1. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. During the Stone Age (Paleolithic and Neolithic periods), humans lived as hunter-gatherers and began farming, respectively.
2. The Neolithic period saw the rise of permanent settlements as people transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle. Megalithic structures like dolmens and stone circles emerged.
3. During the Metal Ages, people developed new technologies using copper, bronze, and iron. Trade increased and complex societies with specialized labor developed, leading to the formation of early cities.
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My presentation is based on pre-historic Archeology in which I briefly discussed human evolution from stone age to Iron age. I also shed some light on the cultural evolution of Human.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. BEFORE STARTING…
WHY WE STUDY HISTORY
To explain the main developments and events that took place in the past.
This can also help us to understand the political, social and economic situation
today.
History is a social science that studies mankind´s past (pasado humanidad).
Learning about the past involves finding out about the people who lived before
us: what their society was like; what economic activities they had; what customs
they held; how they though; what they achieved; and also how they expressed
themselves artistically.
HISTORICAL SOURCES.
To study the past, historians obtain information from a variety of sources:
material sources (tools, buildings, weapons…), oral sources, written sources
(books, inscriptions…) and visual and audiovisual sources (photographs,
videos…).
3. PUTTING HISTORICAL FACTS IN CONTEXT
Every historical event takes place in a specific place and at specific
time. Historians use different units of time to describe how long an
event occurred for. The most basic units are:
There are also different ways of calculating historical time:
– Before and after the birth of Christ. For example, 2000 BC (before Christ)
or AD 1492 (Anno Domini).
– Before the present (years ago). Sometimes historians choose to avoid
using BC or AD. They refer to how many years have passed since a
historical event took place. So, instead of saying “writing first appeared
around 3500 BC”, we can say “writing first appeared about 5500 years
ago”
UNITS OF TIME
YEAR 365 DAYS
LUSTRUM 5 YEARS
DECADE 10 YEARS
CENTURY 100 YEARS
MILLENIUM 1.000 YEARS
4. PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing
PERIODS OF HISTORY
To make studying History easier, we divide it into different periods.
3.500 BC
7. 1. PREHISTORY
Is an extremely long period of time.
It begins with the appearance of the first
humans (over 2.5 million years ago in Africa) and ends
when humans began to write (about 5.500 years
ago).
But… Do you know when can we talk about
the appearance of the first humans?
To answer the question, take a look to the
following slide.
9. Australopithecus is the first primate who began to stand upright
and walk on two feet (bipedalism), who had opposable thumbs
and increased brain size and capacity.
This process by which these primates changed physically is called
human evolution (hominización in Spanish language): a very slow
process, during which some species coexisted. The only species that
survived was Homo sapiens (to which modern-day humans belong
to).
Bipedalism
Opposable thumbs
HUMAN EVOLUTION: CHARACTERISTICS
10. PERIODS OF PREHISTORY
Prehistory is divided into different periods of time depending on the advances in technology
PREHISTORY
STONE AGE
2.500.000 – 7.000 years ago
PALAEOLITHIC
2.500.000 – 10.000
years ago
LOWER MIDDLE UPPER
NEOLITHIC
9.000 – 7.000
years ago
MESOLITHIC
10.000 – 9.000 years
ago
METAL AGES
7.000 – 3.500 years ago
COOPER
7.000 – 5.000
years ago
BRONZE
5.000 – 3.500
years ago
IRON
3.500
years ago
11. PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD
Is the largest (2500000-10000 years ago) and oldest period of Prehistory.
The term Paleolithic means old stone
• People lived in small tribes. Cooperation was essential to their survival. They
protected each other, developed hunting strategies and passed on
knowledge. These activities contributed to the development of language.
• They were nomads. They did not have permanent settlements
(asentaminetos) and travelled around in search of food. They sheltered
(refigiaban) in caves and built temporary huts (refugios).
• They were hunter-gatherers (cazodores-recolectores). They did not know
how to produce their own food. They gathered fruit, consumed carrion and
hunted or fished.
• They performed tasks as a group. Labor division between men and women.
• They mastered fire. They used it for heat and light, cooking, sending smoke
signals, hunting and defending themselves against wild animals. Gathering
around a fire helped build relationships and encouraged communication.
12. PALAEOLITHIC TOOLS
• Made of wood, bone or stone. The most used stone was chert
(sílex), who was beaten to carve.
13.
14. PALAEOLITHIC ART
CAVE PAINTINGS (arte rupestre), such as the Altamira cave
paintings (Cantabria, Spain)
PORTABLE ART (arte mobiliar), consisted of carvings and
sculptures made of stone, bone or clay. Two types of figurines:
The figures were paintings in several
colours (especially ochre, red and black).
The most common subjects were
animals such as bison, horses or
mammoths.
It is believed the paintings had a
religious meaning: by painting the animal,
the artist may have believed they would
be easier to hunt.
Female
figurines or
Venus.
Symbolised fertility.
Animal
figurines:
horses and
bison.
15. Activity:
This is a video in which you can observe the beauty of the old Altamira
caves modelated and painted in their interior during the Paleolithic. (Note:
This is the replica in the museum , but you can perfectly figure out how
the pictures were)
http://almusociales.blogspot.com.es/p/1-eso.html
• 1. Where is the cave of Altamira located?
• 2. Is the museum far away from the original cave?
• 3. Why was the original cave closed for some years?
• 4. When were they painted?
• 5. Who actually discovered these paintings?
• 6. Why are these figures considered three-dimensional?
• 7. What kind of animal is frequently represented?
• 8. Are there any other paintings apart from animals?
• 9. Why are these caves so important?
16. NEOLITHIC PERIOD
9000-7000 years ago
The term Neolithic means new stone
• The Neolithic period began about 9 000 years ago
(following a short transition period called the Mesolithic period) with
the appearance of agriculture and livestock farming.
• During the Neolithic period, humans went from being nomadic
hunter-gatherers to sedentary producers. This change is also
known as the Neolithic Revolution.
• Although we are going to study with detail the characteristics of
this period of time, the most important changes in Neolithic
were:
• People lived in permanent settlements = appearance of the first
villages.
• They were sedentary.
• They were able to produce their own food = agriculture and livestock
farming.
17. Humans learned to produce their own food by farming the land
and domesticating animals. Agriculture allowed humans to settle in
one place and to abandon nomadic life. The result was the
appearance of the first villages. These settlements were
usually composed of huts and were located near rivers.
• People began to store and exchange surplus food, so trade
developed.
• Societies became more complex and hierarchical. Some
settlements had leaders and other important people who managed
resources.
• There was a division of labour, as different people performed
different tasks. Archaeologists believe that tasks were probably
divided up between men and women. Women were responsible
for arable farming and making cloth and pottery. Men were
responsible for livestock farming and manufacturing tools.
• Neolithic people had two main religious practices. They
worshipped (veneraban o adoraban) the dead and buried (enterraban)
them with their possessions. They also worshipped the forces of
nature in order to improve their harvests (cosechas).
HOW LIFE CHANGED IN NEOLITHIC PERIOD
18. NEOLITHIC TOOLS
• Stones was not only carved, but also polished.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWEuoyNsfzA
• New tools were developed:
Sickles (hoz) to cut crops and hoes (azada) to turn the earth
Pots to transport food and drinkBaskets to transport and store objects
Loom (telar) to make cloths
19. NEOLITHIC ART
Paintings were done on stone surfaces
in shelters or in shallow caves (not inside deep
caves). This is known as rock painting.
The most common subjects: hunting,
gathering food and ceremonial dancing.
The figures were painted in a schematic style.
(less realistic than in Paleolithic period).
They were usually painted in only one colour,
normally black (unlike the paintings of the
Paleolithic, with several colours).
The largest concentration of Neolithic rock
paintings in the world are found in the east of the
Iberian Peninsula (places such as Albarracín, in
Teruel, or Alpera in Albacete).
ROCK PAINTING
A hunting scene from La Valltorta caves, Castellón
NEOLITHIC FEMALE FIGURINE
Catal Huyuk, Turkey
CERÁMICA CARDIAL
(Spanish language)
21. METAL AGES
7000-3500 years ago
• Periods during which people began to make tools from metal.
• This brought about (trajo consigo, dió lugar) many technological
advances which brought about many social and economic changes.
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=rwCM0eKlBRQ
22. As you know, the metal ages are divided into three stages:
The COOPER AGE (began 5.000 BC in Fertile Crescent).
Cooper is a soft metal, which is easy to work into shape
The BRONZE AGE (began 3.000 BC in the Near East).
Bronze is an alloy (aleación) of cooper and tin (estaño). It is harder
than cooper and it was used to make stronger tools.
The IRON AGE (began 1.200 BC in Anatolia).
It is a harder metal than the other ones. It was used to make stronger
weapons.
23. • New trade routes were created as people travelled to find
new sources of metal to make tools. This travelling helped
spread different cultures.
• Trade produced wealth and villages grew significantly,
giving rise to the first cities, which were often protected by
defensive walls.
• There was a specialization of labour. This meant that new
types of professions, such as merchants, metal workers and
warriors, began to appear.
• Metal became a symbol of wealth, as people who owned
metal weapons and tools were more powerful than those
who had stone weapons.
• War became a means of expanding and controlling territory.
• Private property and economic inequality between people
became more common. This meant that the structure of
society became even more hierarchical.
Economic and social changes
26. MEGALITHIC ART
• Megaliths are monuments built using large stones. They are the first
known examples of architecture. They were created during the end of
Neolithic period and in the Metal Ages.
• Megalithic monuments can be classified as:
MENHIRS
Large vertical
stones embedded
in the ground.
They could stand
alone or in a line
with others.
They were used
for ceremonies.
DOLMENS
A large, flat,
horizontal stone
laid on
vertical stones.
They were used
as burial places.
STONE CIRCLES
(CRÓMLECH)
Several menhirs
placed in a circle
They were used
for ceremonies
PASSAGE
TOMBS
Similar to a
dolmen, but
with one or
more chambers
and a passage
at the entrance
They were used
for burials
27. SUMMARY WITH THE MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME IN PREHISTORY
PALAEOLOTHIC NEOLITHIC METAL AGES
WHERE THEY
LIVED
In caves or huts Permanent settlement:
villages
Permanent settlement: cities
LIFESTYLE Nomad.
Labour division between
men and women.
Sedentary.
Complex society
and hierarchical.
Labour division
Sedentary.
Complex society and
hierarchical.
Specialization of labour: new
professions.
HOW THEY
OBTAINED FOOD
Hunting- gathering Agriculture
Livestock farming
Agriculture.
Livestock farming
Trade (from other places).
MAIN
INVENTIONS
Fire and stone tools. Agriculture, livestock farming,
new tools (sickles), new jobs,
pottery (ceramica cardial).
Metals, wheel, metal work,
metal plough.
ART Cave painting: several
colours, animals and
religious meaning
Portable art
Rock painting: one colour,
animals, ceremonial dancing
and schematic style.
Portable art
Megalithic art: menhir,
dolmen, stone circle, passage
tomb