The document discusses the functions f(t)=A sin (Bt + C) and f(t)=A cos (Bt + C), explaining that they require an amplitude (A), period (determined by B), and phase shift (C) to define the wave pattern. It provides the formulas for these components and indicates that the amplitude is the distance from the midpoint to the highest/lowest points, while the phase shift represents horizontal displacement from the original position. An example function is given with defined values for amplitude, period, and phase shift.