1. Operators take operands and perform computations. Common operators include arithmetic, relational, logical, and assignment.
2. Operands are variables or expressions used with operators. Expressions combine operands and operators to evaluate to a value.
3. Statements specify actions and are usually executed sequentially. Expressions can be used in statements.
Operator is a symbol that performs operations on operands. The main types of operators in C are: unary, arithmetic, relational, equality, logical, conditional, and assignment. Library functions provide commonly used operations and are accessed by including header files and writing the function name. Input/output functions like scanf allow entering different data types. Operator precedence and associativity determine the order of operations.
C operators allow building expressions and making decisions in code. The document discusses several categories of operators in C including arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, and others. It provides examples of using each type of operator and explains precedence rules and associativity. Key points covered include: how each operator works; common uses like conditional checks, assignments, and bit manipulation; and important considerations like order of operations and integer division behavior.
The document discusses various operators in the C programming language. It describes arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, conditional, and type casting operators. It provides examples to demonstrate how each operator works. It also covers decision control structures like if, if-else, nested if, and switch statements that allow conditional execution of code in C based on different conditions.
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
C language supports a rich set of built-in operators. An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in program to manipulate data and variables.
This document discusses using switch-case statements in C programming to perform mathematical operations. It provides the syntax for switch-case, an example of a program that takes two numbers and an operator as input to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The program is presented along with its flowchart and algorithm. The learning objectives are to write switch-case syntax, draw flowcharts, write algorithms and programs using switch-case statements.
The document discusses various operators in the C programming language. It begins by defining C operators as symbols that are used to perform logical and mathematical operations. It then describes the different types of operators in C - arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, conditional (ternary), and increment/decrement operators. For each type of operator, it provides examples and an example program to demonstrate their usage.
1. Operators take operands and perform computations. Common operators include arithmetic, relational, logical, and assignment.
2. Operands are variables or expressions used with operators. Expressions combine operands and operators to evaluate to a value.
3. Statements specify actions and are usually executed sequentially. Expressions can be used in statements.
Operator is a symbol that performs operations on operands. The main types of operators in C are: unary, arithmetic, relational, equality, logical, conditional, and assignment. Library functions provide commonly used operations and are accessed by including header files and writing the function name. Input/output functions like scanf allow entering different data types. Operator precedence and associativity determine the order of operations.
C operators allow building expressions and making decisions in code. The document discusses several categories of operators in C including arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, and others. It provides examples of using each type of operator and explains precedence rules and associativity. Key points covered include: how each operator works; common uses like conditional checks, assignments, and bit manipulation; and important considerations like order of operations and integer division behavior.
The document discusses various operators in the C programming language. It describes arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, conditional, and type casting operators. It provides examples to demonstrate how each operator works. It also covers decision control structures like if, if-else, nested if, and switch statements that allow conditional execution of code in C based on different conditions.
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
C language supports a rich set of built-in operators. An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in program to manipulate data and variables.
This document discusses using switch-case statements in C programming to perform mathematical operations. It provides the syntax for switch-case, an example of a program that takes two numbers and an operator as input to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The program is presented along with its flowchart and algorithm. The learning objectives are to write switch-case syntax, draw flowcharts, write algorithms and programs using switch-case statements.
The document discusses various operators in the C programming language. It begins by defining C operators as symbols that are used to perform logical and mathematical operations. It then describes the different types of operators in C - arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, conditional (ternary), and increment/decrement operators. For each type of operator, it provides examples and an example program to demonstrate their usage.
Mesics lecture 4 c operators and experssionseShikshak
Operators in C allow operations to be performed on operands. Common operators include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. Operators have precedence and associativity that determine the order of operations. The conditional operator (?:) evaluates a condition and returns one of two expressions. Operators are used to perform calculations, comparisons, assignments, and logical tests in C programs.
The document discusses various C programming concepts including data types, variables, constants, and input/output functions. It covers fundamental data types like integers, floats, characters, and derived types like arrays, pointers, and structures. It also explains variable declaration syntax, integer and floating point input/output, and arithmetic, relational, logical, and conditional operators.
The document discusses C programming concepts related to decision control statements like if, if-else, else-if ladder, and nested if-else. It provides examples of code and flowcharts for programs using each type of decision statement to check conditions and display outputs. The document is divided into multiple sections for each decision statement type, with theory, an example program, inputs/outputs, and practice problems in each section.
Variables, Data Types, Operator & Expression in c in detailgourav kottawar
This document provides an overview of variables, data types, operators, and expressions in C programming. It covers C's character set and tokens. It describes the different data types like integer, floating point, character, and string. It also discusses variables, declarations, definitions, and user-defined types. The document outlines the various operators in C including arithmetic, relational, logical, increment/decrement, bitwise, assignment, and conditional operators. It explains type conversions, both implicit and explicit, in expressions. Finally, it covers operator precedence and associativity rules for evaluating expressions in C.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
This document discusses different types of operators in C programming language. It describes arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, bitwise and special operators. For each type of operator, it provides the syntax, examples of use, and meaning or purpose. The key types of operators covered are arithmetic (for math operations), relational (for comparisons), logical (for conditional logic), and assignment (for assigning values). Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operator is used in C code.
This document discusses control flow statements in C programming. It defines control flow statements as blocks of code that control the flow of a program. There are three main types: branching/decision making statements, iterative/looping statements, and jumping statements. Branching statements include if, else if, switch case, and conditional operators. Looping statements include while, for, and do while loops. Jumping statements are break, continue, and goto. Examples are provided for each statement type to illustrate their syntax and usage.
Logical and Conditional Operator In C languageAbdul Rehman
The document discusses logical operators (&&, ||, !) and conditional operators. It defines each operator, provides truth tables to illustrate how they work, and gives examples of code using each one. The && operator returns true only if both conditions are true. The || operator returns true if either condition is true. The ! operator inverts the value of a condition. The conditional operator ?: is like an if/else statement written in a single line and can be nested to evaluate multiple conditions.
The document discusses various C operators and differences between some key concepts in programming. It covers arithmetic, conditional, increment/decrement operators and their usage. Special operators like sizeof and comma are described. Key differences explained include data vs information, compilers vs interpreters, system vs application software, algorithms vs flowcharts, arrays vs structures, and call by value vs call by reference. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage and differences of these concepts.
The document discusses various types of operators in the C programming language. It describes operators as symbols that are used to perform logical and mathematical operations on variables and constants to form expressions. The main types of operators covered are arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, conditional/ternary, and increment/decrement operators. Examples are provided to demonstrate the use of each operator type.
Important C program of Balagurusamy BookAbir Hossain
This document contains summaries of multiple programming labs involving different programming concepts like functions, arrays, strings, conditionals, loops, etc. The labs cover basics like printing an address, calculating expressions, finding roots of equations, computing trigonometric functions; conditionals like determining if a number is even/odd, larger/smaller; functions including calculating factorial, power series, fibonacci series; arrays for storing student marks, vote counting; strings for manipulation and analysis.
COM1407: Program Control Structures – Decision Making & BranchingHemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the operation of if, if-else, nested if-else, switch and conditional operator.
Justify the control flow of the program under the aforementioned C language constructs.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
The conditional operator, also known as the ternary operator, allows an expression to take on one of two values based on whether a condition is true or false. It requires three operands - a condition, a value if the condition is true, and a value if the condition is false. The conditional operator provides a shorthand for a basic if-else statement where a variable is assigned one of two values based on a condition. While it can be nested, doing so reduces readability, so conditional operators are best used only in place of simple if-else assignments rather than complex nested logic.
This document discusses C programming loops and provides examples of programs using for, while, do-while, and nested loops. It includes the theory, syntax, flowcharts, algorithms, and programs for each type of loop. Several programs are provided as examples, such as one to display characters and their ASCII values using a for loop, one to calculate the factorial of a number using a while loop, one to find the Fibonacci series using a do-while loop, and one to find prime numbers using a nested loop. Students are provided learning objectives for each example to learn how to write the loop syntax, draw flowcharts, write algorithms, and implement the programs using the specified loop type.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It covers C program structure, variables, expressions, operators, input/output, loops, decision making statements, arrays, strings, functions, pointers, structures, unions, file input/output and dynamic memory allocation. The document uses examples and explanations to introduce basic C syntax and concepts.
This document provides an overview of a sample C program and explanations of key concepts:
1. The sample "Hello World" program prints that message to the screen using the printf function. It demonstrates the required main function and use of a pre-defined function.
2. Key concepts discussed include functions, parameters, header files, data types, expressions, assignment statements, increment/decrement operators, and input/output statements.
3. Input is received using built-in functions, while output display is handled by functions like printf that use format specifiers to control output formatting.
The document discusses input and output functions in C programming such as printf() and scanf(). It provides examples of how to use format specifiers in printf() and scanf() to output and input different data types like integers, characters, strings and floating point numbers. It also discusses other input/output functions like getchar(), putchar(), gets() and puts() that can be used to read and write single characters and strings. Finally, it demonstrates how to use field widths and flags in output formatting to control the alignment and padding of printed values.
The document discusses various C operators including:
1) Arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus
2) Relational operators for comparisons like less than, greater than, equal to
3) Logical operators for AND, OR, and NOT operations
4) Assignment, increment, decrement, conditional, bitwise, and special operators and their uses. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operator works.
18CSS101J PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVINGGOWSIKRAJAP
The document discusses various operators, control statements, and arrays in C programming. It begins by explaining operator precedence and types of operators such as relational, logical, increment, assignment etc. It then covers control statements including if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It also discusses goto, break and continue statements. Finally, it describes arrays including initialization, declaration, accessing elements and array operations. The document provides examples to explain the concepts in detail.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It covers C fundamentals like data types and operators. It also discusses various control structures like decision making (if-else), loops (for, while, do-while), case control (switch) and functions. Additionally, it explains input/output operations, arrays and string handling in C. The document is presented as lecture notes with sections and subsections on different C concepts along with examples.
Mesics lecture 4 c operators and experssionseShikshak
Operators in C allow operations to be performed on operands. Common operators include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. Operators have precedence and associativity that determine the order of operations. The conditional operator (?:) evaluates a condition and returns one of two expressions. Operators are used to perform calculations, comparisons, assignments, and logical tests in C programs.
The document discusses various C programming concepts including data types, variables, constants, and input/output functions. It covers fundamental data types like integers, floats, characters, and derived types like arrays, pointers, and structures. It also explains variable declaration syntax, integer and floating point input/output, and arithmetic, relational, logical, and conditional operators.
The document discusses C programming concepts related to decision control statements like if, if-else, else-if ladder, and nested if-else. It provides examples of code and flowcharts for programs using each type of decision statement to check conditions and display outputs. The document is divided into multiple sections for each decision statement type, with theory, an example program, inputs/outputs, and practice problems in each section.
Variables, Data Types, Operator & Expression in c in detailgourav kottawar
This document provides an overview of variables, data types, operators, and expressions in C programming. It covers C's character set and tokens. It describes the different data types like integer, floating point, character, and string. It also discusses variables, declarations, definitions, and user-defined types. The document outlines the various operators in C including arithmetic, relational, logical, increment/decrement, bitwise, assignment, and conditional operators. It explains type conversions, both implicit and explicit, in expressions. Finally, it covers operator precedence and associativity rules for evaluating expressions in C.
Operators and expressions in c languagetanmaymodi4
what is operator in c language
uses of operator in c language
syatax of operator in c language
program of operator in c language
what is expressions in c language
use of expressions in c language
syantax of expressions in c language
This document discusses different types of operators in C programming language. It describes arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, bitwise and special operators. For each type of operator, it provides the syntax, examples of use, and meaning or purpose. The key types of operators covered are arithmetic (for math operations), relational (for comparisons), logical (for conditional logic), and assignment (for assigning values). Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operator is used in C code.
This document discusses control flow statements in C programming. It defines control flow statements as blocks of code that control the flow of a program. There are three main types: branching/decision making statements, iterative/looping statements, and jumping statements. Branching statements include if, else if, switch case, and conditional operators. Looping statements include while, for, and do while loops. Jumping statements are break, continue, and goto. Examples are provided for each statement type to illustrate their syntax and usage.
Logical and Conditional Operator In C languageAbdul Rehman
The document discusses logical operators (&&, ||, !) and conditional operators. It defines each operator, provides truth tables to illustrate how they work, and gives examples of code using each one. The && operator returns true only if both conditions are true. The || operator returns true if either condition is true. The ! operator inverts the value of a condition. The conditional operator ?: is like an if/else statement written in a single line and can be nested to evaluate multiple conditions.
The document discusses various C operators and differences between some key concepts in programming. It covers arithmetic, conditional, increment/decrement operators and their usage. Special operators like sizeof and comma are described. Key differences explained include data vs information, compilers vs interpreters, system vs application software, algorithms vs flowcharts, arrays vs structures, and call by value vs call by reference. Examples are provided to illustrate the usage and differences of these concepts.
The document discusses various types of operators in the C programming language. It describes operators as symbols that are used to perform logical and mathematical operations on variables and constants to form expressions. The main types of operators covered are arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, conditional/ternary, and increment/decrement operators. Examples are provided to demonstrate the use of each operator type.
Important C program of Balagurusamy BookAbir Hossain
This document contains summaries of multiple programming labs involving different programming concepts like functions, arrays, strings, conditionals, loops, etc. The labs cover basics like printing an address, calculating expressions, finding roots of equations, computing trigonometric functions; conditionals like determining if a number is even/odd, larger/smaller; functions including calculating factorial, power series, fibonacci series; arrays for storing student marks, vote counting; strings for manipulation and analysis.
COM1407: Program Control Structures – Decision Making & BranchingHemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the operation of if, if-else, nested if-else, switch and conditional operator.
Justify the control flow of the program under the aforementioned C language constructs.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
The conditional operator, also known as the ternary operator, allows an expression to take on one of two values based on whether a condition is true or false. It requires three operands - a condition, a value if the condition is true, and a value if the condition is false. The conditional operator provides a shorthand for a basic if-else statement where a variable is assigned one of two values based on a condition. While it can be nested, doing so reduces readability, so conditional operators are best used only in place of simple if-else assignments rather than complex nested logic.
This document discusses C programming loops and provides examples of programs using for, while, do-while, and nested loops. It includes the theory, syntax, flowcharts, algorithms, and programs for each type of loop. Several programs are provided as examples, such as one to display characters and their ASCII values using a for loop, one to calculate the factorial of a number using a while loop, one to find the Fibonacci series using a do-while loop, and one to find prime numbers using a nested loop. Students are provided learning objectives for each example to learn how to write the loop syntax, draw flowcharts, write algorithms, and implement the programs using the specified loop type.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It covers C program structure, variables, expressions, operators, input/output, loops, decision making statements, arrays, strings, functions, pointers, structures, unions, file input/output and dynamic memory allocation. The document uses examples and explanations to introduce basic C syntax and concepts.
This document provides an overview of a sample C program and explanations of key concepts:
1. The sample "Hello World" program prints that message to the screen using the printf function. It demonstrates the required main function and use of a pre-defined function.
2. Key concepts discussed include functions, parameters, header files, data types, expressions, assignment statements, increment/decrement operators, and input/output statements.
3. Input is received using built-in functions, while output display is handled by functions like printf that use format specifiers to control output formatting.
The document discusses input and output functions in C programming such as printf() and scanf(). It provides examples of how to use format specifiers in printf() and scanf() to output and input different data types like integers, characters, strings and floating point numbers. It also discusses other input/output functions like getchar(), putchar(), gets() and puts() that can be used to read and write single characters and strings. Finally, it demonstrates how to use field widths and flags in output formatting to control the alignment and padding of printed values.
The document discusses various C operators including:
1) Arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus
2) Relational operators for comparisons like less than, greater than, equal to
3) Logical operators for AND, OR, and NOT operations
4) Assignment, increment, decrement, conditional, bitwise, and special operators and their uses. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operator works.
18CSS101J PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVINGGOWSIKRAJAP
The document discusses various operators, control statements, and arrays in C programming. It begins by explaining operator precedence and types of operators such as relational, logical, increment, assignment etc. It then covers control statements including if-else, switch case, for, while, do-while loops. It also discusses goto, break and continue statements. Finally, it describes arrays including initialization, declaration, accessing elements and array operations. The document provides examples to explain the concepts in detail.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It covers C fundamentals like data types and operators. It also discusses various control structures like decision making (if-else), loops (for, while, do-while), case control (switch) and functions. Additionally, it explains input/output operations, arrays and string handling in C. The document is presented as lecture notes with sections and subsections on different C concepts along with examples.
The document discusses control statements in C programming. It covers various selection statements like if, if-else, switch as well as iteration statements like for, while, do-while loops. Nested loops and special control statements like break, continue and goto are also explained. Operators used in control statements like relational, logical, assignment operators are defined along with examples. The different types of loops and their usages to control program flow are demonstrated.
This document discusses program structure, data types, variables, operators, input/output functions, and debugging in C programming. It provides sample code for a program that calculates the sum of two integers entered by the user. The key steps are: 1) declaring integer variables for the two numbers and their sum, 2) using printf and scanf functions to input the numbers and output the result, and 3) returning 0 at the end of the main function. The document also covers preprocessor directives, data types, naming conventions, arithmetic and logical operators, and debugging techniques.
VTU PCD Model Question Paper - Programming in CSyed Mustafa
This document contains Prof. A. Syed Mustafa's answers to a model question paper for the Programming in C and Data Structures course. It includes answers to questions on C variable names, the printf statement, finding the area of a triangle using Heron's formula, determining the size of data types using sizeof, relational and logical operators in C, nested if-else statements, finding the largest of three numbers, do-while loops and calculating factorials, finding the GCD of two numbers using a ternary operator and for loop, and a basic calculator program using a switch statement.
This document contains Prof. A. Syed Mustafa's answers to a model question paper for the Programming in C and Data Structures course. It includes answers to questions on C variable names, the printf statement, finding the area of a triangle using Heron's formula, determining the size of data types using sizeof, relational and logical operators in C, nested if-else statements, finding the largest of three numbers, do-while loops and calculating factorials, finding the GCD of two numbers using a ternary operator and for loop, and a basic calculator program using a switch statement.
This document contains lecture notes on C programming from the Higher Technological Institute. It includes a table of contents covering topics like data manipulation, operators, input/output, and functions. The notes provide examples and explanations of concepts like arithmetic assignment operators, relational operators, the unary minus operator, and type casting. Errors are classified into syntax, execution, and logic types. Overall, the document serves as a reference for students learning C programming.
C programming is a widely used programming language. The document provides an overview of key concepts in C programming including variables, data types, operators, decision and loop control statements, functions, pointers, arrays, strings, structures, and input/output functions. It also provides examples to illustrate concepts like arrays, strings, functions, pointers, and structures. The main function is the entry point for all C programs where code execution begins.
This document discusses operators and expressions in C. It defines operands and operators, and describes the different types of operators in C including arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional, bitwise, and comma operators. It explains the properties of operators such as precedence and associativity. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each operator works. The document also discusses the rules for evaluating expressions and provides additional examples.
The document summarizes the different types of operators in the C programming language. It describes arithmetic operators for mathematical calculations, assignment operators for assigning values to variables, relational operators for comparing values, logical operators for logical operations, bitwise operators for bit operations, conditional (ternary) operators for conditional expressions, and increment/decrement operators for increasing or decreasing variable values. Examples are provided for each type of operator to demonstrate their usage.
Detailing about basics of C language and its control structure for learning C Language for beginners. It covers looping statement , control statement etc.
introduction to c programming and C History.pptxManojKhadilkar1
C programming was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972. It was derived from an earlier language called BCPL. A C program typically includes source code, which is compiled into object code and linked to produce an executable file. The structure of a C program includes sections for documentation, definitions, global declarations, functions, and the main function.
The C programming language was created in 1972 at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie. It is a high-level, structured programming language that incorporates features of low-level languages like assembly. C programs use header files, variables, operators, input/output functions, and control statements like if/else and loops. Keywords, data types, and functions make C a flexible yet efficient language used widely in software development.
Introduction to programming c and data-structures Pradipta Mishra
C is a general-purpose programming language developed in the 1970s and closely associated with UNIX. It is widely used due to its portability, standard library concepts, powerful operators, and ability to access hardware. The document provides an introduction to C programming and data structures, covering topics like variables, data types, operators, expressions, and common data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs. Examples are given for many C programming concepts.
The document discusses the topics that will be covered in a C programming course, including:
- Introduction to C programming components like header files, preprocessor directives, main function, comments etc.
- Variable declaration and initialization, data types, operators, input/output functions like printf and scanf.
- Common statements like if-else, switch case, for, while and do-while loops.
- Functions, arrays, strings and pointers will also be covered along with evaluation methods like exams, assignments and attendance.
Operator & control statements in C are used to perform operations and control program flow. Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) are used for mathematical calculations on integers and floating-point numbers. Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=) compare two operands. Logical operators (&&, ||, !) combine conditions. Control statements like if-else, switch, while, for, break, continue and goto alter program execution based on conditions.
Introduction to programming c and data structuresPradipta Mishra
This document provides an introduction to C programming and data structures. It discusses that C is a general-purpose language closely associated with UNIX and was developed in 1972. It then covers some key features of C like compiler portability, standard library concepts, and its ability to access low-level system functions. The document also provides an overview of various data structures and common operations on them like creation, destruction, selection and updating. Finally, it outlines topics that will be covered related to C programming and data structures with examples and problems.
The document discusses the different types of operators in C programming language including arithmetic, assignment, relational, logical, bitwise, conditional (ternary), and increment/decrement operators. It provides examples of how each operator is used in C code and what operation they perform on variables and values.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. 18CSS101J – Programming for Problem Solving
Unit II
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2. UNIT II
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators,
Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment
Operator - Expression with conditional and assignment
operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in
expression - Control Statements – if and else - else if and
nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and
Unconditional Branching - For loop - While loop - do while,
goto, break, continue – Array - Initialization and Declaration-
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3. UNIT II
- Initialization: one Dimensional Array-Accessing, Indexing one
Dimensional Array Operations - Array Programs – 1D
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4. 2. 1 Operators in C
a) Relational Operators
b) Logical Operators
c) Conditional Operators
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5. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators
Binary Operators (or) Boolean Operators
Produces an integer result
Condition True : Integer value is 1
Condition False : Integer value is 0
Compares
Values between two variables
Values between variables and constants
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6. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators Contd…
Relational Expression / Boolean Expression : An
expression containing a relational operator
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7. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
a) Relational Operators Contd…
Consider a = 10 and b =4. The relational expression returns
the following integer values
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Relational Expression Result Return Values
a < b False 0
a > b True 1
a < = b False 0
a > = b True 1
a = = b False 0
a ! = b True 1
8. /* Program for Relational Operations*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a,b;
printf("Enter the two Valuesn");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
printf(“a>b is %dn“, (a>b));
printf(“a<b is %dn“, (a<b));
printf(“a>=b is %dn“, (a>=b));
printf(“a<=b is %dn“, (a<=b));
printf(“a==b is %dn“, (a==b));
printf(“a!=b is %dn“, (a!=b));
return 0;
}
9. Output
4
2
a > b is 1
a < b is 0
a > = b is 1
a < = b is 0
a = = b is 0
a ! = b is 1
10. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators
Combines two or more relations
Used for testing one or more conditions
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11. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators Contd…
Logical Expression / Compound Relational Expression :
An expression which combines two or more relational
expression
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Op1 Op2 Op1 && Op2 Op1 || Op2
F (0) F (0) F (0) F (0)
F (0) T (1) F (0) T (1)
T (1) F (0) F (0) T (1)
T (1) T (1) T (1) T (1)
12. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
b) Logical Operators Contd…
Consider a = 10 and b =4. The Logical expression returns the
following integer values
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Relational Expression Result Return Values
a < 5 && b > 2 True 1
a < 5 && b < 2 False 0
a >5 && b < 2 False 0
a >5 || b < 2 True 1
a <5 || b < 2 False 0
a > 5 || b < 2 True 1
13. /* Program for Logical Operations*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int age,height;
printf("Enter Age of Candidate:n");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf(“Enter Height of Candidate:n“);
scanf("%d", &height);
if ((age>=18) && (height>=5))
printf(“The Candidate is Selected”);
else
printf(“Sorry, Candidate not Selected”);
return 0;
}
14. Output 1
Enter Age of Candidate: 18
Enter Height of Candidate: 6
The Candidate is Selected
Output 2
Enter Age of Candidate: 19
Enter Height of Candidate: 4
Sorry, Candidate not Selected
15. 2. 1 Operators in C Contd…
c) Conditional Operators
? and are the Conditional Operators
Also called as Ternary Operators
Shorter form of if-then-else statement
Syntax
If expression 1 is true then the value returned will be
expression 2
Otherwise the value returned will be expression 3
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Expression 1 ? Expression 2 : expression 3
16. #include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y;
scanf("%d", &x);
y=(x > 5 ? 3 : 4);
printf(“%d”, y);
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y;
scanf("%d", &x);
if(x >5)
y=3;
else
y=4;
printf(“%d”, y);
return 0;
}
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17. /* Program for Addition (or) Multiplication*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, result, choice;
printf(“Enter first number n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(”Enter second numbern”);
scanf(“%d”,&b);
printf(“Enter 1 for addition or 2 for multiplicationn”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
result = (choice==1)?a+b:(choice==2)?a*b:printf(“Invalid”);
if(choice==1||choice==2)
printf(“The result is %dnn”,result);
return 0;
}
19. /* Program to find the maximum of 3 Numbers*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, c, max;
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a, &b, &c);
max = (a > b && a > c) ? a : (b > c) ? b : c;
printf("n Maximum between %d, %d and %d = %d", a, b, c, max);
return 0;
}
21. 2. 2 Operator Precedence
Operator Precedence is used to determine the order of
operators evaluated in an expression
Every operator has precedence (Priority)
Operator with higher precedence is evaluated first and the
operator with least precedence is evaluated last
Associativity is used when two operators of same precedence
appear in an expression
Determines the order of evaluation of those operators
Associativity can be either Left to Right or Right to Left
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22. 2. 2 Operator Precedence Contd…
Operators are listed in descending order of precedence
An Expression can contain several operators with equal
precedence
Evaluation proceeds according to the associativity of the
operator i.e.,
From Right to Left (or)
From Left to Right
Note: Order of operations is not defined by the language
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24. 2. 3 Expressions using Pre/Post Increment Operator
Increment operators increase the value of the variable by one
Decrement operators decrease the value of the variable by one
Syntax
Increment operator: ++var_name; (or) var_name++;
Decrement operator: – -var_name; (or) var_name – -;
Example
Increment operator : ++ i ; i ++ ;
Decrement operator : – – i ; i – – ;
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25. /* Expresssions using Pre-Increment Operator*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=++i;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 11
i: 11
26. /* Expresssions using Post-Increment Operator*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=i++;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 10
i: 11
27. /* Expresssions using Pre-Decrement Operator*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=--i;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 9
i: 9
28. /* Expresssions using Post-Decrement Operator*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x,i;
i=10;
x=i--;
printf("x: %d",x);
printf("i: %d",i);
return 0;
}
Output
x: 10
i: 9
29. /* Expresssions using Increment / Decrement Operators*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int p,q,x,y;
printf(“Enter the value of x n”);
scanf(“%d” ,&x);
printf(“Enter the value of y n”);
scanf(“%d” ,&y);
printf(“x=%dny=%dn”,x,y);
p=x++;
q=y++;
printf(“x=%dty=%dn”,x,y);
printf(“x=%dtq=%dn”,p,q);
p=--x;
q=--y;
printf(“x=%dty=%dn”,x,y);
printf(“p=%dtq=%dn”,p,q);
return 0;
}
30. Output
Enter the value of x 10
Enter the value of y 20
x = 10
y = 20
x = 11 y = 21
p = 10 q = 20
x = 10 y = 20
p = 10 q = 20
31. 2. 4 Expressions using Conditional Operator
Any operator is used on three operands or variable is known
as Ternary Operator
It can be represented with ? : . It is also called as conditional
operator
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32. /* Program for Printing Odd or Even Number*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num;
printf("Enter the Number : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
(num%2==0)?printf("Evenn"):printf("Odd");
}
Output
Enter the Number : 10
Even
33. /* Program for Eligibility to Vote*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int age;
printf(" Please Enter your age here: n ");
scanf(" %d ", &age);
(age >= 18) ? printf(" You are eligible to Vote ") : printf(" You are not
eligible to Vote ");
return 0;
}
Output
Please Enter your age here: 19
You are eligible to Vote
34. /* Program for Finding Biggest of 2 Numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, max;
printf("Enter a and b: ");
scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
max = a > b ? a : b; printf("Largest of the two numbers = %dn", max);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a and b: 10 20
Largest of the two numbers = 20
35. 2. 5 Expressions using Assignment Operator
Assignment Operator is used to assign value to an variable
Assignment Operator is denoted by equal to sign
Assignment Operator is binary operator which operates on two
operands
Assignment Operator have Two Values – L-Value and R-Value
Operator = copies R-Value into L-Value
Assignment Operator have lower precedence than all available
operators but has higher precedence than comma Operator
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36.
37. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression
a) L-Value stands for left value
L-Value of Expressions refer to a memory locations
In any assignment statement L-Value of Expression must be a
container(i.e. must have ability to hold the data)
Variable is the only container in C programming thus L Value
must be any Variable.
L Value cannot be a Constant, Function or any of the available
data type in C
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38. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…
Diagram Showing L-Value of Expression :
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39. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…
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#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num;
num = 5;
return(0);
}
Example of L-
Value Expression
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num;
5 = num; //Error
return(0);
}
L-value cannot be
a Constant
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
const num;
num = 20; //Error
return(0);
}
L-value cannot be
a Constant
Variable
40. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…
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#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX 20
int main( )
{
MAX = 20; //Error
return(0);
}
L-value cannot be
a MACRO
#include<stdio.h>
enum {JAN,FEB,MARCH};
int main( )
{
JAN = 20; //Error
return(0);
}
L-value cannot be
a Enum Constant
41. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…
b) R Value stands for Right value of the expression
In any Assignment statement R-Value of Expression must be
anything which is capable of returning Constant Expression
or Constant Value
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42. 2. 6 L-Value and R-Value of Expression Contd…
R value may be a Constant or Constant Expression
R value may be a MACRO
R Value may be a variable
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Examples of R-Value of Expression
Variable Constant
Function Macro
Enum Constant Any other data type
43. 2. 7 Control Statements
Also called as Conditional Statement
Decides order of execution based on conditions
Helps repeat a group of statements
Modifies control flow of program
Decision Making
Branching
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44. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Types of Branching Statements
a) if statement
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
b) switch statement
c) goto statement
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45. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
a) if statement
Condition “True" - Statement block will be executed
Condition “False“ - Statement block will not be executed.
Variations
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
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46. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
i. Simple if statement
Basic if statement
What is a condition?
Executes statement block only if condition is true
Syntax
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if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
47.
48. /* Simple if – Program to check whether a number is Odd*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a value : 10342
The number is Even
49. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:
1) Check whether the given number is Even
2) To check whether the given number is Greater
3) To check whether the given number is Smaller
4) To check whether the given number is positive
5) To check whether the given number is negative
6) To check whether the given number is zero
7) To check whether two numbers are equal
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50. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
ii. If else statement
Extension of basic if statement
Takes care of True and False condition
Number of Statement Blocks - 2
Block 1 – True Condition
Block 2 – False Condition
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52. /* if else –To check whether a number is Odd or Even*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
else
{
printf(“The Number is Odd”);
}
return 0;
}
53. Output 1
Enter the Number : 10341
The number is Odd
Output 2
Enter the Number : 10342
The number is Even
54. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:
1) To check whether the given number is Greater or Smaller
2) To check whether the given number is +ve or -ve
3) To check whether two numbers are equal or not
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55. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
iii. Nested if else statement
Used when a series of decisions
are involved
Makes a choice between
several alternatives
New if else statement block is
used within existing if else
statement block
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56.
57. /*Program for Nested if else */
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
char username;
int password;
printf("Username:");
scanf("%c",&username);
printf("Password:");
scanf("%d",&password);
59. Output 1
Username: a
Password: 12345
Login Successful
Output 2
Username: a
Password: 54321
Password is incorrect, Try again.
Output 3
Username: b
Password: 54321
Username is incorrect, Try again.
60. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Step 1: First if condition will be true, if the user has typed 'a' as a
username then the program control moves to second if condition
and checks for the password
if it true it will print 'login successful’
else it will execute block statement 'Password is Incorrect, Try
again.‘.
Step 2: If the first if condition is false then it executes last else
block thus printing 'Username is Incorrect, Try again.‘
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61. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Step 3: In this above example we have use username as single
character to use multiple character username we need to use
string data type
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62. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
b) Switch statement
Allows to make decisions from a number of choices
Also called as Switch-Case-Default Statement
Faster than nested if else statement
Easier to understand
Rules for writing switch ( ) statement
Expression in switch must be an integer value or a
character constant
No real numbers used in Expression
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63. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Each case block and default block must end with break
statements
Default is optional
Case keyword must end with colon ( : )
Default may be placed anywhere in the switch
No two case constants are identical
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64. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
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switch(variable or expression)
{
case constant 1:
statements;
break;
….
case constant N;
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
65. /* Program for Switch Case*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, choice;
printf(“nEnter Two Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d”, &a,&b);
printf(“n Enter 1 for Addition”);
printf(“n Enter 2 for Subtraction”);
printf(“n Enter 3 for Multiplication”);
printf(“n Enter 4 for Division”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
66. switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“Sum is : %d”, a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf(“Multiplication is : %d”, a*b);
break;
case 4:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a/b);
break;
68. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
Nested Switch statement
Inner switch( ) can be a part of an outer switch( )
Inner switch( ) and outer switch( ) case constants may be the
same
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69. /* Program for Nested Switch Case*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int square, i, n, fact = 1,choice;
printf(“n Enter Any Number: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“ 1. Square n”);
printf(“ 2. Factorial n”);
printf(“ 3. Find Odd or Even n”);
printf(“ 4. Exit n”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”, &choice);
70. switch (choice)
{
case 1:
square = n * n;
printf(“The Square of the Given number is %dn”,
square);
break;
case 2:
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
printf(“The Factorial of a given number is %dn”, fact);
break;
71. switch (n%2)
{
case 0:
printf(“Given Number is Evenn”);
case 1:
printf(“Given Number is Oddn”);
}
case 3:
exit(0);
default:
printf(“Invalid Choice. Please try againn”);
}
return 0;
}
72. Enter any number
5
1. Square
2. Factorial
3. Find Odd or Even
4. Exit
Enter your choice
2
The factorial of a given number is: 120
73. 2. 7 Control Statements Contd...
c) The goto statement
Transfers control from one point to another
Syntax
goto label;
statements;
……………
label
statements;
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74. 2. 8 Looping Statements
Loop – A segment of the program that is executed repeatedly
until a condition is satisfied
Classification – Entry Controlled & Exit Controlled
Types
a) while do loop
b) do while loop
c) for loop
i. Nested for loop
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75. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
a) The While Loop
Simplest looping structure in C
Statements in the program may need to repeat for many
times. e.g., calculate the value of n!
Loop consists of two segments
Control Statement
Body of the Loop
How while loop works?
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76. Initialize loop counter variable;
while (condition)
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
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77. /* Program to Add 3 Numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, c, sum;
printf(“n Enter the Three Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a,&b,&c);
sum = a+b+c;
printf(“The sum of 3 Numbers is %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Three Numbers: 10 20 30
The sum of 3 Numbers is: 60
78. /* Program to Add n Numbers*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i=1,n, sum=0;
printf(“n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while (i<=n)
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
80. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:
1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100
2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n
3) To print table for any number
4) To calculate the sum of its digits
5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not
6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.
7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number
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81. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
b) The Do While Loop
The body of the loop is executed at least once
Syntax
do
{
statements;
}
while (condition);
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82. SRM
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Initialize loop counter variable;
do
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
while (condition)
83. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
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While Do Loop Do While Loop
Entry Controlled Loop Exit Controlled Loop
Test condition is checked before
body of the loop is executed
Test condition is checked after the
body of the loop is executed
Loop will not be executed if
condition is false
Loop will be executed at least once
even if condition is false
Top tested loop Bottom tested loop
84. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
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85. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
c) The for loop
Most commonly and popularly used loop structure
Structure of the for loop
Initialize loop counter variable
Check for condition
Increment / Decrement the loop counter variable
Syntax
for(initialization; condition; increment / decrement)
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
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86. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
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87. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
Examples
i. for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
Statements;
}
ii. for(count = 0; count > n; count--)
{
Statements;
}
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88. /* Program to Add n Numbers using for loop */
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, sum=0;
printf(“n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i =1; i<=n; i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
90. 2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...
Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:
1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100
2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n
3) To print table for any number
4) To calculate the sum of its digits
5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not
6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.
7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number
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91. 2. 9 Arrays
Definition
An array is defined as finite ordered collection of
homogenous data, stored in contiguous memory locations.
Array is used to store a collection of data
Array is a collection of variables of the same type.
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First Element
Numbers[0] Numbers[1] ……. Numbers[n]
Last Element
92. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Need for Arrays
Used to represent a list of numbers / names
Used to represent tabular data in 2, 3 or more dimensions
Important Data Structure in any programming language
Definition
Collection of elements of similar data types
Each element is located in separate memory locations
Each Array element share a common name
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93. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Characteristics of Arrays
All elements in the arrays share a common name
Elements distinguished by index number
Index (or) element number of an array plays vital role for
calling each element
Specific array elements can be modified
Value of array element can be assigned to variables
Array elements stored in continuous memory locations
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94. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Storage space for array depends on its data type and size
Total bytes = sizeof (Data type) x Size of Array
Example
int a [5];
Total bytes = sizeof (int) x 5 = 2 x 5 = 10 bytes
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95. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
a) Array Declaration
Syntax
Datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
Data Type: int, float, double, char, structure, union
Array Name: Name given to the Array variable
Size / Subscript: Number of values an Array can hold
Examples
int numbers[5]; float marks[50];
char name[20]; double a[i];
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96. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Illustration
int a[n];
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97. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Static Array: Array size (range) declared in the program
Dynamic Array: Array size given during execution
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STATIC ARRAYS DYNAMIC ARRAYS
Range / Size of an array included
in the Array definition
Range / Size of an array not
included in the Array definition
Static Arrays cannot be changed Dynamic Arrays can be changed
98. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
b) Array Initialization
Initialization: Assigning values to array elements
Values specified in curly braces separated by commas
Examples
int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
float b[3] = { 40.5, 59.0, 98.5};
char name[6] = ” SRMIST”;
Array element index start from 0
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99. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Array elements are called by array names followed by the
element numbers
int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
a[0] refers to 1st element i.e., 1
a[1] refers to 2nd element i.e., 2
a[2] refers to 3rd element i.e., 3
a[3] refers to 4th element i.e., 4
a[4] refers to 5th element i.e., 5
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100. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
c) Getting Input for Arrays
Use for loops to get input in arrays
Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
Input for One Dimensional Arrays – 1 for loop
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
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101. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Input for Two Dimensional Arrays – 2 for loops
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
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102. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
d) Printing Output in Arrays
Use for loops to print array output
Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
Printing One Dimensional Array Output – 1 for loop
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
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103. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
Printing Two Dimensional Array Output – 2 for loops
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 5; j++)
{
printff(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
}
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
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108. /* Program 3 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, arr[5];
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements of Arrayn”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
printf(“The Elements of the Array are”n”);
109. for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Elements of the Array
10 20 30 40 50
The Elements of the Array are
10 20 30 40 50
110. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
e) Classification of Arrays
i. One-Dimensional Array
ii. Two-Dimensional Array
iii. Multi-Dimensional Array
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111. 2. 9 Arrays Contd...
i. One Dimensional Array
Data stored under a single variable using one subscript
1-D Array Declaration – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
Example: int a [5];
1-D Array initialization – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size] = { list of values};
Example: int a [5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
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112. /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int a[10], n, i, sum;
a [10]
a [0]
a [1]
a [2]
a [3]
a [4]
a [5]
a [6]
a [7]
a [8]
a [9]
n i
sum
clrscr( );
printf(“Enter the Number of Elementsn”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
5
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
0
{
scanf(“%d”, & a [i]);
40
}
22
34
12
64
sum = 0;
0
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
113. /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
{
sum = sum + a[i];
}
a [10]
a [0]
a [1]
a [2]
a [3]
a [4]
a [5]
a [6]
a [7]
a [8]
a [9]
n i
sum
5 4
40
22
34
12
64
182
printf(“The Sum is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Number of Elements
5
40 22 34 12 64
The Sum is 182
114. /* Program 2 : 1-D Array for Sorting*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, j, temp, n, a[10];
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements:”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements to be Sortedn”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%dn”, &a[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{