The document discusses various lighting, camera, lens, mount, camera setting, and sound equipment used for filmmaking, explaining what each item is used for, its advantages, and disadvantages. It provides information on lighting techniques like chiaroscuro and 3-point lighting setup. It also covers different types of cameras like DSLR, smartphones, and camcorders as well as lenses, camera mounts, settings, and audio equipment.

1. For our film we used lighting to our advantage as we
used it to put a spot light on important parts of the
scene and we did it to get a clear and good image.
In this garden scene we have the victim which has the light on him as we
want the audience to see his death and to see his facial expression.
At this point we have the
main character who is on his
way to the bathroom and we
used darkness to show
something bad is going on
with the character and to
portray he is in a dark place.
Lighting
This photo of a rose shows an
example of Chiaroscuro.
Chiaroscuro is high contrast
lighting technique, you do it by
having a low lighting set up with a
black ground and then a single
light source. Allowing a nice
effective detailed shot to be taken.
Another important factor of lighting is the 3 point
lighting setup. Uses three different light sources to
illuminate a particular subject or scene. All the
lights should have different intensities, the key light
being the light to the left of the camera should be
the brightest then the fill light should be the second
lightest and the backlight being the darkest light
behind the subject.
When doing photography a
camera video light is quite
important, you attached the
light to the top of your
camera and you can adjust
the light to get the best
picture possible. The light
allows the scene to have the
extra bit of light right by the
camera so where ever you
aim your camera there will
always be light.
Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide (HMI)
Chiaroscuro
HMI lights are the most used type of lights on a
film set. HMI lights give off ultraviolet lights with
a blue hue. The HMI lights are powerful that they
compete with the suns brightness they are
normally mixed with the suns light. There usually
used to illuminate outdoor sets. The HMI light is
complex as it the light stimulates continuous
light from multiple pulses in the same way as
fluorescents making the light look natural for the
camera.

2. Types of Cameras
DSLR
Drone
Camcorder
Prosumer
Smartphone
A smartphone is the
easiest to use as a
camera, it is always
with you simple to use
as it’s a case of
selecting an app and
then tapping record.
Smartphones work like
any other camera and
uses light to create an
image. Smartphones
are the smallest camera
and is a lot easier to
transfer and share
photos/videos
The prosumer camera is a
professional camera as
well as a consumer
camera, the manual focus
on a prosumer is usually
controlled with a built in
menu where on a
professional its by a
rotating lenses. They also
have removable lenses like
a professional camera and
to make this camera
simpler they have a
manual or automatic
setting for all features
The camcorder offers a
more robust zoom than
a digital camera this
allows for a great
magnification. A
negative about the
camcorder is that it has
a fixed zoom lens
making it difficult to
record in low light
conditions. Camcorders
have exposure settings
making it fun to play
around with and it has
supports for external
microphones.
Drones are very useful
for recording certain
shots or when you're
trying to capture and
image from a certain
way. Some of the most
useful things drones are
used for is surveying
land, 3D mapping and
damage assessment. The
drone is hard to use and
has very few things its
useful for but is overall
the most fun and unique
camera.
The DSLR camera allows
views to see exactly
what your shooting. Its
easy to work your way
around once you’ve
learnt your way around
the camera. With a
removable lens and
supports external
microphones, the DSLR
is a good average of the
different types of
camera and is useful for
recording and taking
photos. With many
different settings the
correct user is able to
photograph the exact
photos they need
professionally.

3. Lenses
Wide lens
Telephoto lens
Fisheye lens
Standard lens
Wide angle lenses are
most often used to shoot
cityscapes because the
width of the lens can
easily capture a large
crowd or a busy city
street. A wide angle lens
has a focal lens of 35mm
or shorter, the wide lens
gives you a wider field of
view meaning you will
get more of the scene in
the shot.
Telephoto lens this
lens is a very
expensive lens and
sometime you will
need a tripod to
balance the lens on to
make sure you get the
right shot. With the
lens your able to take
pictures of objects
from a distance
without having to
physically move. The
vocal length is
between 70-200mm
Fisheye lenses are
almost always used for
underwater
photography. A fisheye
lens is an extreme wide
angle lens that produces
a 180° degree field of
view to create
panoramic or
hemispherical images.
The lens can be very
useful to get good shot
and is nearly impossible
to get a similar shot with
an extreme wide angle
lens. The typically vocal
length is 8-10mm.
Standard lens, is a lens
with a focal length
between 35mm to
50mm. The focal length
of standard lenses are
most similar to how the
human eye sees the
world.
Cinematographers
often use normal
lenses for more
grounded and
naturalistic
cinematography.

4. Mounts
Jib/Crane
Dolly Tri-pod
Slider
The best camera sliders
will help you create silky
smooth tracking shots, to
bring dynamism and
impact to your videos.
These long rails enable
smooth manoeuvring, so
you can incorporate
camera movements into
your video with finesse.
Your camera is mounted
onto sliding metal rails,
which then moves
smoothly across the
length whilst shooting so
that’s why its so smooth
when looking at the
shots, you can also put
the slider on your
shoulder if your needing
to get a difficult shot
The tri-pod is used for
stills and where the
cameraman doesn’t want
the camera moving at all
so it sits at the top of the
tripod and then records
everything until you stop
it. Tripods are used for
both motion and still
photography to prevent
camera movement and
provide stability. They are
especially necessary when
slow-speed exposures are
being made, or when
telephoto lenses are used,
as any camera shake
while the shutter is open
will produce a blurred
image.
A dolly shot is a
television and
filmmaking technique
that helps directors and
cinematographers add
depth to a scene. A
camera dolly system
makes it possible to
achieve smooth camera
movements and create
cinematic effects that
can bring a whole new
layer to your movie.
Similar to the slider but
instead it has wheels
and a tri-pod will sit in
on top of the wheels to
create a smooth
movement effect.
In cinematography, a jib is
any boom device used to mount a
camera on one end, and a
counterweight with camera
controls on the other. In principle,
it operates like a see-saw, with the
balance point located closer to the
counterweight, which allows the
end of the arm with the camera to
move through an extended
arc. The main function of a jib is to
extend your camera out over a
tripod, moving the camera up,
down, left, right, or in any of those
combinations. Certain jibs can keep
the camera level and parallel to the
ground no matter how you move
them. A jib sits on a tripod and it
can also pan from left to right.

5. Camera settings
Frame rate is how many frames per
second your camera is recording.
Traditional movie film is shot at 24
frames per second (fps). On the
photo below there is a chart
showing fps the photo explains what
fps is, the time frame is 1 second so
a high fps is 60 meaning the camera
captured 60 frames in the 1 second
meaning the video wont be choppy
or stuttered. Different frame rates
create different viewing experiences,
and choosing a frame rate often
means thinking about multiple
factors, such as how realistic you
want the video to look or whether or
not you plan to use techniques like
slow motion or motion-blur effects.
A camera's aperture
setting controls the area over
which light can pass through your
camera lens. When you want a lot
of background blur so you have all
the focus on a single subject, you
can set your camera to a large
aperture and it will achieve this
effect. When you have multiple
subjects you want to use a low
aperture so the camera gets
everything in a sharp focus, low
apertures are good for taking
photos of landscapes while high
apertures your would only want 1
or 2 subjects in your shot.
Frame rate Aperture
Iso is a camera setting that
will make your photo
darker as it gets to a lower
ISO and will get lighter
when you put it to a high
ISO like 1400. The usual
range of ISO on a camera is
200-1600. If your cameras
ISO is set too high then it
can ruin the photo and
potentially make it
unusable, when a photos
taken in a high ISO it
creates grain on the photo.
Iso

6. Sound
Boom poles are a commonly used piece of sound equipment that allow you to position the
mic close to your subject while staying just out of shot. In addition, the boom and mic will
both be well out of the actor's way, leaving them free to roam the scene and not feel
distracted by the sight of it.
Microphone attachments also work as well as they are not getting seen by cameras. The
main negative about the microphones is that they are far out of the way that the audio
quality is not great so your film will have bad sound quality meaning majority of the time
your wanting to use a boom pole over a normal microphone. The positive if that your arm
wont be aching with the normal microphone.
Wireless microphones allow a lot of flexibility and convivence for the whole crew as there
quick to put on and set up and there under the Actors clothing. The main issue with the
wireless microphone is that sometimes it can muffle of the clothing meaning you will get a
bad recording so it might be worth holding the boom pole even when you have wireless
microphones attached.
Boom pole
Microphone
Wireless microphone