unit 2.pptx
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Robert Hooke first observed and coined the term "cell" after viewing cork cells under a microscope. The cell theory states that cells are the smallest unit of life, cells only come from existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Key contributors to the cell theory included Theodor Schwann, Matthais Schleidon, and Rudolf Virchow. The document then discusses various cell organelles like lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, vacuoles, and the nucleus.
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Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed the first living cells in pond water in 1673. In the 1800s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow developed the cell theory, which states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from preexisting cells. Cells later evolved to be more specialized and form multicellular organisms through the development of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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2. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function.
3. Key parts of the cell include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, which contains various organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
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2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they contain organelles that carry out specialized functions to keep the cell alive.
3. Key cellular structures include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains DNA and controls cellular activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts carry out metabolic functions.
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Here are the definitions and functions of the requested cellular components:
a. Chloroplast - Organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll.
b. Mitochondrion - Organelle where cellular respiration occurs, extracting energy from food through the process of respiration.
c. Nucleus - Control center of the cell that contains the genetic material DNA and directs cell activities.
d. Protoplasm - Living contents of the cell, consisting of the cytoplasm and organelles outside the nucleus.
e. Endoplasmic reticulum - Network of membranes that synthesize proteins and lipids and transport materials within the cell.
[Here is a labeled diagram of the cell
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FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
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1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
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Robert Hooke first observed "cells" in 1665 when examining thin slices of cork under a microscope. He saw that the cork's structure resembled a honeycomb with many empty box-like cavities. The modern cell theory, developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. A cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, with various organelles that carry out different functions.
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This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, listing their main components. Prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid, and ribosomes, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, organelles like mitochondria and the Golgi complex, and other membrane-bound structures. It also outlines the parts of a flower involved in insect pollination, including petals, stamens with anthers and filaments, and carpels with stigmas, styles, and ovaries.
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- In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke used early microscopes to observe cells, the basic unit of life, for the first time in pond water and plant tissues.
- In the 1830s-1850s, scientists including Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow developed the cell theory, concluding that all organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
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This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
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2. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function.
3. Key parts of the cell include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, which contains various organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
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1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they contain organelles that carry out specialized functions to keep the cell alive.
3. Key cellular structures include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains DNA and controls cellular activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts carry out metabolic functions.
cellthefundamentalunitoflife-180820182355 (1).pdf
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and contain organelles that carry out specialized functions. The key components of cells include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
3. Over time, scientists developed the cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. The development of advanced microscopes helped reveal more details of cell structure and components.
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3. Over time, scientists developed the cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. The development of advanced microscopes helped reveal the internal structures and components of cells.
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This document discusses plant and animal cells. It describes some of the key discoveries in cell biology including Hooke discovering cells in 1665 and von Leeuwenhoek first observing single-celled organisms under a microscope. The cell theory established that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and all cells come from preexisting cells. The document compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes several organelles found in plant and animal cells including the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and lysosomes. It notes both the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.
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Cell is the structural and Functional unit of life. Structure and Function of various Cell organelles has been presented.
Lecture 2
Here are the definitions and functions of the requested cellular components:
a. Chloroplast - Organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll.
b. Mitochondrion - Organelle where cellular respiration occurs, extracting energy from food through the process of respiration.
c. Nucleus - Control center of the cell that contains the genetic material DNA and directs cell activities.
d. Protoplasm - Living contents of the cell, consisting of the cytoplasm and organelles outside the nucleus.
e. Endoplasmic reticulum - Network of membranes that synthesize proteins and lipids and transport materials within the cell.
[Here is a labeled diagram of the cell
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FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Cell and its organelles
1. The document discusses cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
2. It provides details on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and outlines the three main principles of cell theory.
3. The document describes the key components of cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles as well as their structure and functions. It provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
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Robert Hooke first observed "cells" in 1665 when examining thin slices of cork under a microscope. He saw that the cork's structure resembled a honeycomb with many empty box-like cavities. The modern cell theory, developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. A cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, with various organelles that carry out different functions.
Cells2 091001182025-phpapp01
Cytology is the study of cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells using microscopy in the 1600s. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing plant cells in 1665. The cell theory, developed in the mid-1800s, states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and organelles. All cells share common structures like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and in eukaryotes, the nucleus, but they also contain specialized structures called organelles that perform
1.1 cell structure
All living things are made of organized parts, obtain energy from their surroundings, perform chemical reactions, respond to their environment, grow and develop, change with time, and reproduce
All organisms are made of cells
All cells are produced from other cells (all cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division)
The cell is the most basic unit of life
Plant & animal cell for discussion
This document summarizes the key differences between plant and animal cells. It explains that both cell types contain organelles that maintain life processes like nutrient intake, movement, growth, response to stimuli, gas exchange, and waste removal. However, plant cells have additional structures like a cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles that are not present in animal cells. The chloroplasts allow plant cells to perform photosynthesis by capturing light energy.
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This document compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, listing their main components. Prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid, and ribosomes, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, organelles like mitochondria and the Golgi complex, and other membrane-bound structures. It also outlines the parts of a flower involved in insect pollination, including petals, stamens with anthers and filaments, and carpels with stigmas, styles, and ovaries.
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This document discusses different types of microscopes and insect pollination. It defines magnification and resolving power as key properties of microscopes. Magnification increases the size of the retinal image, while resolving power is the ability to distinguish between closely placed points which depends on numerical aperture. There are two main types of microscopes - light microscopes which use light as the illumination source, and electron microscopes which use an electron beam. Compound microscopes have two lenses while insect pollination involves pollen transfer from anthers to stigmas by insects visiting flowers attracted to petals and scent.
flower.pptx
Flowers have male and female reproductive structures that work together through insect pollination. The petals attract insects to the stamen which contains pollen grains in the anther held by the filament. The pollen is deposited on the stigma of the carpel containing the ovary and ovules, with the style connecting the stigma to the ovary allowing the pollen tube to grow and fertilize the female gametes.
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Compound microscopes consist of more than one lens and have higher magnification and resolving power than simple microscopes. Magnification represents the ability of a microscope to enlarge the retinal image of an object, while resolving power depends on the wavelength of light and numerical aperture of the objective lens.
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unit 1.pptx
1. The cell was first observed and named by Robert Hooke in the 1600s. Theodor Schwann and others later established the Cell Theory which states that cells are the basic unit of life, cells only come from existing cells, and all cells contain the basic machinery to carry out life functions.
2. Cells are typically small, around 10 micrometers, because their surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient exchange of materials. Larger cells would not be able to support their inner volumes.
3. The light microscope allows observation of cells at low magnifications while the electron microscope provides higher resolution images at the molecular level. Various structures within cells, like organelles, carry out specific functions to keep the cell alive.
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Cells were first observed under a microscope by Robert Hooke in 1665 who coined the term "cell". Chromatin, chromosomes and chromatids make up the genetic material inside cells. Cells regulate all activity in living organisms and contain chromosomes which are responsible for heredity through structures like chromatids and the centromere.
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among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
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Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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- 1. Observed and coined term “cell” Robert Hooke He observed cork cells
- 3. THE CELL THEORY 1. Cells are the smallest units of life. 2. Cells come only from existing cells 3. Cell is the unit of function of all living cells Theodor Schwann Matthais Schleidon Rudolf Virchow
- 4. Are there exceptions to the cell theory?? No protoplasm No definite nucleus One celled Many nuclei No nucleus
- 5. Can we see cells?
- 7. LYSOSOMES • LYSOSOMES • Rounded or spherical with single membrane containing acid hydrolases. ■ Structure: Two subunits- Large subunit and small subunit ■ Present freely in the cytoplasm. ■ FUNCTION- SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RIBOSOMES
- 8. Centrioles • Non membranous cell organelle. • Occur in pairs- diplosome • Occur at right angles to each other in the cytoplasm –centrosphere. • Centriole and centrosphere- centrosome • Function- initiates cell division
- 9. VACUOLES • Sap filled vesicles in the cytoplasm • Bounded by tonoplast, fluid- cell sap
- 10. NUCLEUS Structure: • 1. Nuclear envelope or karyotheca • 2. Nucleoplasm -karyolymph • 3. Chromatin net • 4. Nucleolus Occurrence: • Absent in bacteria, BGA (prokaryotes) • Present in all eukaryotes
- 13. • All images have been downloaded from Google images for educational purpose only.