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Unit 21 Assignment 1 Part A
- 1. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Editing technique Example Purpose/function of technique Effecton storyand audience jumpcut The functionof a jumpcut is to speedupa scene,add energyorcommunicate a character’sfellingtothe audience. The purpose of the jumpcut inthe modernexampleisto create the disorientatedand chaoticstate of mindof the character inadditiontothisin the modernexample itcreates a fasterpaced feel tothe scene. In the olderexample the purpose of the jumpcut is mainlybecause of hownew the editingtechnique is,soit was usedmore as a gimmick than forany symbolicor metaphoricreason. We can see thatsince the 1960s the jumpcut has evolvedfrombeingusedasa gimmicktoin the modern example beingusedformore metaphorical andsymbolic reasons. The effectthatthe use of jump cut has inthe modernexample isthat it makesthe state of mindof the character clearto the audience andthishas a positive effectonthe story because ittranslatesmeaning withouthavingpointless dialogue ornarration. Italso makesthe scene whichisof the character’ssuicide goby at a fasterpace whichmakesit more bearable forthe audience. In the olderexample the use of the jumpcut has no real effect on the story for the audience it may feel polarizingasithasno meaningitisjustusedas a gimmick.
- 2. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul CUTTING ON ACTION The purpose of the editing technique cuttingonaction in boththe modernandolder example istoomake the actionset piece lookmore streamlinedandcontinuousin additiontothisithelpsthe actionbecome more engaging and entertainingtothe audience andinadditionto thiscuttingon actionis effectiveincreatingcontinuity whichtherefore helps create realism. We can clearlysee that between1977 and 2010 the mainthingthat has changed whenitcomesto the cutting on actiontechnique isthatit has become fasterandmore streamlined. The effectthatcuttingon action inboth the modernandolder example isthatitgivesthe scene a fasterpacedfeel andit alsomore so for the older example helpscreate tensionas it makesthe fightscenesseem more realisticasthe way in whichitcuts makesthe action as I have saidbefore seem continuous. The effectthatcuttingon action has on the audience isthat it makesthe actionseemmore entertainingandfunto watch and more engagingasit iseasier to followasitdoesnot break continuity,forexample inthe modernexample fromIron-Man 2 the fightsequence withBlack Widowcuts ina veryseamless matterand we can still see all of heractions.
- 3. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul graphic match The purpose of the use of the editingtechnique graphic match isthat it isusedto match twovisualstocreate a meaningora visual metaphor. More specificallythe purpose of graphicmatch inboth examplesIhave chosenisthat it isusedto create meanings and linksbetweencharacters and objectsthroughthe imageryusedwithoutthe hindrance of unneeded dialogue orexposition. It couldalsobe usedasan entertainingtransition betweenscenes. The onlyway inwhichthishas changedbetween1960 and 2008 isthe qualityin which the editsare made for example the modernexample iscut quicklyandtransitions seamlesslywhereasthe older example isata slowerpace althoughitcouldbe argued that thishelpsthe tensionand the emotional weightof the scene. The effectthatthe use of graphicmatch has on the story and audience isthatitcreates meaningthroughsymbolism. For example, inthe older sequence Ihave chosenfrom Psychowe see the blooddrain inthe bathsinkand thenitcuts to a close up of the dead woman’seye,thissymbolises the life drainingoutof herand for the audience givesthe scene more weightasit creates symbolismwithoutneeding dialogue.Inthe modern example graphicmatch,itis mainlyusednotonlyasan entertainingtransition for comedyor a light relieffrom the overall serioussubject matter of the show butalso,we couldargue that it createsa link betweenthe twocharactersfor the audience aswe see the husbandreviewingthe dripping pipe andthenwe cut to the wife pickingupthe tea.
- 4. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul parallel editing The purpose of the use of parallel editing is to show two separate locations in thesame scene to link them together to create meaning or to link them together in order to reach the climax.In the older example we can see that the two separatelocations are being shown to us in order for us to know that they will eventually meet whereas the more modern example we can see that parallel editing is being used in order to create tension and intrigue. The main difference between the older example (1937) and the more modern example of parallel editing (1991)is that the older example creates a link between both places through not only cut back and forth between the locations butalso through heavy dialoguewhereas the more modern example does this with very little dialogue and also tricks the audience. The effectthatparallel editing has on the storyis that it createsa link betweenthe two eventsortwo people.For example, inthe olderexample from‘Snow White and The SevenDwarfs’ we go between twolocationsthe house andthe dwarfsworkplace and there isa clearlinkthat iscreated betweenbothplacesthrough the dialogue sothe audience knowsthat at some pointthey will eventuallymeetandthe conflictwill come toa climax. In this scene from silence ofthe lambs we see the FBI going into one house whichthe audience think is the killershome and we see the main character going to another house we cut back and forth and it is eventually revealedthat it is vice versa and the main character is at the serial killershome and the effectthat this has on the story and the audience isthat it changes the course of the story as everythingisn’t as clean as the audience thoughtit would be and this adds to the tension
- 5. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul of the scene and intriguesand engagesthe audience.
- 6. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Tonal Montage The purpose of the tonal montage isthat it ismeantto create a tone andatmosphere for the scene additionallyitis meantto at timesreflecthow the characters inthe scene are feelingaswe can see in the more modernexample the scenery,imageryandmusic usedexpresseshowthe characters feel sadandare grieving. There has beennoreal change inthe use of tonal montage between1925 and 2009 as it isstill usedtoconveythe emotionsof the characters withoutusingdialogueor usingverylittle dialogue. The effectthatthe tonal montage hason the story in bothexamplesisthatit effectivelywithouthaving dialogue communicatestothe audience the tone of the scene so whetherthe scene ishappy, sad,etc. The olderexample shows us some shots of the oceanand shipsandplayingoveritis sombre musicandthis communicatestothe audience that thisscene isor is settingup a sad scene or istryingto create a sombre atmosphere. The modernexample has again a sombre tone as we see shots of the dark cloudysky,the school and studentsgrieving withlittle tonodialogue and thisisagain done sothat the characters emotions andthe impact this has is it helpsthe audience immerse themselves in the scene and givesthe scene more emotional weight. 32-34 mins
- 7. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Metric Montage The purpose of the metric montage isto buildtension and excitementanditalso usespace to create mood. As we can see inthe modern example editsare all the same lengthbutthe use of close ups and midlongshotsand the excitingmusichelpsbuild boththe excitementand tension,thisalsoappliesto the olderexample asthe musicand the editshelp emphasise the excitement and tensionof the race. In thissense there hasbeen no drasticchange in the use of the metricmontage inthe past andmore recentexample as it isstill usedtobuildup tensionandexcitement throughusingmusicand variousclose ups. In bothexamplesmetric montage isusedto give the scene a more excitingand personal feel itreallyinthese caseshas no effecton the story otherthan itmay subliminally communicate tothe audience howimportantthiseventis but otherthan that itdoesmake the scenesmore engagingand entertainingforthe audience.In the olderexample thisis archivedthroughthe use of close upsand pan outs.In the more modernexample thisis achievedthroughavarietyof midclose up shots,andlong shotsin additiontothisthe musicchoice.
- 8. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Slow motion The purpose of usingslow motionisthat itis an interestingandentertaining visual choice butitalsohelps buildtensionormake certain eventsclearertothe audience. It was usedfamously inThe Matrix (1999) duringthe famousbullettime scene. The olderexample usesslow motiontobuildtension and suspense andthe more modernexample usesslow motionas notonlyas a more interestingvisual choice but alsoto establishorhighlight the speedinwhich the main character isthinkingat. In termsof the change that has occurredin slowmotion betweenthe olderexample and the newerexamplethere has notbeena drastic change otherthan maybe the wayin whichitis shotbut the use of the actual technique isstill usedto capture the attention of the audience and help them see certainthings in a scene at a certain seenin The effectthatthe use of slow motionhason the story in modernexample isthatisthatit helpsdevelopthe audience ‘s understandingof the main character. Aswe can see inthe scene Sherlockisina brawl with anotherfighterandwe inthis scene see the fightunfoldin slowmotionashe narrateshis technique tothe audience and the effectthishason the story isthat not onlydoesthe slow motionhelpdemonstratehis skill italsohelpsestablishthat hisdominance asthe main character and forthe purposes of the storyit helpsestablish to the audience thathe is a really intellectuallysmartcharacter there forthe audience would become more acceptingof him as the maincharacter. The effectthatthe use of slow motionhason the story and the audience intermsof the older example isthatithelpsbuild tensionandsuspense aswe do not knowwhatisgoingto happentocause the mass hysteriaadditionally ithelps
- 9. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul order for it to have a certain effectinterms of adding more excitementordrama to a scene. keepthe audience engagedwith the story. In termsof how modernaudiencesviewthe technique I wouldsay they probably think thiseffectis more cliché as since then it has beenusedmultiple timesin filmand some might say in a betterway not that that it’s not good in Carrie but that it was just handledbetteras technologyimprovedover time.
- 10. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Intellectual Montage The purpose of the use of an intellectual montage is that certainimagesor scenesare cut togethertocreate a meaningthatthe audience can pick upinferencesfrom. For example, inthe modern sequence we cansee thatthe scenesthatare takingplace in the church representreligion, puritywhichwe can inferis hownormal people see him and the assassination locationsrepresenthistrue identity.The olderexample is justusedto give a blunter visual metaphorof people flockinglike sheep.The wayin whichwe can say thisediting technique haschangedinthe time betweenthe olderand newerexampleisthatithas beenusedtoconveymore symbolicanddeepermeaning. The effectthe use of the intellectual montage hasonthe storyIs that through imagesit and little ornodialogue itgives meaningforthe audience to interpret.Forexample, inthe oldersequence Ihave chosen we see a flockof sheepwalking out quicklyandthenwe cut to people walkingoutof a factory and the effectthishason the storyis that the audience could inferthatthe people are like sheepinthe waythey move or that that theyare like sheepin the way that theythink. Whereasinthe modern example we see the main character ina church havinghis babybaptisedaswe cut to numerouspeople being assassinatedandthroughthe juxtapositionof the churchand the cross representingpurity and thencuttingto people beingkilled andgunsand violence the audience caninfer that maybe the maincharacter ismore of a villain andthis wouldputthe story intoa
- 11. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul differentperspectiveforthe audience.
- 12. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Following & Breaking the 180- degree rule The purpose of followingthe 180- degree line rule is to helpthe audience followthe scene easilyfrom one perspective that neverfully change. The purpose the use of breakingthe 180-degree line rule isto create a feelingof confusionanddisorientation to the audience and alsoused to create differentmeaningto a scene.For example,asthis scene from‘The Shining’ does by cuttingbehindandinfront of the character to create the disorientatedandconfusing fellingtothisscene andcast doubton whetherthe character of Jack is of sound mental state. In terms of a change in the way the editingtechniques are usedbetweenthe modernand olderexamples there is virtuallyvery little change as the rule is followed to create continuityin both examplesand it isbroken to The effectthe use offollowing the 180- degree line rule has on the story in this scene from ‘Heat’ is that it makes the story as a whole more engagingas the scene dose not try to distract or pull the audience out through camera work it keepscontinuitythrough keepingusin their & around theireye linesandthe camera simplygoes back and forth betweenthese twocharacters as they speak and thus keeps the audience’sfocuson the conversation. The effectthe use of breaking the 180-degree rule has onthe storyIs that it givesthe scene a more confusinganddisorienting feel.Forexample, inthe sequence Ihave chosenfrom The Shining(1980) we can see that by thispointthe main character Jack has become more unstable andinsane and we see himinthe bathroom talkingtoa workerof the hotel and the use of breakingthe 180- degree rule givesthe scene a more disorientatedand
- 13. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul give the audience a cue that the scene isbecomingintense or to emphasise ormake clear a characters emotion. confusingfeel andthis communicatestothe audience not onlythe state inwhichJack isin mentallybutalsothatthis personhe istalkingto maynot evenbe real. This scene from the Jokerboth followsand breaks the 180- degree line rule.For the majority of the scene follows 180-degree line rule thisis probably to keepcontinuity and to almost put us in the audience’sperspective asifwe are watching a talk show and this adds to the realismof the scene but later on in this clip the 180-degree rule is broken and this is done latter on in the conversationwhen the character of ‘Joker’is becoming more agitated and deranged and the breakingof the 180 degree rule helpsemphasise this as it givesus a different perspective onthe scene and in this case bringsus closer to his character and this helps communicate to the audience the emotionsofthe character
- 14. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul and the change of tone in terms of the scene.
- 15. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul L-Cut The purpose of the L cut is that itis whendialogue from one scene overlapsintothe other.In the modernexample it isusedto be able to deliver expositionwithoutholdingup the filmandthishelpskeep the pacingof the filmquick and consistent. The older example alsousesthe Lcut in orderto keepthe pacingof the scene quick and to make it clearthat he isaddressingthe audience. The main difference between both examplesisthat because during the older sequence the L cut was new and unique at the time in the modernexample the L cut is not as impactful as it is in the oldersequence as it has been usedmultiple timessince then and it has become common place so it mightnot be as impactful or unique to some audiences. The effectof the use of the L cut has on the storyis that itallows the scene to have more context withouthavingtostayin the same scene or itmay evenbe usedto keepthe pace of the storyconsistent.Forexample,in the oldersequence we see a man on stage gettingreadyto performandthenwe cut to the audience andwe can still hear himtalkingtothemeven thoughhe is notin the shot,the effectthishason the storyand audience isthatit helpskeep the pacingof the story consistentandthe audience engaged.Inthe modern sequence we gofroma speech fromone character and thenwe cut to the othercharacter suitingup and gettingreadyfor hisfirstflightbutthe speechis still heardinthe background eventhoughhe isno longerin the shot or on screen,the effect thishas on the storyis that it givesthe scene more emotional weightandmakesthe scene more excitingforthe audience.
- 16. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul J-cut The purpose of the J cut is whensoundsbegintogrow off camera, thenthe camera cuts to the shot togive us contextforthe sound and this isdone to at timesputthe audience inthe character’s positionduringthe scene, as we discoverthingsatthe same rate as the character or it isto reveal certainthingsto the audience ata certain point intime. The difference intermsof how the J cut is usedbetween both scenesis that in the olderexample it is usedto give the scene more atmosphere and to keepthe audience engagedby having us here what isgoing to happenwhile we can still see the character insteadof cutting away from him whereasin the newer example it isused as more of a transitionrather than informationfor something occurring in the scene. The effectof the use of the J cut has on the storyis that itgivesa more realisticfeel forthe scene and the audience wouldbe more in the shoesof the character. For example, inthe sequence Ihave chosen from ‘Raidersof the Lost Ark’ we see the character start to walkaway and we hearthe rubble fall then we cut to the rocks startingto fall downthe effectthishason the story andaudience isthatit createsa more immersive feel to the scene and itputs the audience inthe character’s shoesas we are findingoutat the same time as the character. The other example from‘wolf of wall street’use the l cut to transition us from scene to scene as we go through one location to the otherand inthis case the effectthe use of J cut has on the story is that it keeps a steadypace to the scene and almost feelslike one continuousscene and the effect this has on the audience isthat it keepsthemengaged with the story and the reason I say
- 17. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul this is because the fact that the J cut was usedhere givesthe implicationthat these two scenesare linkedand instead of an abrupt fade to black which wouldhave disengaged the audience the editorinstead went withthis to give the feelingofa seamlesstransition.
- 18. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Split Screen The purpose of splitscreenis to showus twoevents happeningsimultaneously and thisisto showus the relationshipsbetweenboth locations. The purpose of the use of splitscreeninboth examplesisthatithelpsshow twodifferentplacesatthe same time. The way in which this technique isused hasnot really changedovertime betweenbothexamplesas splitscreenisstill usedto showus twodifferentscenes or locationonthe screen simultaneously inorderto make the scene feel biggeror more immersive forthe audience. The effectof the use of split screenhason the story isthat it helpsthe audience be more engagedwiththe scene oreven allow themto selectwhat they want to viewfrom the scene almost as if they are the editor, and intermsof storyit allowsus to see to eventshappeningat the same time inorder keepthe pacingof the scene quick.Inthe olderexample we seea character watchinga race take place and thenwe see multiple imagesof people whoare racing and the horses,etc.This emulatesthe excitement watchinga race whichas to the realisminthisscene and is engagingtothe audience.Inthe modernexample we seea character tryingto solve a problemwithadevice andas he ismanuallytryingtofix itwe see onthe splitscreen a computershowingthe danger levelsare high,the use of split screenhere helpsbuildmore tensioninthe scene andhelps the audience have abetter
- 19. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul understandingof the stakesand dangerof the scene.
- 20. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Cut away 1.00 – 1.06 1.55-2.06 The purpose of the cut awayis to highlightsomethingthatis spokenaboutor to drawthe audience’sattentionaway fromthe mainfocusof the scene andthiscan be done to achieve acertaintonal effect. The purpose of the cut away inthisscene from‘American Werewolf inLondon’ isthatit isusednot onlyto give the audience abreakfrom this transformationscene butalso because itgivesthe scene a comedictone. The purpose of cut away in is scene from ‘Eternal sunshine of the spotlessmind’isto take us away from one location and to another. Looking at both exampleswe can see that cut away is still usedto achieve a tonal effect in both past and present examples. The effectof the use of cut away hason the story and audience isthatit helpsputthe audience’sattentionon somethingelseinthe same scene or location.Forexample, inthe scene Ihave chosenfrom ‘AmericanWerewolf inLondon’ we can see thishorrific transformationtake place and the scene isfor some intense and hard to watchbut we then cut away to a MickeyMouse toy and thisnotonlyjuxtaposes withwhatis happeninginthe scene butit isusedfor comedic effectalsoandto give the audience abreakfrom the intensityof the scene whichthe effectithason the audience but inthisexample there isaslight example onthe storywhichis that itmay highlightthe more comedictone of the story. The effectthe use ofcut away has on the story and the audience inthis clip of ‘Eternal sunshine ofthe spotlessmind’ is that it helpsemphasise the characters emotionsand how
- 21. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul he isfeelingtothe audience as we are in hismind where we can see himshouting and in distressbut then we cut back to the apartment where he is unable to move as he’s memoriesare beingwipedbut we can see he is clearlyin distressand on the verge of tears but he is unable to do anything and this givesthe audience more of an understandingof the scene and how helplessthe main character is and also givesthis scene and the story more emotional weight.
- 22. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Cut in The purpose of cut in isto showthe audience whatthe character islookingator talkingaboutbycuttingin on it andthiswouldhelpgive the scene more contextand meaningasit expandson whatthe scene hasalready established.The purpose of the use of cut induringthis scene isthat ithelpsthe audience knowwhatthe character islookingat. There has beenno change in the way that thistechnique is usedin both examples. The reason why findingolder exampleswas a problemis because it would have been harder to achieve this editin the past due to thingssuch as equipmentsuchas cameras beingheavier,this can be seenin the older example I eventuallyfoundwe can see the cut in looksmore rough and not as smooth as the modernones. The effectof the use of cut in fromthisscene from‘Iron-Man 2’ has on the story isthat it helpsgive the audience more contextonthe scene and what istakingplace.For example, in the scene I have chosenwe can see the character lookingat somethingandthenwe cutin to a close up of the device thathe isusingthe effectthishason the scene isthat it helpsengage the audience withwhatisgoing on and helpsputus(the audience) inthe positionof the maincharacter and thisalsohas an effectonthe story as itputs contexttothe scene. The effectthat this edithas on the story in this scene from ‘Batman Begins’ isthat it gives us more contextas we see what is beingtalked about in the scene as well as positions us in the perspective ofthe main character and this engagesthe audience withthe story. In this scene from ‘The Terminator (1984)’ we can see that cut in is usedto show off
- 23. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul this practical effectwhich wouldhave beenimpressive at the time and Is supposedto impressthe audience but the effectI that it has on the story is it emphasisesthe terminator beinga machine which helps dehumanize himand cement him as the antagonist.
- 24. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Dissolve The purpose of the editing technique dissolveisthatit can be usedtoindicate the state of mind of character and to showcase a moderate jump intime,italsoat timescreates an almostdreamlike, disorientated atmosphere withthe scene. The purpose of the dissolve editing technique inthe older example isthatitcreatesan almostdisorientatedand dazedatmosphere tothis deathscene andthiscreates the feelingthatthe scene is almostnot real anda dream. The purpose of the use of dissolve inthe modern example isthatithelps transitionthe scene smoothly and alsoit helpsshowthe jumpintime betweenboth scenes. As we can see betweenboth techniquesthe use of the dissolve editlookssmoother and lessrough and thisis the main way in which this editingtechnique has changed overtime. The effectthatthe use of the dissolve transitionhasonthe storyin the olderexample is that ithelpscreate a link betweenthe twoimageswe see and italso helpscreate an almostdreamlike atmosphere to the scene as the audience spendsa majorityof the beginningof the filmfollowing the character whois murdered so thisdeathisveryshocking and thistransitionhelps emphasise the surreal feelingof the scene. The use of the dissolve transitioninthe more modernexample hasnoeffect on the storybut it doeshelpthe audience see the passage of time betweenthe scenes.
- 25. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Wipe The purpose of the editing technique istohelpthe scene have a smoothand seamless transitionandto helpkeep the pace of the scene feel consistent.The earliestknown example of awipe was in George AlbertSmith'sfilm Mary Jane'sMishapof 1903 but arguablythe mostknown or most famoususe of this technique isinthe StarWars films, itisalso notable that throughout the years even the newerStar Wars films and now T.V. shows (The Mandalorian) maintain the same overall editing technique and the wipe is presentin these properties. The purpose of the wipe editingtechnique inthe older example isthatitis usedas a visuallyentertainingtransition fromthe openingcreditsto the beginningof the film.The purpose of the wipe editing technique inthe modern example isthatitisnot only usedas an entertainingvisual transitionbutitalsois usedto The use of the wipe transition has no real effectonthe storyin the olderexample, itisjustused as an entertainingvisual transitionforthe audience.On the otherhand,the use of the wipe transitionforthe modern example hassomewhatof an effectonthe storyas ithelps showus the passage of time betweenscenesandthismay helpshowthe scope of the scene thatis takingplace or the storyitself asit emphasisesthat time ispassingbetweenscenes and thishelpsaddrealism, otherthan that itcouldbe said that ithelpsthe audience create a clear distinctionbetweenthe timesinthe scene.
- 26. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul signal the difference inthe time of day as it wipesina clockwise mannertosignify the change in time. Overall the wipe is still mainly usedas a transition between scenes.
- 27. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Freeze Frame The purpose of the editing technique freeze frame isto focusthe audience’sattention on a specificpartof the scene. The firstknownuse of the freeze frame editing technique wasindirector AlfredHitchcock's1928 film Champagne. The purpose of freeze frame inthe older example istostopthe scene on a specificimage that relatestothe narrationthat is takingplace.The purpose of the freeze frame inthe more modernexample isthatitis usedto the endthe scene and the filmas a whole ona powerful orimportantimage. Freeze frame is different betweenbothexamplesas it is usedto end one filmin the modernexample and to begin another in the older example. The effectthatthe use of freeze frame has on the storyin the olderexample isthatit helps make it clearto the audience that the narrationthat istaking place isreferencingthe main character George and soit’s purpose isto clarifythe narration.The effectthe use of freeze frame hasonthe story of the more modernexample is that itendsthe filmonan importantor powerful image the effectthishason the audience isthatit maygive the scene more emotional weight. Guide:
- 28. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul Purposesof editingtechniques: Eye Line Match The purpose of eye line match isto put the audience in the positionof the protagonist of the scene so it is as if we are looking from theireyes.The purpose of the use of the eye line match edit inboth these clipsis simplyto as I have said before to position the audience withthe character. There has beenreallyno change in termsof the purpose of this editing technique overtime and how it is usedor has been usedas it is still usedto give us the character’s perspective andto position the audience withcertain characters. In terms of the effectsthe use of eye line match has on the story and audience in this scene from‘Joker’ is that the use of the eye line match while he is being attacked almost places the audience intothe perspective ofthe character and this establisheshimas the protagonist of the scene and also positionsthe audience ina way inwhich will helpthem inferthat this killingthat takes place is justified,thisisfurther emphasisedas throughout all the other killsthat the character of Arthur Fleck is responsible forinthe filmthe eye line match editis not used and this probably to helpthe audience distinguishwhich parts inthe filmwe should side with Arthur. In the olderexample from Rear Windowthe effect
- 29. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul manipulate time,includingspeedup,slowdown,compresstime,stretchtime flashbacks,flashforwards,e.g.tofitaspecifiedrunningtime control the perceptionof space to create a logical andbelievable space betweencharactersorobjectsnotsharingthe same shot controllingrhythmandpace to control the flowof the production Functionsof editingtechniques: that eye line match has on the story is that it helps move the plot along as it givescontext to the scene as it shows us what the character is lookingat and the whole plotis about what this character see’s outside his windowand in this sense we are being givena viewfrom his perspective.
- 30. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul ShotReverse Shot Shot reverse shot is when the camera is shown looking at a character, thenwe cut to a shot of the other character lookingback, and then back again. Typically usedto showthe relationshipbetweentwo people,usuallyinconflict or during a conversation as we move from one side to the other, and back again to show the audience the reaction that a character is having to what isbeingsaid. The technique has not really changed overtime as it is still usedto make conversationsmore engagingto the audience. The effectsthe use of shot reverse shot has on the story and audience inthis scene from ‘Spider-Man (2002)’ is that it helpsthe audience not only Norman Osborne’ssplitpersonality but it also helpsshow us the reactionthat both of these characters are having to what isbeing said and this helps emphasise the tensionof the scene and the effect this has on the audience is that it helpsthembecome more intrestedand engagedwith what is going on inthe scene. Similarly,to the modern example the older example usesthis editing technique inorder to emphasise the emotions of the character as they have theirback and forth dialogue and again the effectthishas on the audience isthat it adds to the emotional weightof the scene and helpsthem
- 31. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul 1. create narrative – understandhow each character in the scene feelsaboutwhat is being said.
- 32. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul creatingmotivationtofurtherthe narrative (motivatedediting) developmentof drama providingandwithholdinginformation 2. create continuitybetweenshots(continuityediting) – followingthe action changinglocation Continuity Editing Continuityeditingisthe most common style of editing;it is specifically whenshots are joined togetherin a continuous flowto give the audience a real time viewof the actions that are taking place but through different perspectives. This style of editinggivesa smooth feelingtoa scene. Typically,this type of editinghelpsto create a sense of realismbecause it has a natural flow and this helpsadd to the audience’sengagementin the scene whilst simultaneouslyaddingto the realismof the story. Examplesinclude cross- cutting, shot-reverse-shot, eye-line match,and action match. Most Forms of Editing
- 33. Unit 21: EditingTechniques 7/10/2019 Assignment1a Editingtechniquesinfilm&TV Name:OmarRasoul changingtimeframe,includinguse of flashbacks 3. create audience reactionandengage the viewer creatingsuspense creatingpace 4. create meaning juxtaposingelementswithinediting creatingempathywithacharacter creatingbiasinfictionor documentaryediting. Montage Kuleshovwasone of the pioneersof montage editing. In hisshortexperimental film,he cuttogethershotsof differentimageswiththis neutral facial expressionto create differentmeanings.In thisexample he cutthe image witha deadchild,a bowl of soup,and a woman, all communicatingdifferent moodsto the audience. The effectthishason the storyis that the two imagescan create a meaningforexample the man and thenwe cut to a deadgirl so we can assume he is a grievingfatherora murdererandthe effect thishas on the audience is that itcauses usto view the character in different ways.