The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor and 8051 microcontroller. It provides details on their architecture, components, instruction sets, addressing modes, and timing diagrams. The 8085 has an ALU, registers, control unit and performs operations on 8-bit data. It uses von Neumann architecture. The 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller that integrates a CPU, memory and programmable I/O on a single chip. It has features like on-chip memory and timers/counters.
The 8085 is based on von Neumann design. It is designed by using NMOS technology. The “5” in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5 V power supply, rather than requiring the +5 V, -5 V and +12 V supplies the 8080 needed. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It can work up to 5 MHz frequency. It has 40 pins in its chip. Lower order address bus is multiplexed with data bus to minimize the chip size
The 8085 is based on von Neumann design. It is designed by using NMOS technology. The “5” in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5 V power supply, rather than requiring the +5 V, -5 V and +12 V supplies the 8080 needed. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It has 8 bit data bus and 16 bit address bus. It can work up to 5 MHz frequency. It has 40 pins in its chip. Lower order address bus is multiplexed with data bus to minimize the chip size
Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing loads – Crank shaft torque
Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing loads – Crank shaft torque
Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic forcing – Harmonic disturbances –Disturbance caused by unbalance – Support motion –transmissibility – Vibration isolation vibration measurement.
Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic forcing – Harmonic disturbances –Disturbance caused by unbalance – Support motion –transmissibility – Vibration isolation vibration measurement.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. MICROPROCESSOR
• It is a semiconductor component that
incorporates the functions of a central
processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC) . i.e., the central processing unit (CPU)
built on a single IC is called microprocessor.
3. MICROPROCESSOR
• It is multipurpose, programmable and clock
driven,
• Register based electronic device that reads
binary instructions from a storage device called
memory,
• Accept binary data as input, process the data
according to the instruction and provides
results as output.
5. Functional Block diagram of
Microprocessor
• ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
– It carries out arithmetic and logic operations on 8
bit word.
– Arithmetic operation – addition, subtraction ,
multiplication , division etc.,
– Logic operation - AND,OR,EX-OR
– The content of accumulator and temporary
register are the input to the ALU.
– ALU output is stored in accumulator
6. • Register array
– Register is a storage unit within the
microprocessor used to store the data, address of
instruction of any program.
– Microprocessor contained 6 general purpose
register it has 8- bit memory
– Registers are B,C,D,E,H and L
– To hold 16-bit data a combination of two 8-bit
registers can be used.
– The combination of two 8-bit registers is known as
Register Pair (BC, DE and HL).
– These Registers are used to store data temporarily
during execution of the program.
7. • Control Unit
– The timing and control unit acts as the brain of a
computer.
– It controls all operations of the CPU.
– It controls input, output and all other devices
connected to the CPU.
8. Evolution of Microprocessor
• First generation Microprocessor
– 1st Microprocessor, Intel 4004, a 4 bit PMOS
Microprocessor introduced in 1971 by the Intel
corporation, USA.
– It has limited memory
– An enhanced version of Intel 4004 is Intel 4040.
– e.g., Toshiba’s 73472, Rockwell International’s
PPS-4 National IMP-4 etc.,
9. Evolution of Microprocessor
• Second generation Microprocessor
– In 1972, Intel introduced 8- bit Microprocessor
named as Intel 8008, which also uses PMOS
technology.
– But this technology was slow and not compatible
with TTL logic
– In 1973, Intel introduced more powerful and fast
8- bit NMOS Microprocessor called Intel 8080
– Intel 8085 is the improved version of Intel 8080
10. • Third generation Microprocessor
– In 1978 Intel introduced a 16- bit Microprocessor
called Intel 8086.
– Other 16- bit Microprocessor are Intel 80186, Intel
80286, zilog’s z8000, Motorola’s 68000, 68010 etc.,
• Forth generation Microprocessor
– In 1985 Intel introduced a 32- bit Microprocessor
called Intel 60386
• Fifth generation Microprocessor
– Intel i860 is a 64 bit RISC microprocessor
11. Architecture of 8085
• Three main section
– ALU
– Timing and Control unit
– Set of register
13. • ALU
– Addition, Subtraction, Logical AND,OR…etc
• Timing and Control Unit
– Controls the entire operation of the microprocessor
• Register
– 1- 8 bit Accumulator….i.e.-register A (ACC)
– 6-8 bit general purpose register (B,C,D,E,H & L)
– 1- 16 bit register –SP(Stack Pointer)
– 1 -16 bit –PC (Program Counter)
– Instruction register
– Temporary register
– Flag register
14. • Flag register
– Carry flag (CY) – it is set, If carry or borrow occurs
during the arithmetic operation.
– Parity flag (P) – it is set, if the result has even number
of it otherwise made 0.
– Auxiliary carry flag (AC) – Binary coded decimal
operations (BCD)
– Zero flag (z) – is set if the result becomes 0
– Sign flag (S) – is set if the result becomes –ve, if +ve, it
is set to 0
– 2 bit (don’t care )
16. Signals in 8085
• 6 group of signals
• Address bus (A15-A8)-
– unidirectional
• Data bus (AD7-AD0)
– bi-directional both data and
address
• Control and Status signals
– ALE (Address Latch Enable)
– RD,WR,IO/M,S0,S1
• Power supply and Clock
frequency
– VCC +5
– VSS-Ground
– X1,X2
– CLK
17. • Externally initiated signals
– INTR
– INTA
– TRAP
– RST 7.5,RST6.5,RST 5.5
– READY
– HOLD
– RESET IN
– RESET OUT
– HLDA
• Serial I/O Ports
– SID
– SOD
19. • Direct addressing
– LDA 240H (Load register A with the contents of
memory location 240FH)
– STA 2400H (Store the content of the accumulator
in the memory location 2400H)
• Register addressing
– MOV B, D (move the content of register D to
register B)
– INX H (increment the content of [H-L] register pair
20. • Register indirect addressing
– LXI H, 2500H (Load H-L pair with 2500H)
– MOV A, B (move the content of the memory
location, whose address is in H-L pair(H-L Pair) to
accumulator)
– HLT (halt)
• Immediate addressing
– MVI A, 05 (Move 05 in register A)
– 3E, 05 (the code format of an instruction)
21. • Implicit addressing
– There are certain instruction which operate the
content of the accumulator.
– Such instruction do not require the address of the
operand
– CMA
– RAL
– RAR
22. Instruction sets 8085
• Data transfer group
• Arithmetic group
• Logical group
• Branch group
• Stack, I/O and Machine control group
23. Data transfer group
• MOV r1,r2
• MOV r, M (Move the content of memory to register)
• MOV M, r
• MVI r1, data (Move Immediate DATA to register)
• MVI M, data
• LDA data (Load accumulator direct)
• STA addr (store accumulator direct)
• XCHG (exchange the content of H-L with D-E pair)
25. Arithmetic group
• ADD r
• ADD M
• ADI data
• ADC r
• ADC M
• SUB r
• SUB M
• SUI data
• SBB r
• SBB M
• INR r
• INR M
• DCR r
• DCR M
26. Logical group
• ANA r
• ANA M
• ANI data
• ORA r
• ORA M
• ORI data
• XRA r
• XRA m
• XRI data
• CMA (complement acc)
• CMC(complement carry)
• CMP r (compare)
• CMP M
• CPI data
• RLC (rotate)
• RRC
• RAL
• RAR
27. Branch group
• Two branch instruction
–Conditional
• The conditional branch instructions
transfer the program to the specified
label when certain condition is satisfied
–Unconditional
• The Unconditional branch instructions
transfer the program to the specified
label when certain condition is not
satisfied
28. • Conditional jumb addr (label)
– If the condition is true and the program jumps to
the specified label, the execution of a conditional
jump takes 3 machine cycles and 10 states
– If the condition is not true, only two machine
cycles and 7 states are required for the execution
of the instruction.
29. – JZ addr (label) [jump if the result is zero]
[PC] address (label), jump if z=0
Machine cycle – 2/3
States – 7/10
Addressing mode – Immediate
Flags - None
30. – JNZ addr [ jump if the result is not zero]
[PC] address (label), jump if z=1
– JC addr [ jump if there is a carry ]
[PC] address (label), jump if CS = 1
– JNC addr [ jump if there is no carry ]
[PC] address (label), jump if CS = 0
31. – JP addr [ jump if the result is plus)
[PC] address (label), jump if S = 0
– JM addr [ jump if the result is minus)
[PC] address (label), jump if S = 1
– JPE addr [ jump if even parity)
[PC] address (label), jump if P = 0
32. – JPE addr [ jump if odd parity)
[PC] address (label), jump if P = 1
• CALL addr (label)
– Call the subroutine identified by the operand
– CC addr (call subroutine if carry status CS=1)
– CNC addr (call subroutine if carry status CS=0)
– CZ addr (call subroutine if result is zero)
– CNZ addr (call subroutine if result is not zero)
– CP addr (call subroutine if result is plus)
– CM addr (call subroutine if result is minus)
– CPE addr (call subroutine if even parity)
– CPOE addr (call subroutine if odd parity)
34. Stack ,I/O and Machine control Group
• PUSH rp [push the content of register pair to stack)
• PUSH PSW [push the program status to word]
• POP rp [pop the content of register pair which
was saved from the stack]
• POP PSW
• IN PORT
• OUT PORT
• EI (enable interrupts)
44. Microcontroller
• A Microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory and programmable
input/output peripherals.
45. Features Microcontroller
• 8 bit CPU
• On chip oscillator
• 4Kb of ROM
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 21 special functions register
• 32 I/O lines
• 64 KB address space for external data memory
• 64 KB address space for program memory
• 2 16-bit timer/counter