, pesticides/fertilizers, oil pollution, marine dumping, mining, atmospheric deposition, sewage/wastewater, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions. The effects of water pollution include death and impairment of organisms, scarcity of clean water, and impacts on human and environmental health.
The Presentation briefly consists about what is water pollution,It's Sources, It's effects, Precautions, etc...
There is also a video about the some examples of the effects of Water Pollution on Humans,Animals and birds.
Water is very useful for our daily
life. We use it for various purpose like
cocking, washing cloths, cleaning,
drinking, industries and agriculture
etc.Undesirable change in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water that may harmfully
affect the life or create a potential hazard for living
organism is called “water pollution”.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are introduced into water bodies, making the water unsuitable for its intended use. There are two main sources of water pollution: point source pollution which enters water bodies from identifiable sources like pipes, and non-point pollution which enters diffusely from sources like surface runoff. Various human activities like industrial waste, urban development, agriculture, and accidents cause water pollution. Effects of water pollution include destruction of ecosystems, death of aquatic animals, and diseases in humans. Preventive measures include reducing dumping of household and industrial wastes, recycling and reusing water.
Water pollution occurs when contaminants are introduced into bodies of water, making the water harmful to humans or ecosystems. The main sources of water pollution include natural sources like decaying organic matter, as well as agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides, industrial effluents, municipal sewage, and mining waste. Water pollution can have physical, chemical, and biological effects like reducing dissolved oxygen levels, increasing toxicity, promoting excess algal growth that harms aquatic life. Various pollutants that contaminate water bodies include organic compounds from sewage and synthetic sources, inorganic heavy metals, microorganisms, radioactive materials, and suspended solids. Proper management is needed to control pollution and protect water resources.
This document discusses water pollution and two case studies related to water pollution. It begins with definitions of water pollution and its types. It then discusses two major cases of water pollution in India - pollution of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers. The first case study provides details on the causes, impacts, and efforts to address pollution in the Ganges River. The second case study examines an oil spill incident off the coast of Mauritius from a stranded ship in July 2020 and its impacts on the environment as well as methods used to remove the spilled oil.
This document discusses various aspects of water pollution including types of pollutants, sources, impacts, and control methods. The main types of pollutants are pathogens, organic wastes, nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater, causing health issues and environmental degradation. Control of pollution requires reducing waste at the source, treating wastewater, and improved land management practices.
Water pollution and Sewage treatment (By Pushpita)Pushpita Saha
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, and methods for managing it. It begins with an introduction defining water pollution and its sources. It then covers the nature of different pollutants and why water management is needed. Methods for measuring pollution like BOD, COD, and detecting pathogens are described. The document outlines water treatment processes including preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. It discusses India's water pollution management and regulations. Finally, it highlights innovations by Indians to reduce pollution like using hair to absorb oil, floating wetlands, and technologies to treat sewage and inspect pipelines.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes and effects. It defines water pollution as the contamination of bodies of water that impairs the water, making it unsuitable for human or biological use. The main causes of water pollution discussed are dumping of industrial and nuclear wastes, pesticides/fertilizers, oil pollution, marine dumping, mining, atmospheric deposition, sewage/wastewater, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions. The effects of water pollution include death and impairment of organisms, scarcity of clean water, and impacts on human and environmental health.
The Presentation briefly consists about what is water pollution,It's Sources, It's effects, Precautions, etc...
There is also a video about the some examples of the effects of Water Pollution on Humans,Animals and birds.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines water pollution and notes it is a global problem that varies in magnitude and type of pollutant between regions. Water pollutants are divided into 8 categories: sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. The document discusses the sources and impacts of each type of pollutant. The two main sources of water pollution are identified as point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Agriculture is a leading cause of nonpoint source water pollution worldwide.
This document discusses water pollution in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK). It identifies the main causes of water pollution as direct discharge from factories, toxic chemicals, and residential waste. Another cause is solid wastes from human activities, which account for 83% of pollution. The effects of water pollution include killing marine animals and impacting fisheries and water quality in RAK. Proposed solutions involve implementing waste water treatment, banning direct pipes to the sea, holding conferences, a future tunnel plan, field studies, artificial platforms, strict laws, and rubbish bins along the coastline.
Municipal wastes, human and animal wastes, and industrial effluents are major sources of water pollution. Untreated sewage, human and animal excreta, and industrial wastewater contain pathogens, nutrients, and toxic metals that make water unsafe for drinking and aquatic life. Common pollutants include oxygen-demanding wastes, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that cause algal blooms, suspended solids, salts, and toxic compounds. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater sources and disrupt ecosystems.
This slide contents
* What is Water Pollution?
* Types and sources of Water Pollution
* Water Pollutants
* Population and Water needs
* The Effects Of Water Pollution
* Solutions to Water Pollution
* Preventive Measures for Water Pollution
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and methods of control. It defines water pollution and outlines both point sources like industrial waste and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Urbanization, sewage, industrial waste, and agrochemicals are identified as major sources. Effects on human health include toxic chemicals in drinking water. Plants and animals are also harmed as pollution disrupts habitats and food chains. Controlling pollution involves reducing fertilizer and pesticide use near water sources, composting, and proper disposal of chemicals.
Water pollution occurs when foreign substances make water unsuitable for its intended use through physical, chemical, or biological changes. It can be caused by human activities that introduce waste and pollutants into water bodies. Signs of polluted water include bad tastes and smells, decreased fish populations, and presence of oil or algae. Water quality depends on its intended use for activities like drinking, industry, or recreation. Parameters for assessing quality include physical aspects like turbidity, as well as chemical and microbiological components. Eutrophication is excessive nutrient loading that causes overgrowth of aquatic plants and algae, reducing water quality over time. Proper treatment and controls are needed to prevent pollution and eutrophication of important water resources.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines a pollutant as a substance that has undesired effects on the environment. There are two main types of water pollution: point source pollution which comes from a specific location like a pipe, and nonpoint source pollution which comes from diffuse sources like runoff. Examples of water pollutants from runoff include pesticides, fertilizers, oil, chemicals from cars and factories, and heavy metals. The document also lists several types of water pollution such as nutrients pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depleting pollution, and ground water pollution.
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and control measures. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies that occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged without adequate treatment. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere and damages plant and animal species and communities. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage, mining, oil spills, agricultural runoff, and urban development. Water pollution is measured through physical, chemical, and biological indicators and can cause diseases in humans and harm aquatic animals. Control measures involve regulating industries, wastewater treatment, public education, and research.
This document discusses various types of water pollution including surface water pollution, marine pollution, groundwater pollution, and their sources. It describes how surface water and groundwater are interrelated and can pollute each other. The two main sources of surface water pollution are point sources, which are single identifiable sources like pipes, and non-point sources, which are diffuse sources from a large area. Various methods are used to analyze water pollution, including physical, chemical and biological tests. Water pollution can cause negative health effects in humans through water-borne diseases and chemicals in drinking water. The document provides tips to avoid water pollution through household activities.
The document discusses two types of water subject to pollution: surface water such as rivers, lakes and oceans which are used for drinking, recreation like fishing, boating and swimming; and groundwater which occurs beneath the water table in soils or rocks and is subject to pollution from toxic chemicals, with uses including drinking, irrigation. It notes sources of water pollution can be from point sources like discharge from a specific location through a pipe, or non-point sources like indirect effects from activities such as agriculture and urban run-off. Specific sources listed include harmful chemicals, domestic and agricultural wastes, biological pollutants, and effects of human activities like industrialization and consumption.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies like lakes, rivers, and oceans. It is often caused by human activities from point sources like factories and sewage, as well as non-point sources like surface runoff. Water pollution can kill aquatic animals, disrupt food chains, and cause diseases in humans. While laws aim to restrict water pollution, challenges remain in enforcement and public education. Individual actions like conserving water and properly disposing of waste can help address the issue.
It is no secret that a majority of the world’s population consumes unclean water. But how does water get polluted? What happens to people or other living creatures when they consume contaminated water? The power point presentation that follows will allow the teacher to show his or her students the different ways water can get polluted, how much man is responsible for the extent of water pollution, and what the impact of this pollution is on all living things, especially man. The teacher can also use this presentation to generate a discussion in class on possible solutions to this problem. Is it possible to treat contaminated water in some way to make it consumable? Are there ways in which we can prevent or avoid at least certain kinds of water pollution?
The document discusses various causes and effects of water pollution. It notes that 2 million tons of waste are discharged daily into water worldwide. Unsafe water causes diseases and millions of deaths annually, especially among children. Sources of water pollution include sewage, agricultural and industrial waste, pathogens, organic and inorganic contaminants, trash, and thermal pollution. This disrupts ecosystems and can poison wildlife and humans. Solutions discussed include wastewater treatment, engineering approaches, legislation, and individual conservation efforts.
This presentation contains:
1. types of water pollutants
2. sources of water pollutants
3. effects of water pollution
4. control measures of water pollution.
This document discusses various types of water pollution including groundwater pollution, chemical pollution, nutrients pollution, urbanization, thermal and oil pollution. It describes how nutrients pollution can lead to algal blooms which reduce oxygen in water harming aquatic life. Urbanization is cited as a source of industrial and sediment pollution. The effects of water pollution on humans and marine life are also examined. Specific health impacts from bacteria, pesticides, lead and fluoride are outlined. The document concludes by suggesting ways to prevent water pollution such as reducing plastic use, treating industrial chemicals, and investing in water purification systems.
Heavy metals and toxic compounds from industrial waste pollute nearby water bodies, harming aquatic life and disrupting food chains. Microbial pollutants from sewage cause infectious diseases in aquatic and terrestrial life. Excess nutrients from sewage and fertilizer runoff lead to algal blooms that deplete oxygen and suffocate fish. Atmospheric deposition and global warming raise water temperatures, damaging marine habitats. Case studies on bottled water in India found pesticide residues from contaminated groundwater sources, and oil spills from tanker accidents cause long-lasting damage by coating and killing wildlife.
This document discusses water pollution from an assignment submitted by Sidhartha Borah. It begins with background on water and its importance for life. It then discusses various sources of water pollution including industrial facilities, mines, sewage, agriculture, and more. The major types of water pollution covered are nutrient pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depletion, and groundwater pollution. Specific pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities are also outlined like metals, pesticides, bacteria and their health impacts.
Air & Water Pollution-Causes, Effects & Solution.pptxnabeelajaved3
The document discusses the causes and effects of air, water, and soil pollution. It identifies the major causes of air pollution as the burning of fossil fuels, household and farming chemicals, exhaust from factories and industries, and automobile emissions. The effects of air pollution include acid rain, eutrophication, respiratory and heart problems, depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming. Causes of water pollution include sewage, industrial waste, mining activities, marine dumping, oil spills, fertilizers and pesticides, radioactive waste, and urban development. Effects are health issues, organic pollution, death of aquatic animals, malnutrition, and loss of biodiversity. Causes of soil pollution include natural factors as well as human activities like
This document provides information about different types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It defines pollution and describes various forms such as air pollution from carbon monoxide and particles, water pollution from bacteria and chemicals, and soil pollution from waste disposal and chemicals. Causes, effects, and examples of each type are outlined. Control methods to address issues like littering are also mentioned.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines water pollution and notes it is a global problem that varies in magnitude and type of pollutant between regions. Water pollutants are divided into 8 categories: sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. The document discusses the sources and impacts of each type of pollutant. The two main sources of water pollution are identified as point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Agriculture is a leading cause of nonpoint source water pollution worldwide.
This document discusses water pollution in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK). It identifies the main causes of water pollution as direct discharge from factories, toxic chemicals, and residential waste. Another cause is solid wastes from human activities, which account for 83% of pollution. The effects of water pollution include killing marine animals and impacting fisheries and water quality in RAK. Proposed solutions involve implementing waste water treatment, banning direct pipes to the sea, holding conferences, a future tunnel plan, field studies, artificial platforms, strict laws, and rubbish bins along the coastline.
Municipal wastes, human and animal wastes, and industrial effluents are major sources of water pollution. Untreated sewage, human and animal excreta, and industrial wastewater contain pathogens, nutrients, and toxic metals that make water unsafe for drinking and aquatic life. Common pollutants include oxygen-demanding wastes, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that cause algal blooms, suspended solids, salts, and toxic compounds. These pollutants contaminate surface and groundwater sources and disrupt ecosystems.
This slide contents
* What is Water Pollution?
* Types and sources of Water Pollution
* Water Pollutants
* Population and Water needs
* The Effects Of Water Pollution
* Solutions to Water Pollution
* Preventive Measures for Water Pollution
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and methods of control. It defines water pollution and outlines both point sources like industrial waste and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Urbanization, sewage, industrial waste, and agrochemicals are identified as major sources. Effects on human health include toxic chemicals in drinking water. Plants and animals are also harmed as pollution disrupts habitats and food chains. Controlling pollution involves reducing fertilizer and pesticide use near water sources, composting, and proper disposal of chemicals.
Water pollution occurs when foreign substances make water unsuitable for its intended use through physical, chemical, or biological changes. It can be caused by human activities that introduce waste and pollutants into water bodies. Signs of polluted water include bad tastes and smells, decreased fish populations, and presence of oil or algae. Water quality depends on its intended use for activities like drinking, industry, or recreation. Parameters for assessing quality include physical aspects like turbidity, as well as chemical and microbiological components. Eutrophication is excessive nutrient loading that causes overgrowth of aquatic plants and algae, reducing water quality over time. Proper treatment and controls are needed to prevent pollution and eutrophication of important water resources.
This document discusses water pollution. It defines a pollutant as a substance that has undesired effects on the environment. There are two main types of water pollution: point source pollution which comes from a specific location like a pipe, and nonpoint source pollution which comes from diffuse sources like runoff. Examples of water pollutants from runoff include pesticides, fertilizers, oil, chemicals from cars and factories, and heavy metals. The document also lists several types of water pollution such as nutrients pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depleting pollution, and ground water pollution.
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and control measures. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies that occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged without adequate treatment. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere and damages plant and animal species and communities. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage, mining, oil spills, agricultural runoff, and urban development. Water pollution is measured through physical, chemical, and biological indicators and can cause diseases in humans and harm aquatic animals. Control measures involve regulating industries, wastewater treatment, public education, and research.
This document discusses various types of water pollution including surface water pollution, marine pollution, groundwater pollution, and their sources. It describes how surface water and groundwater are interrelated and can pollute each other. The two main sources of surface water pollution are point sources, which are single identifiable sources like pipes, and non-point sources, which are diffuse sources from a large area. Various methods are used to analyze water pollution, including physical, chemical and biological tests. Water pollution can cause negative health effects in humans through water-borne diseases and chemicals in drinking water. The document provides tips to avoid water pollution through household activities.
The document discusses two types of water subject to pollution: surface water such as rivers, lakes and oceans which are used for drinking, recreation like fishing, boating and swimming; and groundwater which occurs beneath the water table in soils or rocks and is subject to pollution from toxic chemicals, with uses including drinking, irrigation. It notes sources of water pollution can be from point sources like discharge from a specific location through a pipe, or non-point sources like indirect effects from activities such as agriculture and urban run-off. Specific sources listed include harmful chemicals, domestic and agricultural wastes, biological pollutants, and effects of human activities like industrialization and consumption.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate water bodies like lakes, rivers, and oceans. It is often caused by human activities from point sources like factories and sewage, as well as non-point sources like surface runoff. Water pollution can kill aquatic animals, disrupt food chains, and cause diseases in humans. While laws aim to restrict water pollution, challenges remain in enforcement and public education. Individual actions like conserving water and properly disposing of waste can help address the issue.
It is no secret that a majority of the world’s population consumes unclean water. But how does water get polluted? What happens to people or other living creatures when they consume contaminated water? The power point presentation that follows will allow the teacher to show his or her students the different ways water can get polluted, how much man is responsible for the extent of water pollution, and what the impact of this pollution is on all living things, especially man. The teacher can also use this presentation to generate a discussion in class on possible solutions to this problem. Is it possible to treat contaminated water in some way to make it consumable? Are there ways in which we can prevent or avoid at least certain kinds of water pollution?
The document discusses various causes and effects of water pollution. It notes that 2 million tons of waste are discharged daily into water worldwide. Unsafe water causes diseases and millions of deaths annually, especially among children. Sources of water pollution include sewage, agricultural and industrial waste, pathogens, organic and inorganic contaminants, trash, and thermal pollution. This disrupts ecosystems and can poison wildlife and humans. Solutions discussed include wastewater treatment, engineering approaches, legislation, and individual conservation efforts.
This presentation contains:
1. types of water pollutants
2. sources of water pollutants
3. effects of water pollution
4. control measures of water pollution.
This document discusses various types of water pollution including groundwater pollution, chemical pollution, nutrients pollution, urbanization, thermal and oil pollution. It describes how nutrients pollution can lead to algal blooms which reduce oxygen in water harming aquatic life. Urbanization is cited as a source of industrial and sediment pollution. The effects of water pollution on humans and marine life are also examined. Specific health impacts from bacteria, pesticides, lead and fluoride are outlined. The document concludes by suggesting ways to prevent water pollution such as reducing plastic use, treating industrial chemicals, and investing in water purification systems.
Heavy metals and toxic compounds from industrial waste pollute nearby water bodies, harming aquatic life and disrupting food chains. Microbial pollutants from sewage cause infectious diseases in aquatic and terrestrial life. Excess nutrients from sewage and fertilizer runoff lead to algal blooms that deplete oxygen and suffocate fish. Atmospheric deposition and global warming raise water temperatures, damaging marine habitats. Case studies on bottled water in India found pesticide residues from contaminated groundwater sources, and oil spills from tanker accidents cause long-lasting damage by coating and killing wildlife.
This document discusses water pollution from an assignment submitted by Sidhartha Borah. It begins with background on water and its importance for life. It then discusses various sources of water pollution including industrial facilities, mines, sewage, agriculture, and more. The major types of water pollution covered are nutrient pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depletion, and groundwater pollution. Specific pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities are also outlined like metals, pesticides, bacteria and their health impacts.
Air & Water Pollution-Causes, Effects & Solution.pptxnabeelajaved3
The document discusses the causes and effects of air, water, and soil pollution. It identifies the major causes of air pollution as the burning of fossil fuels, household and farming chemicals, exhaust from factories and industries, and automobile emissions. The effects of air pollution include acid rain, eutrophication, respiratory and heart problems, depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming. Causes of water pollution include sewage, industrial waste, mining activities, marine dumping, oil spills, fertilizers and pesticides, radioactive waste, and urban development. Effects are health issues, organic pollution, death of aquatic animals, malnutrition, and loss of biodiversity. Causes of soil pollution include natural factors as well as human activities like
This document provides information about different types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It defines pollution and describes various forms such as air pollution from carbon monoxide and particles, water pollution from bacteria and chemicals, and soil pollution from waste disposal and chemicals. Causes, effects, and examples of each type are outlined. Control methods to address issues like littering are also mentioned.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution such as air, water, and soil pollution. It provides details on the causes, sources, and effects of each type of pollution, as well as some control measures. Some key points include:
1) Air pollution is caused by sources like burning fossil fuels for energy, vehicles, agriculture, industries, mining, and indoor activities. It affects human health and the environment.
2) Water pollution comes from point sources like factories and sewage as well as non-point sources like urban and agricultural runoff. It is caused by waste, chemicals, and accidents.
3) Soil pollution occurs from acid rain, waste dumping, excessive fertilizers and pesticides,
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and control measures. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies that occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged without adequate treatment. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere and damages plant and animal species and communities. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage, mining, oil spills, agricultural runoff, and urban development. Water pollution can be measured physically, chemically, and biologically and have negative health and environmental impacts that must be addressed through control measures like wastewater treatment, regulations, and education.
This document discusses water pollution, its sources, effects, and control measures. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies that occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged without treatment. Water pollution affects the entire biosphere and damages both individual species and biological communities. The major sources of water pollution include industrial waste, sewage, mining, oil spills, agricultural runoff, and urban development. Water pollution is measured through physical, chemical, and biological indicators and can cause diseases in humans and harm aquatic animals. Control measures involve regulating industries, treating waste, public education, and research to prevent water contamination.
This document discusses various types and causes of water pollution. The main points are:
1. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, making the water unfit for use. Common pollutants include sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, thermal pollution from power plants, and untreated household waste.
2. Pollution can come from point sources like pipelines or diffuse non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Major sources of pollution include community and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, thermal power plants, underground water contamination, and marine dumping.
3. Water pollution negatively impacts human health and aquatic ecosystems. It can increase
A practical definition of water pollution is: "Water pollution is the addition of substances or energy forms that directly or indirectly alter the nature of the water body in such a manner that negatively affects its legitimate uses".[1]: 6 Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants. Due to these contaminants, it either no longer supports a certain human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its biotic communities, such as fish.
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, types, effects, and prevention methods. It defines water pollution as contamination of water bodies that makes water harmful to humans and aquatic life. The two main sources are point source pollution from specific locations like factories, and non-point source pollution from diffuse sources like agricultural runoff. Water pollution kills aquatic animals, disrupts food chains, spreads diseases, and destroys ecosystems. Prevention methods include proper waste disposal, reducing water and chemical usage, and wastewater treatment.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes, sources, types, effects, and methods of prevention. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies by human and natural activities. The two main sources are point source pollution from single identifiable sources like factories, and non-point source pollution from multiple diffuse sources like agricultural runoff. Various types of water pollution are described, and effects include harm to aquatic life, disruption of food chains, diseases in humans, and destruction of ecosystems. Prevention methods center around proper waste disposal, reduced chemical usage, and wastewater treatment.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate bodies of water, degrading water quality. The main types are organic pollution from microorganisms and chemical pollution from substances like pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals. Human activity such as sewage, industrial waste, marine dumping, radioactive waste, and urbanization are primarily responsible for water pollution. The effects of water pollution are negative impacts on the environment and human health, including diseases from contaminated drinking water. Solutions include improved wastewater treatment, green agriculture practices, stormwater management, air pollution prevention, and reducing plastic waste.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances alter the physical, chemical, or biological nature of water negatively impacting organisms. It is a major global issue, with India and China having high levels. The two main sources are point sources like factory emissions and non-point sources like contaminated runoff. To effectively address water pollution, a number of measures must be taken in the next 10 years according to experts, but pollution still occurs from sources like agriculture, industry, sewage, and religious activities. Prevention methods include ecosystem protection, water recycling, and wastewater reuse.
The document discusses water pollution and provides details about various types of water pollutants and their sources. It summarizes that water pollution occurs when foreign materials contaminate water supplies, harming living things. The major types of water pollutants are biological impurities like bacteria, inorganic impurities such as heavy metals, and organic impurities including pesticides. Pollution comes from natural sources like volcanic eruptions and human sources such as sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Water pollution harms ecosystems, animal health, and human health by causing diseases and environmental damage. Several major rivers around the world are severely polluted due to waste dumping and lack of treatment, including the Mississippi, Ganges, and Yellow Rivers
This document discusses water pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It defines water pollution as the contamination of water bodies from human activities, which can degrade aquatic ecosystems. The main types of water pollution are chemical, groundwater, microbiological, nutrient, and oxygen-depletion pollution. The causes include sewage, waste dumping, industrial waste, oil spills, acid rain, and eutrophication. The effects are threats to human health like disease, death of aquatic life, disruption of food chains, and destruction of ecosystems. Treatment methods include industrial treatment, denitrification, ozone treatment, and septic tanks.
This PPT contains definition, types, signs, source and effects of water pollution. Prevention of water pollution and some data of water pollution of world. It contains pictures so high school grade student can also go through this PPT. Although It is for Bachelor's level.
Water pollution is a major problem that affects all life on Earth. There are two main types of water pollutants: point sources, which directly pollute water bodies, and nonpoint sources, which indirectly pollute through runoff. Many activities like agriculture, industry, and waste disposal contribute to water pollution by adding nutrients, sediments, chemicals, pathogens and other contaminants to rivers, lakes, and oceans. This damages ecosystems and harms aquatic life. To address this issue, we must understand the causes and implement effective wastewater treatment and pollution control strategies.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural runoff, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollution from factories and non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, proper disposal of household chemicals, minimizing fertilizer and pesticide use, and cleaning up litter.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural activities, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollutants from factories and non-point source pollutants from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, properly disposing of household waste, and minimizing the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
The document defines environmental pollution and describes its three main types: air, water, and soil pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of each type of pollution. Air pollution is caused by emissions from vehicles, factories, and burning of fossil fuels, and can lead to acid rain, haze, health issues, and depletion of the ozone layer. Water pollution results from industrial waste, oil spills, and waste disposal in rivers and oceans, harming wildlife and spreading disease. Soil pollution is caused by industrial chemicals, mining, pesticides, and landfills, contaminating groundwater and reducing soil fertility.
The document provides information on entrepreneurship development as a course at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University.
It begins with an introduction and objectives of the course. It then outlines the theory and practical lecture topics that will be covered, which include concepts of entrepreneurship, developing business plans, government support programs, agribusiness models, and skills like communication and project development.
Reference materials are also listed to provide additional resources for students. The document serves as a guide for instructors and students on the content and structure of the entrepreneurship development program.
The document discusses various ways to classify entrepreneurs. They can be classified based on the type of business, such as business entrepreneurs, trading entrepreneurs, industrial entrepreneurs, corporate entrepreneurs, and agricultural entrepreneurs. They can also be classified based on their use of technology, such as technical entrepreneurs, modern technology-based entrepreneurs, and traditional entrepreneurs. The key classifications of entrepreneurs discussed in the document are based on the sector or industry they operate in and the level of technology they adopt.
This document is a repetition of the phrase "Agri Helpers" 20 times. It does not contain any other words or information, simply repeating the same phrase on each new line.
This document describes the flowering and fruiting stages of several plants. It notes that mangos grow on trees and are pollinated by honey bees to produce fruit. Bananas form on plants from flowers into berries. Citrus and grapes also progress from flowering to fruiting. Papaya and pineapple have flowers that lead to their distinctive fruits. Pomegranates are also included.
This document provides information about grapes, including:
1. Grapes originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea. They are one of the most delicious and nourishing fruits, rich in nutrients.
2. In India, grapes are mostly consumed as table fruit, while in Europe they are primarily used for wine production. Grapes are also used to make raisins, juice, and jam.
3. The major grape growing regions in Andhra Pradesh are Mahbubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Ananthapur, Chittoor, and Kurnool districts.
This document provides information about apples and pears. It discusses the botanical names, origins, nutritional value, cultivation regions in India, climate requirements, soil types, common varieties, propagation methods, planting, training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, yields for apples. For pears, it discusses the botanical names, origins, nutritional value, types of pears (European and Oriental), and their climate requirements. It provides detailed information about the cultivation practices for both fruits.
Hybridization is a technique used in rice breeding to create genetically diverse varieties with desirable traits. The process involves crossing genetically dissimilar parents to produce hybrid offspring. Key steps include selecting female plants, emasculating unopened flowers to prevent self-pollination, collecting pollen from the desired male parent, and applying it to the emasculated female flowers. The hybridized seeds are then grown and evaluated to select varieties with increased yield, quality, disease resistance, and other targeted traits. Maintaining genetic diversity through hybridization techniques has been important for the health and productivity of rice crops globally.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
This document provides information about mangoes, including:
- Mango is considered the "king of fruits" in India and is one of India's most important tropical fruits, having been cultivated for 4000-6000 years.
- India grows over half of the world's mangoes, with over 1000 varieties found in India but only about 20 varieties grown commercially.
- Important mango growing regions in Andhra Pradesh include Krishna, West Godavari, Vishakapatnam, East Godavari, Vigayanagaram, Srikakulam, Chittoor, and Khammam districts.
- Commercial mango varieties vary by region but popular varieties include Neelum, B
This document summarizes quality characteristics that are considered in breeding programs for several crops including rice, wheat, pearl millet, maize, small millets, pulses, soybean, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed and mustard, castor, cotton, and forage crops. For rice, quality is determined by characteristics of the endosperm, grain shape and size, milling quality, cooking quality, aroma, and protein content. Wheat quality depends on milling quality, baking quality, and characteristics like protein content and kernel hardness. The document discusses genetic factors and breeding approaches that influence various quality traits in each of these crops.
This document provides information on several vegetable crops including tomato, chili pepper, eggplant, and okra. It discusses the origin, distribution, breeding objectives, and breeding methods for each crop. The key objectives of breeding programs are to develop varieties with higher yield, improved quality traits, and resistance to diseases and insects. Common breeding techniques used include pure line selection, pedigree selection, backcrossing, and heterosis breeding. Several improved varieties have been developed for each crop through these breeding efforts.
This document summarizes information about mango and guava breeding. It discusses the origin, distribution, and breeding objectives of mango, then describes various mango varieties, hybridization techniques used to breed new varieties, and some new mango cultivars that have been developed through breeding programs in India. It also provides brief information on the origin and distribution of guava, guava breeding objectives, and breeding methods used including clonal selection and hybridization to develop new guava varieties.
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, refers to the increased or superior performance of a hybrid offspring compared to the parents. It may manifest as increased yield, growth rate, disease resistance, or other traits. There are several proposed genetic explanations for heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and epistasis hypotheses. Dominance proposes that hybrids perform better because deleterious recessive alleles in the parents are masked in hybrids. Overdominance suggests that for some genes, the heterozygous state is superior to either homozygous state. While neither hypothesis alone can fully explain heterosis, together they provide insight into this important agricultural phenomenon.
breeding for biotic, abiotic stress ,yield, stability and adaptation traitsNugurusaichandan
This document discusses breeding for biotic stress resistance, specifically disease resistance in crops. It defines key terms related to diseases, pathogens, and disease resistance mechanisms in plants. It describes different types of disease resistance including disease escape, tolerance, genetic resistance, and immunity. It explains the genetic basis of disease resistance, including oligogenic, polygenic, and cytoplasmic inheritance. Sources of disease resistance and methods for breeding for disease resistance like introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding are also summarized.
Biometrics is the science dealing with statistical analysis of biological problems. Quantitative genetics studies inheritance of quantitative traits using statistics. The two requirements for plant breeding are genetic variation and exploiting that variation through selection. Phenotype is influenced by both heritable (genetic) and non-heritable (environmental) factors. Quantitative traits are more influenced by environment and genetic background than qualitative traits. The relationship between genotype and phenotype for quantitative traits is partially hidden by environmental effects.
Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with two main cultivated species: Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and O. glaberrima (African rice). There are ongoing debates around the origin of cultivated rice, with the prevailing view being that Asian and African rice arose from a common wild ancestor, Oryza perennis. Wild relatives of rice provide useful traits for rice breeding such as drought tolerance, disease resistance, and pest resistance. The main objectives of rice breeding programs are to develop varieties with high yield potential, adaptability, early maturity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and improved grain quality.
This document summarizes information about sesame and mustard/rapeseed breeding in India. It discusses:
1. The center of origin and related wild species of sesame (Sesamum indicum) that are used in breeding programs to introduce traits like disease resistance.
2. Breeding objectives for sesame like developing high yielding, drought tolerant, white seeded, multi-capsuled varieties. It lists popular sesame varieties for Tamil Nadu.
3. Taxonomy and economic species of the genus Brassica, which includes mustard, rapeseed, cabbage, and others. Breeding objectives for mustard include increased yield, early maturity, abiotic/biotic stress resistance,
This document discusses groundnuts (peanuts), including their origins, classification, breeding objectives, and varieties used in Tamil Nadu. It notes that groundnuts are an allotetraploid species that likely originated from a cross between A. cardinasi and A. batizoccoi. The main objectives for breeding groundnuts in Tamil Nadu are to develop high yielding bunch varieties resistant to drought, diseases like rust and leaf spot, and pests. Popular high yielding varieties for Tamil Nadu include Co1, Co2, ALR2, TMV2, and VRI series varieties.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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1. Unit – ii
Environmental Pollution
1.Water Pollution
Introduction:
Water is the essential element that makes life on Earth possible. Without water there would be no life.
About 97% of the total water available on Earth is found in the oceans and is too salty for drinking or
irrigation. The remaining 3% is fresh water. Of this, 2.997% is locked in ice caps or glaciers. Thus, only
0.003% of the Earth's total volume of water is easily available to us as" soil moisture, groundwater, water
vapor and the water in lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands.
Definition:
Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water
making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.
Sources of water pollution:
Pollution of water can be caused by point sources or non-point sources.
Point sources are specific sites near water which directly discharge effluents into them. Major point
sources of water pollution are industries, power plants, underground coal mines, offshore oil wells
etc.
Non-point sources is not at any particular site, rather, these sources are scattered, which individually
or collectively pollute water. Surface run-off from agricultural fields, overflowing small drains, rain
water sweeping roads and fields, atmospheric deposition etc. are the non-point sources of water
pollution.
Types of water pollutions
Ground water pollution: there are a number of potential sources of ground water pollution. Septic tanks,
industry (textile, chemical, and tanneries), deep well injection, mining etc. are mainly responsible for ground
water pollution, which is irreversible. Ground water pollution with arsenic, fluoride and nitrate are posing
serious health hazards.
Surface water pollution:
The major sources of surface water pollution are:
1. Sewage: Pouring the drains and sewers in fresh water bodies causes water pollution. The problem is
severe in cities.
2. Industrial effluents: Industrial wastes containing toxic chemicals, acids, alkalis, metallic salts, phenols,
cyanides, ammonia, radioactive substances, etc. are sources of water pollution. They also cause thermal
(heat) pollution of water.
3. Synthetic detergents: Synthetic detergents used in washing and cleaning produce foam and pollute water.
4. Agrochemicals: Agrochemicals like fertilizers (containing nitrates and phosphates) and pesticides
(insecticides, fungicides, herbicides etc.) washed by rain-water and surface run-off pollute water.
5. Oil: Oil spillage into sea-water during drilling and shipment pollute it.
6. Waste heat: Waste heat from industrial discharges increases the temperature of water bodies and affects
distribution and survival of sensitive species.
Nutrient Water pollution:
2. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is
a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients,
usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. Excess nitrates and phosphorus encourage the
growth of aquatic plants and algae. Nutrient-boosted algae growth leads to massive algae blooms, visible as
a bright green, foul smelling sheen on the water’s surface. Some of the algae making up the blooms produce
toxins that are dangerous to fish, wildlife, and humans. The blooms eventually die off, and their
decomposition consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen, leaving waters with low oxygen concentrations.
Invertebrates and fish are killed when oxygen levels dip too low.
Effects of water pollution
1. Presence of the many infectious agents causes many diseases. The different types of organisms and the
water borne diseases are given below in Table
Table: Water Borne Diseases Vs Responsible Organisms
2. Change in colour of water affects the usage of water and growth of plants and organisms in water.
3. The oxygen demanding wastes such as animal manure and plant residues deplete the dissolved oxygen
content of water which is harmful to the aquatic lives.
4. The inorganic substances present in water causes many damages to the water.
a. Makes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes.
b. Corrosion of metals exposed to such waters.
c. Causes skin cancers, damages to spinal, CNS, liver and kidneys.
d. Reduces crop yield
5. Growth of aquatic plants and fishes are affected by the presence of acids, alkalies and toxic substances.
6. Oil and other lubricants affect the self purification of the stream or water body.
7. The organic chemicals such as detergents, pesticides, plastics, oil and gasoline present in the water
damages the CNS and causes birth defects and genetic disorders. Also these are harmful to the lives of
aquatic ecosystem.
8. Enrichment of nutrients (Eutrophication) from surrounding watershed affects the penetration of light
through the water, causing damage to the characteristics of water and aquatic life.
9. Dumping of solid wastes resulting surface water as well as ground water pollution.
10. Disposal of coolant water used in industries increase the temperature of the surface water. This affects
the solubility of oxygen in water and aquatic ecosystem.
11. More amounts of nitrates in water due to the application of artificial fertilizer in agricultural lands can
cause methemoglobinemia known as blue baby. Also it decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood in the body.
12. Oil spills or leaks from underground storage tanks on land are affecting a large area in a very short
time.oil spills at sea decrease the oxygen level in the water and cause more harm to the marine planktons and
creatures living in the sea
13. Run-off from farms, backyards, and golf courses contain pesticides such as DDT that in turn contaminate
the water.
14. Leachates from landfill sites are another major contaminating source. It damages the ecosystems health
and reproductivity of wildlife. Groundwater is susceptible to contamination, as pesticides are mobile in the
soil.
16. Presence of radioactive materials such as iodine, radon, cesium, uranium and thorium and its isotopes
3. causes genetic disorders, birth defects and certain cancers.
17. The chlorinated organic pesticides like dieldrin, aldrin and DDT are hazardous mainly due to their
concentration in the food chain. They have high stability, low vapour pressure and very low solubility in
water. As a result of biological magnification (accumulation of concentration from one level to another level
of food chain), these are harmful to the mammals in longer term effects.
18. The presences of sediments (soil and silt) cause the following damages.
a. Fills lakes and reservoirs
b. Obstructs shipping channel
c. Clogs hydroelectric turbines
d. Affects photosynthesis of aquatic plants
e. Disturbs the aquatic food chain
f. Carries pesticides, bacteria and harmful substances to the receiving water body.
g. Makes the water unsuitable for bathing, swimming, boating and other recreational uses.
Control of Water Pollution
It is easy to reduce water pollution from point sources by legislation. However, due to absence of denied
strategies it becomes difficult to prevent water pollution from non-point sources. The following points may
help in reducing water pollution from non-point sources.
(i) Judicious use of agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers which will reduce their surface run-off
and leaching. Avoid use of these on sloped lands.
(ii) Use of nitrogen fixing plants to supplement the use of fertilizers.
(iii)Adopting integrated pest management to reduce reliance on pesticides.
(iv) Prevent run-off of manure. Divert such run-off to basin for settlement. The nutrient rich water can be
used as fertilizer in the fields.
(v) Separate drainage of sewage and rain water should be provided to prevent overflow of sewage with
rainwater.
(vi) Planting trees would reduce pollution by sediments and will also prevent soil erosion.
For controlling water pollution from point sources, treatment of waste water is essential before being
discharged. Parameters which are considered for reduction in such water are-Total solids, biological oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates and phosphates, oil and grease, toxic metals etc.
Wastewaters should be properly treated by primary and secondary treatments to reduce the BOD, COD
levels up to the permissible levels for discharge.
Advanced treatment for removal of nitrates and phosphates will prevent eutrophication. Before the
discharge of wastewater, it should be disinfected to kill the disease-causing organisms like bacteria.
Proper chlorination should-be done to prevent the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons or-disinfection
should be done by ozone or ultraviolet radiations.
2. Noise pollution
Introduction
Noise may not seem as harmful as the contamination of air or water, but it is a pollution problem that
affects human health and can contribute to a general deterioration of environmental quality.
The unpleasant and unwanted sound is called noise. It is not a substance that can accumulate in the
environment like most other pollutants. Sound is measured in a unit called the 'decibel' (dB).
Sound can propagate through a medium like air, liquid or solid. Sound wave is a pressure perturbation in the
medium through which sound travels. Sound pressure alternately causes compression and rarefaction. The
number of compressions and rarefactions of the molecules of the medium (for example air) in a unit time is
described as frequency. It is expressed in Hertz (Hz) and is equal to the number of cycles per second.
4. There is a wide range of sound pressures, which encounter human ear. Increase in sound pressure does
not invoke linear response of human ear. A meaningful logarithmic scale has been devised. The noise
measurements are expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL) .It is expressed as a dimensionless unit, decibel
(dB). Decibel scale is a measure of loudness. Noise can affect human ear because of its loudness and
frequency (pitch).
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Standards
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) committee has recommended permissible noise levels
for different locations
Table: Noise standards by CPCB
Characteristics of Noise
Sound pressure
Frequency
Duration
Time of the day
Location
Intermittency
Source of Noise Pollution
There are several sources of noise pollution that contribute to both indoor and outdoor noise pollution.
Household sources
These includes Food mixer, Vacuum cleaner, Washing machines and driers, Air conditioner and
TV’S
Social Events
Place of worship, Disco’s, Parties, Political meetings and place where people sell goods with
loudspeaker
Commercial and Industrial Activities
These include Printing press, construction sites and manufacturing industries. Examples Bulldozers,
motors, drilling machines, dump trucks, pavement breakers etc.
Transportation
These include road traffic noise, Aircraft noise and noise from railroads
Effects of Noise pollution
Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage physiological
health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep
disturbances, and other harmful effects. Interferes with man's communication- In a noisy area
communication is severely affected.
Hearing damage: Noise can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. (NITTS-Noise induced
temporary threshold shift means (temporary deafness) NIPTS- Noise induced permanent threshold
shift- (Permanent deafness) ) It depends on intensity and duration of sound level. Auditory
sensitivity is reduced with noise level of over 90 dB sound for more than a few minutes.
Physiological and Psychological changes: Continuous exposure to noise affects the functioning of
various systems of the body. It may result in hypertension, insomnia (sleeplessness), gastro-intestinal
5. and digestive disorders, peptic ulcers, blood pressure changes, behavioral changes, emotional changes
etc.
Control of Noise Pollution
a. Reduction in sources of noise: Sources of noise pollution like heavy vehicles and old vehicles may not
be allowed to play in the populated areas.
b. Noise making machines should be kept in containers with J sound absorbing media. The noise path
will be in interrupted! and will not reach the workers.
c. Proper oiling will reduce the noise from the machinery.
d. Use of sound absorbing silencers: Silencers can reduce noise j by absorbing sound. For this purpose
various types of fibrous ! Material could be used.
e. Planting more trees having broad leaves.
f. Through Law: Legislation can ensure that sound production is minimized at various social functions.
Unnecessary horn blowing should be restricted especially in vehicle-congested areas.
3. Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet
Earth. An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the
environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may
be natural or man-made.
Source of air pollution:
Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the
releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which
are:
Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel.
"Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste
incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices
"Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc.
Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management. Controlled or
prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or
greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can
be a tool for foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, thus
renewing the forest.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents
Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is not toxic; however, it is highly flammable
and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also asphyxia and may displace oxygen in an enclosed
space. Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19.5% by
displacement
Natural sources
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.
Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle.
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally
occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health
6. hazard Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the
basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
Classification of Air pollutants:
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually,
Primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption,
the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or
interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary
pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and
formed from other primary pollutants.
Primary pollutants
Primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
Sulfur oxides (SOx) –
Sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2 produced by volcanoes and in various industrial
processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur
dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus
causes acid rain. Inhalation narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in
those with asthma. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these
fuels as power sources.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) –
Among oxides of nitrogen, especially nitrogen dioxide is emitted from high temperature combustion. It can
be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical
compound with the formula NO2. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor which
affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection
Carbon monoxide - is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by
incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of
carbon monoxide. It deprives body of Oxygen causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision. Inhalation of
carbon monoxide causes serious impact on respiratory, cardiac and neural systems.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital to living
organisms. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere. Upon increasing in concentration leads to increase of earth’s
average temperature causing global warming.
Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. They are often divided into
the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient
greenhouse gas which contributes to enhance global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant
greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere,
although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds
benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged
exposure. 1, 3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.
7. Particulate matter - Particulates alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are
tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together.
Sources of particulate matter can be manmade or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from
volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as
the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant
amounts of aerosols. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart
disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from
use.
Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It
is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to
the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals.
Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.
Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as
the radioactive decay of radon.
Secondary pollutants include:
Photochemical smog –
Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is combination of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from
large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog
does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the
atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form
photochemical smog.
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere
(it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone
layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in
the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities
(largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - The best known member of a class of photochemical oxidizing agents
known as the peroxyacyl nitrates. The peroxyacyl nitrates are formed when ozone reacts
with hydrocarbons such as those found in unburned petroleum. They are commonly found
in photochemical smog. The peroyxacyl nitrates attack plants, causing spotting and discoloration of leaves,
destruction of flowers, reduction in fruit production and seed formation, and death of the plant. They also
cause red, itchy, runny eyes and irritated throats in humans. Cardiac and respiratory conditions, such
as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, may result from long-term exposure to the peroxyacyl nitrates.
Air Pollution Effects:
1. Reduced lung functioning
2. Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat
3. Asthma attacks
4. Respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing
5. Increased respiratory disease such as bronchitis
6. Reduced energy levels
7. Headaches and dizziness
Disruption of endocrine, reproductive and immune systems
Neurobehavioral disorders
Cardiovascular problems
Cancer
8. Premature death
Effects of Air- Pollution on Animals:
Acid rain (formed in the air) destroys fish life in lakes and streams
Excessive ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun through the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
which is eroded by some air pollutants, may cause skin cancer in wildlife
Ozone in the lower atmosphere may damage lung tissues of animals
Effects of Air- Pollution on Plants:
Leaf Damage
Chemicals such as sulfur dioxide, ozone, fluorides and peroxyacyl nitrate damage the leaves of plants
cause’s changes in the colors of leaf tissue, which may turn white, brown or yellow.
Nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of combustion from car engines or open fires, can slow the growth of
plants, carbon monoxide is less benign. This component of car exhaust is poisonous to humans and will
stunt the growth of plants.
Fluorides absorbed by leaves are conducted towards the margins of broad leaves (grapes) and to the tips of
monocotyledonous leaves (gladiolus). Little injury takes place at the site of absorption, whereas the
margins or the tips of the leaves build up injurious concentrations
Large quantities of ammonia into the atmosphere for brief periods of time and cause severe injury to
vegetation in the immediate vicinity.
Sulfur dioxide enters the leaves mainly through the stomata (microscopic openings) and the resultant
injury is classified as either acute or chronic. The colour of the necrotic area can vary from a light tan or
near white to an orange-red or brown depending on the time of year, the plant species affected and weather
conditions.
Ozone symptoms characteristically occur on the upper surface of affected leaves and appear as a flecking,
bronzing or bleaching of the leaf tissues.
Air pollution controlling methods
Emission Control Equipments
Emission control equipments are of two types.
a. Gaseous control equipments
b. Particulate control equipments
The different kinds of methods and equipments of emission control are shown in Fig.3.1.
Fig.3.1 Different types of emission control equipment
1. Gravitational Settling Chambers
In this type of equipments, the particulate-laden gas is
allowed to enter an enlarged area with a particular
velocity. Inside the chamber, the velocity of the gas is
9. reduced due to the enlarged portion. The gravitation force
makes the dust particles to deposit at bottom of the
hopper portion and makes clean gas.
Fig. Gravitational Settling chamber
These types of gravitational settling chambers are generally used to remove large particles of size about
50mm from gas streams.
Merits:
1. Simple in design, construction and operation
2. Very less initial cost
3. Low operating cost
Demerits:
1. Requirement of space for installation is more
2. Less efficiency for particles of size smaller than 50 µm.
2. Cyclone Separators
A cyclone separator consists of an inlet,
cylindrical shell, conical base and hopper. The dust-
laden gas is allowed to enter tangentially in the inlet.
A centrifugal force is generated by spinning the gas
stream. The magnitude of centrifugal force generated
on the gas stream depends on the cyclone diameter,
mass of the particle and velocity of gas within the
cyclone. This centrifugal force throws the particulates
on the walls of cyclone which separates the particulate
matters from the particulate laden gas. The cleaned air
goes upward and the dust particles are collected at the
bottom of the hopper.
Fig.. Cyclone-Clean air
Merits
1. More effective than the gravitational settling chambers in the removal of much smaller particles.
2. Relatively inexpensive
3. Operative cost is less.
4. Handle large volume of gases at temperatures up to 98°C.
3. Fabric Filters (or) Bag Filters
These are the oldest equipments adopted for removal
of particulate matters from industrial gases. In this
type of filters, woven or non-woven fabrics are used to
filter the particulate-laden gases. Efficiency of the
fabric filters is about 99% and it can able to remove
particles as small as 0.1 µm. Filter bags are generally
of tubular shape or envelope shape. The type of fabric
is decided based on temperature of the gas and the
corrosiveness or abrasiveness of the particles.
10. Fig. Fabric filter
The bag houses consist of a group of bag (or fabric) filters suspended from an overhead support. The dust
laden gas is allowed at the bottom of the bag house. The gas stream is allowed to pass through the bags. The
dust particles are trapped at the fabric surface and the clean air is collected at the top. This accumulated dust
particles are collected at the bottom of the bag house as solid waste. The bags are cleaned either by
mechanical shakers or by reverse air.
Merits
High collection efficiency up to 99%.
Broad range of particles is collected by the fabric
filters.
Large volume of gases at relatively high speeds may
be cleaned.
Particles are collected in dry state.
Particles up to 0.lp.m are collected by the fabric
filters.
Demerits
The possibility of explosion or fire is more in a
bag house.
Requires more space for installation of bag
house.
Size of the bag house unit is large.
The construction cost is high.
4. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Fig. Electrostatic Precipitator
In this type of equipments, two electrodes are used to separate the dust particles from a gas stream. The
gas stream is allowed to pass between the two electrode wires (which are called as discharge
electrodes). The electrical charge is imparted to the particles through a high-voltage direct-current
corona. The high-voltage field ionizes the gas molecules in the air stream and makes the particulate
matters with negative charge. The negatively charged particles are attracted by the positively charged
11. electrodes which are called as collectors. The charge of the particles is neutralized at the moment of
collection, and they can be removed from the collectors by rapping, washing.
Merits
• Efficiency is 99% or more.
• More suitable for wide range of particle sizes.
• Sub-micron particles can also be collected.
Can handle large volumes of gas from 25 to 1000 m3
sec.
• Can operate continuously with little maintenance. Can be used to collect acid or tar mists.
Demerits
High initial installation cost.
Require more space.
Require more power.
More surface area is required for obtaining high efficiency.
Wet collectors (or) Scrubbers
Wet precipitation is the basic principle of wet scrubbers in which particles in the atmosphere are removed
by nature.
The basic functions of these are to make contact between the particulates and the scrubbing liquid, usually
water.
The major types of wet scrubbers are
(i) Spray towers
(ii) Centrifugal scrubbers
(iii) Venturi scrubbers and
(iv) Packed bed columns
Among the above types of wet scrubbers, each type has its unique applicability. Spray towers are the
simplest types of wet scrubbers. They are low energy scrubbers and that can be used to remove particles of
size 5 to 10 m. Venturi scrubbers are of high energy scrubbers and they can be effective in removal of
particles of size smaller than 3 µm.
Fig..Spray towers
12. In the spray tower the air stream with particles is introduced at the bottom. The Polluted gas flows upward.
Water is introduced at the top by means of spray nozzles.
By inertial impaction and interception the particulate matters are entrained by then molecules. The water
with particles is collected at the bottom and disposed.
The efficiency of a spray tower depends on the velocity of water,size of spray droplet size, velocity of gas,
quantity of water and gas introduced and trajectories. Efficiency increases with decreasing diameter of
water droplet and increasing droplet quantity
Merits
These are very much effective in simultaneous removal of gases and Particulates. Effective in wide
range of loading.
Requirement of space is very less compared to dry collectors.
Lesser chance of explosion of dust-air mixtures.
Corrosive gases may be neutralized by proper choice of scrubbing liquid,
Temperature is reduced at the exhaust.
Demerits
Energy cost is relatively higher than the dry collectors.
Disposal of the wastewater is the main demerit of this type and requires treatment.
Possibility of corrosion is more.
Less efficiency in collection of very smaller particles.
3. Soil pollution
Soil pollution
Soil pollution is defined as, “contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause
harmful effect on living organisms”.
Composition of soil is listed below:
COMPONENT %
Organic mineral matter ---- 45%
Organic matter -----05%
Soil water ----25 %
Soil air ---- 25 %
SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION
Soil pollution mainly occurs due to the following:
1. Industrial wastes
2. Urban wastes
3. Agricultural practices
4. Radioactive pollutants
5. Biological agents
Industrial wastes – Disposal of Industrial wastes is the major problem for soil pollution Sources: Industrial
pollutants are mainly discharged from various origins such as pulp and paper mills, chemical fertilizers, oil
refineries, sugar factories, tanneries, textiles, steel, distilleries, fertilizers, pesticides, coal and mineral
13. mining industries, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum and engineering industries etc. Effect: These pollutants
affect and alter the chemical and biological properties of soil. As a result, hazardous chemicals can enter
into human food chain from the soil or water, disturb the biochemical process and finally lead to serious
effects on living organisms.
Urban wastes – Urban wastes comprise of both commercial and domestic wastes consisting of dried sludge
and sewage. All the urban solid wastes are commonly referred to as refuse. Constituents of urban refuse:
This refuse consists of garbage and rubbish materials like plastics, glasses, metallic cans, fibres, paper,
rubbers, street sweepings, fuel residues, leaves, containers, abandoned vehicles and other discarded
manufactured products. Urban domestic wastes though disposed off separately from industrial wastes, can
still be dangerous. This happens because they are not easily degraded.
Agricultural practices – Modern agricultural practices pollute the soil to a large extent. With the
advancing agro-technology, huge quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and weedicides are added to
increase the crop yield. Apart from these farm wastes, manure, slurry, debris, soil erosion containing mostly
inorganic chemicals are reported to cause soil pollution
Radioactive pollutants/ - Radioactive substances resulting from explosions of nuclear testing laboratories
and industries giving rise to nuclear dust radioactive wastes, penetrate the soil and accumulate giving rise to
land/soil pollution.
Ex: 1. Radio nuclides of Radium, Thorium, Uranium, isotopes of Potassium (K-40) and Carbon (C-14) are
commonly found in soil, rock, water and air.
2. Explosion of hydrogen weapons and cosmic radiations include neutron, proton reactions by which
Nitrogen (N-15) produces C-14. This C-14 participates in Carbon metabolism of plants which is then into
animals and human beings.
3. Radioactive waste contains several radio nuclides such as Strontium90, Iodine129, Cesium-137 and
isotopes of Iron which are most injurious. Strontium get deposited in bones and tissues instead of calcium.
4. Nuclear reactors produce waste containing Ruthenium-106, Iodine-131, Barium140, Cesium-144 and
Lanthanum-140 along with primary nuclides Sr-90 with a half life 28 years and Cs-137 with a half life 30
years. Rain water carries Sr-90 and Cs-137 to be deposited on the soil where they are held firmly with the
soil particles by electrostatic forces. All the radio nuclides deposited on the soil emit gamma radiations.
Biological agents – Soil gets a large amount of human, animal and bird excreta which constitute a major
source of land pollution by biological agents.
Ex: 1. Heavy application of manures and digested sludge can cause serious damage to plants within a few
years
Effects of soil pollution
Effect on Health of Humans: Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the
contamination of it has major consequences on our health. Crops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb
much of the pollution and then pass these on to us. This could explain the sudden surge in small and
terminal illnesses.
14. Long term exposure to such soil can affect the genetic make-up of the body, causing congenital illnesses
and chronic health problems that cannot be cured easily. In fact, it can sicken the livestock to a
considerable extent and cause food poisoning over a long period of time. The soil pollution can even lead
to widespread famines if the plants are unable to grow in it.
Effect on Growth of Plants: The ecological balance of any system gets affected due to the widespread
contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so
radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to
decline, which creates an additional problem of soil erosion.
The fertility slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to
survive. The soil pollution causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts,
which are suitable for its native vegetation, such land cannot support most forms of life.
Decreased Soil Fertility: The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore
decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks
quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substance to cause serious health problems in people
consuming them.
Toxic Dust: The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the environment and causes
serious effects on health of some people. The unpleasant smell causes inconvenience to other people.
Changes in Soil Structure: The death of many soil organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to
alteration in soil structure. Apart from that, it could also force other predators to move to other places in
search of food
Control measures of soil pollution:
1. Soil erosion can be controlled by a variety of forestry and farm practices. Ex: Planting trees on barren
slopes Contour cultivation and strip cropping may be practiced instead of shifting cultivation Terracing and
building diversion channels may be undertaken. Reducing deforestation and substituting chemical manures
by animal wastes also helps arrest soil erosion in the long term.
2. Proper dumping of unwanted materials: Excess wastes by man and animals pose a disposal problem.
Open dumping is the most commonly practiced technique. Nowadays, controlled tipping is followed for
solid waste disposal. The surface so obtained is used for housing or sports field.
3. Production of natural fertilizers: Bio-pesticides should be used in place of toxic chemical pesticides.
Organic fertilizers should be used in place of synthesized chemical fertilizers. Ex: Organic wastes in animal
dung may be used to prepare compost manure instead of throwing them wastefully and polluting the soil.
4. Proper hygienic condition: People should be trained regarding sanitary habits. Ex: Lavatories should be
equipped with quick and effective disposal methods.
5. Public awareness: Informal and formal public awareness programs should be imparted to educate people
on health hazards by environmental education. Ex: Mass media, Educational institutions and voluntary
agencies can achieve this.
6. Recycling and Reuse of wastes: To minimize soil pollution, the wastes such as paper, plastics, metals,
glasses, organics, petroleum products and industrial effluents etc should be recycled and reused. Ex:
15. Industrial wastes should be properly treated at source. Integrated waste treatment methods should be
adopted.
7. Ban on Toxic chemicals: Ban should be imposed on chemicals and pesticides like DDT, BHC, etc which
are fatal to plants and animals. Nuclear explosions and improper disposal of radioactive wastes should be
banned.
Marine pollution
Definition
Marine pollution can be defined as the introduction of substances to the marine environment directly or
indirectly by man resulting in adverse effects sushi hazards to human health, obstruction of marine
activities, and lowering the quality of sea water
The main sources of marine pollution are
i. Rivers, which bring pollutants from their drainage basins,
ii. Catchment area i.e. coastline where human settlements in the form of hotels, industry, agricultural,
practices have been established, and
iii. Oil drilling and shipment.
Sources of marine pollution
According to International Maritime Organization (IMO), the different sources contributing marine
pollution are
1. Land based sources
2. Air based sources
3. Maritime transportation
4. Dumping of wastes
5. Offshore production
Land based sources
Storm water: Urban runoff, or storm water, is more difficult to control. Storm water drains collect and
channel the water from all non-porous surfaces, such as pavements and tarred roads, within a catchment.
Storm water flow depends on rainfall, and the first flows following a dry spell often contain high levels of
pollutants, such as heavy metals (particularly lead), oil residues, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and
pathogenic (disease causing) micro-organisms, such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa, from faecal
material.
Rivers: Rivers carry to the sea water containing contaminants such as nutrients and pesticides from
agricultural runoff, fecal pollution resulting from poor sanitation, and industrial discharges. Soil erosion,
partly a result of poor catchment management, can cause increased water turbidity and siltation of
estuaries.
2 Air based sources-
Air based sources of marine pollution are referred to all the types of industrial activities that create air
pollution which eventually drifts over and falls onto marine waters.
a. Disposal of oil during the normal cleaning process.
16. b. Accidental spill of oil.
c. Disposal of garbage generated by the crews of marine vessels (the navy, fishing fleets, pleasure boaters
etc.).
3 Eutrophication - Disposal of effluent with more nitrogen and phosphorus causes 'eutrophication' (over
fertilization), which may cause algal blooms. These blooms can discolor the water, clog fish gills, or even
be toxic. Microbial breakdown of dead algae can cause deficiency of oxygen.
4 Pesticides-Pesticides such as DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and other persistent chemicals
accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals. These chemicals can cause reproductive failure in marine
mammals and birds.
5 Plastics - Plastic is the dangerous solid waste. Plastic is not biodegradable and therefore affects the
oceans for long periods of time. Plastics kill many marine animals. Turtles, for example, often swallow
floating plastic bags, mistaking them for jelly- fish. Animals are often strangled when they become
entangled with plastic debris.
6 Radioactive wastes-Any leakage or failure of radioactive wastes containers, which are used to dispose
low level radioactive wastes in deep sea, causes more effects that could be devastating.
Prevention of marine pollution
Following are some of the preventive measures of marine pollution.
a.Careful handling of oil and petroleum products.
b.Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged materials.
c.Dispose fully treated municipal and industrial wastes.
d.Regulate coastal development.
e.Hygienic and aesthetic maintenance of recreational beaches.
f. Controlled use of pesticides and chemicals in agricultural activities in delta' portions.
g.Separate sewage and storm water lines.
h.Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping.
i. Provide double hulls for oil tankers.
j. Ban on dumping of radioactive wastes.
Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution
Type Primary Source/Cause Effect
Nutrients Runoff approximately 50% sewage,
50% from forestry, farming, and other
land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides
from power plants, cars etc.
Feed algal blooms in coastal waters.
Decomposing algae depletes water of
oxygen, killing other marine life. Can spur
algal blooms (red tides), releasing toxins that
can kill fish and poison people.
Sediments Erosion from mining, forestry,
farming, and other land-use; coastal
dredging and mining
Cloud water; impede photosynthesis below
surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother
and bury coastal ecosystems. Carry toxins
and excess nutrients.
17. Pathogens Sewage,livestock. Contaminate coastalswimming areas and
seafood, spreading cholera, typhoid and
other diseases.
Alien Species Several thousand per day transported in
ballast water; also spread through
canals linking bodies of water and
fishery enhancement projects.
Outcompete native species and reduce
biological diversity. Introduce new marine
diseases. Associated with increased
incidence of red tides and other algal
blooms. Problem in major ports.
Persistent Toxins
(PCBs,Heavy
metals, DDT
etc.)
Industrial discharge; wastewater
discharge from cities; pesticides from
farms, forests,home use etc.; seepage
from landfills.
Poison or cause disease in coastalmarine
life, especially near major cities or industry.
Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins that
bio-accumulate in predators can cause
disease and reproductive failure.
Oil 46% from cars,heavy machinery,
industry, other land-based sources;
32% from oil tanker operations and
other shipping; 13% from accidents at
sea; also offshore oil drilling and
natural seepage.
Low level contamination can kill larvae and
cause disease in marine life. Oil slicks kill
marine life, especially in coastalhabitats.
Tar balls from coagulated oil litter beaches
and coastalhabitat. Oil pollution is down
60% from 1981.
Plastics Fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships;
beach litter; wastes from plastics
industry and landfills.
Discard fishing gear continues to catch fish.
Other plastic debris entangles marine life or
is mistaken for food. Plastics litter beaches
and coasts and may persist for 200 to 400
years.
Radioactive
substances
Discarded nuclear submarine and
military waste; atmospheric fallout;
also industrial wastes.
Hot spots of radio activity. Can enter food
chain and cause disease in marine life.
Concentrate in top predators and shellfish,
which are eaten by people.
Thermal Cooling water from power plants and
industrial sites
Kill off corals and other temperature
sensitive sedentary species. Displace other
marine life.
Noise Supertankers, other large vessels and
machinery
Can be heard thousands of kilometers away
under water. May stress and disrupt marine
life.