The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. It explains that a fault in code does not always produce a failure, as a failure only occurs when the software is unable to perform its required functions, while a fault is simply an error or defect in the code. It also discusses the roles of testers and how testing should be integrated into the software development lifecycle.
The document discusses regular expressions and languages. It covers topics like regular expression operators including union, concatenation, and closure. It provides examples of regular expressions and their corresponding regular languages. It also describes methods to convert finite automata to regular expressions, including the Rij formula method, state elimination method, and Arden's method. Examples are provided to illustrate finite automata to regular expression conversions.
The document provides information about a course on the theory of automata. It includes details such as the course title, prerequisites, duration, lectures, laboratories, and topics to be covered. The topics include finite automata, deterministic finite automata, non-deterministic finite automata, regular expressions, properties of regular languages, context-free grammars, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. It also lists reference books and textbooks, and the marking scheme for the course.
The document discusses different types of software testing. It states that software testing is a process that verifies that a system meets requirements and finds errors. There are two main types of testing: whitebox testing, where internal code structure is known, and blackbox testing, where it is unknown. Whitebox testing is used for verification while blackbox testing is used for validation from an end user perspective. The document also outlines various stages of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and functional testing.
The Wideband Delphi Method is a consensus-based software estimation technique involving multiple steps: a kickoff meeting where stakeholders generate tasks and assumptions, individual preparation where estimators provide effort estimates, an estimation session where estimates are discussed and revised, and a final review. The process aims to develop accurate estimates by leveraging group judgment and addressing uncertainties through documented assumptions.
18 css101j pps unit 2
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators, Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment operator - Expression with conditional and assignment operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in expression -
Control Statements – if and else - else if and nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and Unconditional branching
For loop - while loop - do while, goto, break, continue
Array Basic and Types - Array Initialization and Declaration - Initialization: one Dimensional Array - Accessing, Indexing one Dimensional Array Operations - One Dimensional Array operations - Array Programs – 1D
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
The document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines software quality as having two aspects - quality of design which includes requirements and specifications, and quality of conformance which focuses on implementation. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) includes quality management, effective engineering processes, formal techniques, testing strategies, documentation control, and measurement/reporting. SQA aims to ensure requirements quality, design quality, code quality, and effective quality control. Non-functional attributes like reliability, usability, and performance largely determine a software's subjective quality from a user's perspective.
The document discusses regular expressions and languages. It covers topics like regular expression operators including union, concatenation, and closure. It provides examples of regular expressions and their corresponding regular languages. It also describes methods to convert finite automata to regular expressions, including the Rij formula method, state elimination method, and Arden's method. Examples are provided to illustrate finite automata to regular expression conversions.
The document provides information about a course on the theory of automata. It includes details such as the course title, prerequisites, duration, lectures, laboratories, and topics to be covered. The topics include finite automata, deterministic finite automata, non-deterministic finite automata, regular expressions, properties of regular languages, context-free grammars, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. It also lists reference books and textbooks, and the marking scheme for the course.
The document discusses different types of software testing. It states that software testing is a process that verifies that a system meets requirements and finds errors. There are two main types of testing: whitebox testing, where internal code structure is known, and blackbox testing, where it is unknown. Whitebox testing is used for verification while blackbox testing is used for validation from an end user perspective. The document also outlines various stages of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and functional testing.
The Wideband Delphi Method is a consensus-based software estimation technique involving multiple steps: a kickoff meeting where stakeholders generate tasks and assumptions, individual preparation where estimators provide effort estimates, an estimation session where estimates are discussed and revised, and a final review. The process aims to develop accurate estimates by leveraging group judgment and addressing uncertainties through documented assumptions.
18 css101j pps unit 2
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators, Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment operator - Expression with conditional and assignment operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in expression -
Control Statements – if and else - else if and nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and Unconditional branching
For loop - while loop - do while, goto, break, continue
Array Basic and Types - Array Initialization and Declaration - Initialization: one Dimensional Array - Accessing, Indexing one Dimensional Array Operations - One Dimensional Array operations - Array Programs – 1D
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
The document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines software quality as having two aspects - quality of design which includes requirements and specifications, and quality of conformance which focuses on implementation. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) includes quality management, effective engineering processes, formal techniques, testing strategies, documentation control, and measurement/reporting. SQA aims to ensure requirements quality, design quality, code quality, and effective quality control. Non-functional attributes like reliability, usability, and performance largely determine a software's subjective quality from a user's perspective.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and development duration based on product type and size. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress schedules can impact cost estimates.
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
This document discusses context-free grammars and pushdown automata. It begins by defining a context-free grammar and its components. It then explains derivation, sentential forms, parse trees, ambiguity in grammars, and pushdown automata. Pushdown automata are described as having an input tape, finite control, stack, and transition function. Examples are provided of pushdown automata defining languages such as {anbn| n>=1} and {anb2n| n>=1}. The limitations of finite automata for certain languages are also discussed.
This document describes a course on Theory of Computation. It provides information on the course objectives, which are to understand language hierarchies, construct automata for patterns, design context-free grammars, understand Turing machines and their capabilities, and understand undecidable and NP problems. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: automata fundamentals, regular expressions and languages, context-free grammar and languages, properties of context-free languages, and undecidability. It also provides the course outcomes and lists reference textbooks. The document then begins describing some key concepts from Unit 1, including formal proofs, additional proof forms, inductive proofs, and an introduction to finite automata.
The document discusses various topics in graph theory including definitions, types, and applications of graphs. It covers definitions of graphs, edges, degrees, paths and connectivity. Graph representations like adjacency matrix and lists are presented. Different types of graphs are defined including simple, multigraphs, pseudographs, directed graphs. Special graph structures like trees, cycles, wheels and n-cubes are discussed along with theorems on handshaking and degrees in graphs. Bipartite graphs and graph isomorphism are also covered.
The process of reducing a given DFA to its minimal form is called as minimization of DFA. DFA minimization is also called as Optimization of DFA and uses partitioning algorithm.
The COCOMO model is a software cost estimation model that allows inputting parameters to estimate the effort required for a software project. It was developed considering the waterfall process and software developed from scratch. There are three modes of development - organic, semi-detached, and embedded - based on complexity. The model also consists of basic, intermediate, and detailed forms with varying levels of accuracy. The intermediate model uses 15 cost drivers while the detailed model divides the software into modules and applies COCOMO to each.
The document discusses the six steps of programming: 1) program specification, 2) program design, 3) program coding, 4) program testing, 5) program documentation, and 6) program maintenance. It describes each step in detail, including techniques like top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and testing methods. The document also covers topics like object-oriented programming, generations of programming languages, and common IT careers like computer programmers.
Algorithmic software cost modeling uses mathematical functions to estimate project costs based on inputs like project characteristics, development processes, and product attributes. COCOMO is a widely used algorithmic cost modeling method that estimates effort in person-months and development time based on source lines of code and cost adjustment factors. It has basic, intermediate, and detailed models and accounts for factors like application domain experience, process quality, and technology changes.
The document discusses topics related to software quality assurance and testing. It covers definitions of testing, types of testing activities like static and dynamic testing, different levels of testing from unit to system level. It also discusses test criteria, coverage, and agile testing approaches. The overall document provides an overview of key concepts in software quality assurance and testing.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
The document discusses the analysis of algorithms. It begins by defining an algorithm and describing different types. It then covers analyzing algorithms in terms of correctness, time efficiency, space efficiency, and optimality through theoretical and empirical analysis. The document discusses analyzing time efficiency by determining the number of repetitions of basic operations as a function of input size. It provides examples of input size, basic operations, and formulas for counting operations. It also covers analyzing best, worst, and average cases and establishes asymptotic efficiency classes. The document then analyzes several examples of non-recursive and recursive algorithms.
This document summarizes a lecture on automata theory, specifically discussing non-regular languages, the pumping lemma, and regular expressions. It introduces the language B={0n1n | n ≥ 0} as a non-regular language that cannot be recognized by a DFA. It then proves the pumping lemma theorem and uses it to show that B and the language of strings with equal numbers of 0s and 1s are non-regular. Finally, it defines regular expressions as a way to describe languages and provides examples of regular expressions and their meanings.
The document discusses minimum spanning tree algorithms for finding low-cost connections between nodes in a graph. It describes Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm, both greedy approaches. Kruskal's algorithm works by sorting edges by weight and sequentially adding edges that do not create cycles. Prim's algorithm starts from one node and sequentially connects the closest available node. Both algorithms run in O(ElogV) time, where E is the number of edges and V is the number of vertices. The document provides examples to illustrate the application of the algorithms.
The document discusses principles of writing good C++ code. It begins by criticizing existing code examples as "ghastly style" that are difficult to understand and maintain. It advocates for a type-rich interface style with compact data structures and well-structured algorithms. The document also emphasizes writing code with modularity, effective resource management, and thread safety by default. The presentation provides examples demonstrating these principles using C++11 features like auto, type aliases, and literals.
Quality, quality concepts
Software Quality Assurance
Software Reviews
Formal Technical Reviews
SQA Group Plan
ISO 9000, 9001
Example
Internal and external attributes
This document discusses quality management in software projects. It describes quality management as having four main components: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement. It also discusses various quality management techniques like software reviews, formal inspections, defect amplification and removal models, and statistical software quality assurance approaches like six sigma. The document emphasizes that quality management is important for project success and reducing costs from software defects.
This presentation discusses path testing, which is a white box testing technique that ensures every path in a program has been executed at least once. It requires complete knowledge of the program structure. The steps of path testing include converting the program language to a directed graph, determining the cyclomatic complexity, and determining the basis set of independent paths. For the example HR application program shown, it is determined to have 6 paths based on its cyclomatic complexity of 6. The 6 paths that cover the program are then listed.
The document discusses converting regular expressions to minimized deterministic finite automata (DFAs) in several steps:
1. Use Thompson's algorithm to convert the regular expression to a non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA).
2. Use the subset construction algorithm to convert the NFA to a DFA.
3. Use the tabulation method (also called Mark/Reduce procedure) to minimize the obtained DFA.
Several examples are provided to demonstrate applying these steps to convert regular expressions like (a+b)*abb and abb(a+b)* to their minimized DFA representations. The subset construction algorithm and tabulation method for minimization are explained.
The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. Principle 1 defines testing as exercising software with test cases to find defects and evaluate quality. Principle 2 states that good test cases have a high probability of finding undetected defects. Principle 3 stresses the importance of meticulously inspecting test results. The remaining principles address developing test cases for valid and invalid inputs, the relationship between detected defects and potential for additional defects, independence of testing from development, repeatability/reusability of tests, planning testing, integrating testing in the software lifecycle, and the creative and challenging nature of testing.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing such as test case design strategies, levels of testing, test management, and test automation. It covers black box and white box test design approaches like boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, state-based testing and requirements-based testing. It also discusses different levels of testing from unit to system testing and the need for test planning, tracking, and reporting. The last unit covers test automation topics like skills required, challenges, and metrics.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and development duration based on product type and size. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress schedules can impact cost estimates.
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
This document discusses context-free grammars and pushdown automata. It begins by defining a context-free grammar and its components. It then explains derivation, sentential forms, parse trees, ambiguity in grammars, and pushdown automata. Pushdown automata are described as having an input tape, finite control, stack, and transition function. Examples are provided of pushdown automata defining languages such as {anbn| n>=1} and {anb2n| n>=1}. The limitations of finite automata for certain languages are also discussed.
This document describes a course on Theory of Computation. It provides information on the course objectives, which are to understand language hierarchies, construct automata for patterns, design context-free grammars, understand Turing machines and their capabilities, and understand undecidable and NP problems. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: automata fundamentals, regular expressions and languages, context-free grammar and languages, properties of context-free languages, and undecidability. It also provides the course outcomes and lists reference textbooks. The document then begins describing some key concepts from Unit 1, including formal proofs, additional proof forms, inductive proofs, and an introduction to finite automata.
The document discusses various topics in graph theory including definitions, types, and applications of graphs. It covers definitions of graphs, edges, degrees, paths and connectivity. Graph representations like adjacency matrix and lists are presented. Different types of graphs are defined including simple, multigraphs, pseudographs, directed graphs. Special graph structures like trees, cycles, wheels and n-cubes are discussed along with theorems on handshaking and degrees in graphs. Bipartite graphs and graph isomorphism are also covered.
The process of reducing a given DFA to its minimal form is called as minimization of DFA. DFA minimization is also called as Optimization of DFA and uses partitioning algorithm.
The COCOMO model is a software cost estimation model that allows inputting parameters to estimate the effort required for a software project. It was developed considering the waterfall process and software developed from scratch. There are three modes of development - organic, semi-detached, and embedded - based on complexity. The model also consists of basic, intermediate, and detailed forms with varying levels of accuracy. The intermediate model uses 15 cost drivers while the detailed model divides the software into modules and applies COCOMO to each.
The document discusses the six steps of programming: 1) program specification, 2) program design, 3) program coding, 4) program testing, 5) program documentation, and 6) program maintenance. It describes each step in detail, including techniques like top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and testing methods. The document also covers topics like object-oriented programming, generations of programming languages, and common IT careers like computer programmers.
Algorithmic software cost modeling uses mathematical functions to estimate project costs based on inputs like project characteristics, development processes, and product attributes. COCOMO is a widely used algorithmic cost modeling method that estimates effort in person-months and development time based on source lines of code and cost adjustment factors. It has basic, intermediate, and detailed models and accounts for factors like application domain experience, process quality, and technology changes.
The document discusses topics related to software quality assurance and testing. It covers definitions of testing, types of testing activities like static and dynamic testing, different levels of testing from unit to system level. It also discusses test criteria, coverage, and agile testing approaches. The overall document provides an overview of key concepts in software quality assurance and testing.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
The document discusses the analysis of algorithms. It begins by defining an algorithm and describing different types. It then covers analyzing algorithms in terms of correctness, time efficiency, space efficiency, and optimality through theoretical and empirical analysis. The document discusses analyzing time efficiency by determining the number of repetitions of basic operations as a function of input size. It provides examples of input size, basic operations, and formulas for counting operations. It also covers analyzing best, worst, and average cases and establishes asymptotic efficiency classes. The document then analyzes several examples of non-recursive and recursive algorithms.
This document summarizes a lecture on automata theory, specifically discussing non-regular languages, the pumping lemma, and regular expressions. It introduces the language B={0n1n | n ≥ 0} as a non-regular language that cannot be recognized by a DFA. It then proves the pumping lemma theorem and uses it to show that B and the language of strings with equal numbers of 0s and 1s are non-regular. Finally, it defines regular expressions as a way to describe languages and provides examples of regular expressions and their meanings.
The document discusses minimum spanning tree algorithms for finding low-cost connections between nodes in a graph. It describes Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm, both greedy approaches. Kruskal's algorithm works by sorting edges by weight and sequentially adding edges that do not create cycles. Prim's algorithm starts from one node and sequentially connects the closest available node. Both algorithms run in O(ElogV) time, where E is the number of edges and V is the number of vertices. The document provides examples to illustrate the application of the algorithms.
The document discusses principles of writing good C++ code. It begins by criticizing existing code examples as "ghastly style" that are difficult to understand and maintain. It advocates for a type-rich interface style with compact data structures and well-structured algorithms. The document also emphasizes writing code with modularity, effective resource management, and thread safety by default. The presentation provides examples demonstrating these principles using C++11 features like auto, type aliases, and literals.
Quality, quality concepts
Software Quality Assurance
Software Reviews
Formal Technical Reviews
SQA Group Plan
ISO 9000, 9001
Example
Internal and external attributes
This document discusses quality management in software projects. It describes quality management as having four main components: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement. It also discusses various quality management techniques like software reviews, formal inspections, defect amplification and removal models, and statistical software quality assurance approaches like six sigma. The document emphasizes that quality management is important for project success and reducing costs from software defects.
This presentation discusses path testing, which is a white box testing technique that ensures every path in a program has been executed at least once. It requires complete knowledge of the program structure. The steps of path testing include converting the program language to a directed graph, determining the cyclomatic complexity, and determining the basis set of independent paths. For the example HR application program shown, it is determined to have 6 paths based on its cyclomatic complexity of 6. The 6 paths that cover the program are then listed.
The document discusses converting regular expressions to minimized deterministic finite automata (DFAs) in several steps:
1. Use Thompson's algorithm to convert the regular expression to a non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA).
2. Use the subset construction algorithm to convert the NFA to a DFA.
3. Use the tabulation method (also called Mark/Reduce procedure) to minimize the obtained DFA.
Several examples are provided to demonstrate applying these steps to convert regular expressions like (a+b)*abb and abb(a+b)* to their minimized DFA representations. The subset construction algorithm and tabulation method for minimization are explained.
The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. Principle 1 defines testing as exercising software with test cases to find defects and evaluate quality. Principle 2 states that good test cases have a high probability of finding undetected defects. Principle 3 stresses the importance of meticulously inspecting test results. The remaining principles address developing test cases for valid and invalid inputs, the relationship between detected defects and potential for additional defects, independence of testing from development, repeatability/reusability of tests, planning testing, integrating testing in the software lifecycle, and the creative and challenging nature of testing.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing such as test case design strategies, levels of testing, test management, and test automation. It covers black box and white box test design approaches like boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, state-based testing and requirements-based testing. It also discusses different levels of testing from unit to system testing and the need for test planning, tracking, and reporting. The last unit covers test automation topics like skills required, challenges, and metrics.
This document provides an overview of software testing fundamentals. It defines key terms related to testing like bugs, defects, errors, and failures. It explains why testing is important and discusses test techniques like validation, verification, static testing, and dynamic testing. The document outlines the testing process including planning, analysis, implementation, execution, evaluation, and closure. It discusses principles of testing and notes that while testing can find defects, it cannot prove that a system is completely bug-free. Exhaustive testing of all possible test cases is infeasible for most systems.
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
- Quality assurance ensures processes are established to produce products that meet specifications.
- Testing determines if a product meets requirements and identifies failures to meet requirements.
- A test plan is written by the lead tester and includes the testing strategy, resources, and plans. It outlines test cases and procedures to validate software meets specifications.
- Testing begins in the define system phase to ensure requirements are testable, and continues through subsequent phases including product testing, acceptance testing, and deployment. Documentation and repeatable processes are critical to quality assurance.
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
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This is the first section of six parts to cover what you need to learn about ISTQB foundations exam. Broken down into pieces and examples to pass. Check out more on my blog: https://www.rogeriodasilva.com/
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts. It discusses testing as an engineering activity and process. It introduces the Testing Maturity Model which describes stages of test process improvement. Basic definitions are provided for terms like error, fault, failure, test case, test oracle. Software testing principles and the tester's role are described. The origins and costs of defects are discussed. Defect classes are classified into requirements, design, code, and testing defects. The concept of a defect repository to catalog defect data is introduced. Examples of coin problem defects are given to illustrate defect classification.
This document outlines 11 principles of software testing:
1. Testing is the process of executing software with test cases to reveal defects and evaluate quality. Testers detect defects before software is operational.
2. A good test case has a high probability of revealing undetected defects when the objective is defect detection.
3. Testers must meticulously inspect and interpret test results to avoid overlooking failures or suspecting failures that don't exist.
Welingkar_final project_ppt_IMPORTANCE & NEED FOR TESTINGSachin Pathania
Software testing is an important step in the software development process to identify bugs and ensure quality. It is done at various stages including unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. Automation testing helps test cases be run quickly and consistently. In conclusion, software testing is crucial to identify and remove errors, improving the performance and consistency of software products.
Testing is a process used to identify correctness, completeness, and quality in software. It aims to find defects, gain confidence in quality, provide information for decision making, and prevent defects. Testing involves planning, analysis and design of test conditions, implementation and execution of test cases, evaluation of results against objectives, and collecting lessons learned. A failure occurs when the software does not function as expected.
Testing is a process used to identify errors, ensure quality, and verify that a system meets its requirements. It involves executing a program or system to evaluate its attributes and determine if it functions as intended. There are various types of testing such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. An effective test approach considers objectives, activities, resources, and methods to thoroughly test a system. Requirements analysis is also important to ensure testing covers all necessary functionality.
The document provides information about a 4-day quality assurance testing training course led by Hari Adari. The training will take place over two weekends, with 7 hours of instruction each day. It outlines Hari's experience and credentials. It also covers topics that will be discussed during the training, including the software development lifecycle (SDLC), testing methodologies like manual and automated testing, test planning documentation, and different types of testing.
The document discusses fundamentals of software testing. It defines software testing as a process that involves planning, preparation, and evaluation activities throughout the software development life cycle. The goal of testing is to identify defects, verify that requirements are met, and demonstrate software fitness for purpose. Testing methods include both static techniques like documentation review and dynamic techniques like executing test cases. The results of testing are used to evaluate software quality and determine whether additional work is needed.
The document discusses test case design and components. It defines a test case as a set of test inputs, execution conditions and expected results to exercise a program path or verify a requirement. Test cases have three main components - inputs, outputs and execution order. The document also discusses advantages of effective test cases such as higher probability of detecting defects and delivering higher quality software. It describes black box and white box testing approaches and provides tips for writing good test cases and prioritizing test cases.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
Software testing for project report .pdfKamal Acharya
Methods of Software Testing There are two basic methods of performing software testing: 1. Manual testing 2. Automated testing Manual Software Testing As the name would imply, manual software testing is the process of an individual or individuals manually testing software. This can take the form of navigating user interfaces, submitting information, or even trying to hack the software or underlying database. As one might presume, manual software testing is labor-intensive and slow.
The document provides an introduction to software testing. It discusses that software testing verifies and validates that software meets requirements and works as expected. The main purposes of testing are verification, validation, and defect finding. Examples of why software testing is important are provided. The document outlines what is tested, who does the testing, and strategies for unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, validation testing, system testing, stress testing, and performance testing.
This document discusses fundamentals of software testing. It explains why testing is necessary to find defects that could harm people or companies. Testing helps ensure quality by evaluating if software meets requirements. There are limitations to testing, as exhaustive testing of all combinations is not feasible. The document compares software testing to driving tests, noting both involve planning tests, evaluating results against requirements, and making risk-based pass/fail decisions. It discusses using both static and dynamic testing to achieve test objectives like finding defects and gaining confidence in quality.
The document provides an overview of software testing fundamentals. It discusses the role of testing in the software development life cycle and how testing helps improve quality. It defines software testing as a process involving planning, preparation, execution and evaluation. Both static and dynamic testing methods are used to test software products as well as related documentation. The document also compares software testing to driving tests, noting they both involve planning, static and dynamic elements, evaluation against requirements, and aim to demonstrate fitness for purpose while detecting defects.
The document discusses software engineering and the software development life cycle. It describes the typical phases of software engineering including requirements specification, architectural design, detailed design, coding and testing, integration, and maintenance. It also discusses verification and validation activities to ensure the software meets specifications and requirements. Prototyping techniques are discussed as part of an iterative design process to overcome issues with incomplete requirements gathering.
Unit1 17-08-2020 HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTIONRoselin Mary S
This document provides an overview of human-computer interaction (HCI). It discusses why HCI is important, defining HCI and describing the user, computer, and interaction. It then covers the different input and output channels humans use, including the senses of vision, hearing, touch, and motor control. For each input channel, it describes the anatomical structures and processing involved. The document emphasizes that understanding human factors is crucial for designing intuitive and effective interfaces.
This document discusses different classes of defects that can occur during software development and testing. It identifies four main defect classes:
1. Requirement/specification defects that occur early in ambiguous, incomplete, or contradictory requirements documents.
2. Design defects that happen when system components or their interactions are incorrectly designed, such as flaws in algorithms, control logic, or interface descriptions.
3. Coding defects resulting from errors implementing code, including issues with algorithms, control structures, data types, interfaces, and documentation.
4. Testing defects in test harnesses, cases, and procedures that could lead to incorrect or incomplete testing. The classes of defects guide strategies for test planning and design.
Service Oriented Architecture -Unit II - Modeling databases in xml Roselin Mary S
Modeling databases in xml
Steps:
1. Review the database schema.
2. Construct the desired XML document.
3. Define a schema for the XML document.
4. Create the JAXB binding schema.
5. Generate the JAXB classes based on the schema.
6. Develop a Data Access Object (DAO).
7. Develop a servlet for HTTP access.
The document discusses XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), which is used to style XML documents. Some key points:
- XSL is to XML what CSS is to HTML - it controls how XML documents are displayed.
- XSL has three main parts: XSLT for transforming XML, XPath for navigating XML, and XSL-FO for formatting XML.
- XSLT uses XSLT stylesheets to define transformation rules that are applied to XML documents to generate output like XML, HTML or text.
- Advantages of XSLT include being programming language independent and allowing output to be altered by modifying the XSL stylesheet without changing code.
Service Oriented Architecture- UNIT 2- XSLRoselin Mary S
The document discusses XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), which is used to style XML documents. It provides an overview of XSLT (XSL Transformations), XPath, and XSL-FO. It then gives more details on XSLT, explaining how XSLT stylesheets are used to define transformation rules that are applied to XML documents to generate formatted output. Key advantages of XSLT are that transformations are written separately from code, allowing for quick output changes. An example is provided of using XSLT to transform an XML document of student data into an HTML table for display.
Service Oriented Architecture - Unit II - Sax Roselin Mary S
The document provides information about SAX (Simple API for XML), which is an event-based parser for XML documents. Unlike DOM parsers, SAX parsers do not create a parse tree in memory. SAX parsers read XML documents sequentially from top to bottom and generate events to notify applications as elements, attributes, and text are encountered. The document discusses why SAX is used, supported languages, versions of SAX, popular SAX APIs, and how SAX parsing works through callback methods in a ContentHandler interface.
XML is a markup language that focuses on data rather than presentation. It allows users to define their own elements and tags to structure information in a way that is understandable by both humans and machines. XML documents contain elements that describe the document's structure and content. Elements are delimited by tags like <tagname>element content</tagname> and may have attributes that provide additional information. The XML specification was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium to allow structured data to be shared across different systems.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. IT 8076 Software Testing
UNIT – I – PART 2
Dr. S. Roselin Mary,
Professor & Head
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(NBA Accredited)
Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Chennai
2. • Error is a mistake , misconception/misunderstanding
on the part of a s/w developer.
• A Fault/Defect is introduced into s/w as a result of an
error . It is an anomaly in the s/w that may cause it to
behave incorrectly, and not according to its
specification
• A Failure is the inability of a software
system/component to perform its required functions
within specified performance requirements
A fault in the code doesn’t
always produce a failure.
Justify.
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DR.S.ROSELIN MARY, PROFESSOR &
HOD/CSE
3. • s/w that easily reveals its faults as failures is said
to be more testable.
• A Test case in a practical sense is a test related
item which contains the following information:
– A set of test Inputs: These are data items received
from an external source by the code under test. The
external source can be h/w, s/w or human.
– Execution conditions: These are conditions required
for running the test, for example, a certain state of a
database, or a configuration of a h/w device.
– Expected outputs: These are the specified results to
be produced by the code under test
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4. • Test
A test is a group of related test cases, or a group of related
test cases and test procedures.
Test set group of related tests
Test suite group of related tests that are associated with a
database and usually run together
• Test Oracle
A test oracle is a document, or piece of software that allows
testers to determine whether a test has been passed or
failed.
• Test Bed
A test bed is an environment that contains all the hardware
and software needed to test a software component or a
software system.
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DR.S.ROSELIN MARY, PROFESSOR &
HOD/CSE
5. • Software Quality – IEEE std definitions
1. Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component,
or process meets specified requirements.
2. Quality relates to the degree to which a system, system component,
or process meets customer or user needs, or expectations.
• Metrics
A metric is a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system,
system component, or process possesses a given attribute.
There are product and process metrics.
E.g:
- software product metric is software size, usually measured in lines of
code (LOC).
- Process metrics are costs and time required for a given task.
• Quality metrics:
A Quality metric is a quantitative measurement of the degree to which
an item possesses a given quality attribute
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HOD/CSE
6. Examples of Quality attributes:
• correctness—the degree to which the system performs its intended
function
• reliability—the degree to which the software is expected to perform
its required functions under stated conditions for a stated period of
time
• usability—relates to the degree of effort needed to learn, operate,
prepare input, and interpret output of the software
• integrity—relates to the system’s ability to withstand both intentional
and accidental attacks
• portability—relates to the ability of the software to be transferred
from one environment to another
• maintainability—the effort needed to make changes in the software
• interoperability—the effort needed to link or couple one system to
another.
• Testability –
– the amount of effort needed to test the software to ensure it performs
according to specified requirements ,
– the ability of the software to reveal defects under testing conditions
(some software is designed in such a way that defects are well hidden
during ordinary testing conditions).
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7. • Software Quality Assurance Group
The software quality assurance (SQA) group in an organization has ties
to quality issues. The group serves as the customers’ representative
and advocate. Their responsibility is to look after the customers’
interests.
The software quality assurance (SQA) group is a team of people with
the necessary training and skills to ensure that all necessary actions
are taken during the development process so that the resulting
software conforms to established technical requirements.
• Review
A Review is a group meeting whose purpose is to evaluate a software
artifact or a set of software artifacts.
• Audit
An audit is a special type of review conducted by SQA group to assess
the compliance with specifications, standards and contractual
agreements.
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8. • Software testing Principles:
Principle – Defn
• a general/fundamental law, doctrine/assumption
• A rule or code of conduct
• The laws/facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device
Software Engineering Principles
• laws, rules/ doctrines that relate to software systems, how to build them and how they behave
Testing principles
• guide testers in defining how to test software systems and provide rules of conduct for testers
as professionals
Glenford Myer’s Principles / Execution based testing principles:
1. Testing is the process of exercising a software component using a selected
set of testcases to reveal defects and to evaluate quality
– Supports testing as an execution based activity to detect defects
– Supports the separation of testing from debugging
– Locate the defect & repair the defect
– Software component – to represent any unit of software ranging in size &
complexity from an individual procedure/method to entire software
SOFTWARE TESTING PRINCIPLES
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9. – defects – deviations in the software that have a –ve impact on its specified QA’s
– Bertolino –“Guide to Software Engg Body of Knowledge” – Book – Testing as a dynamic
process that executes a program on values inputs
– Reviews & other static analysis techniques
– Explain
2. When the test objective is to detect defects, then a good test case is one that
has a high probability of revealing yet undetected defects.
– Supports careful test design
– Provides a criterion with which to evaluate test case design and the effectiveness of the
testing efforts to detect defects
– Tester – consider the goal for each test case – which specific type of defect to be
detected by the test case
– Tester – scientist approach – hypothesis –to prove/disprove – explain
3. Test results should be inspected meticulously
– Failure may be overlooked
– Failure may be suspected
– Outcome of the quality test may be misunderstood – unnecessary rework/oversight of a
problem
4. Test case must contain the expected output or result
– Explain
– Quality goals- quantitative terms – explain
5. Test cases should be developed for both valid & invalid input conditions
–explain
6. The probability of the existence of additional defects in a software component
is proportional to the number of defects already detected in that component12/08/2019 9
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HOD/CSE
10. – Explain - defects in two projects
7. Testing should be carried out by a group that is independent of
the development group
– Explain –why
8. Tests must be repeatable and reusable
– Explain the situation-when repeatable and when reusable
9. Testing should be planned
– Test plan for each level & objective for each level
– Objective – quantitatively
– Plans- ensure – adequate time and resources allocated for testing task
– Testing can be monitored & managed
– Test planning – coordinated with project planning
– Testers can’t plan to test a component on a given date until it is
available
– Test risks – evaluated
– Probable delay in delivery of software component
– Identifying the complex and difficult components to test
– Whether adequate training on new tools
– Careful test planning avoids
• wasteful throwaway & unproductive tests
• Unplanned testcycle(test-patch-retest)
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11. 10. Testing activities should be integrated into the software development
lifecycle
– Explain –for each phase
11. Testing is creative & challenging for the tester
Challenges
– Comprehensive knowledge of the software engg discipline
– Knowledge from experience& education – how software is specified, designed
& developed
– Able to manage many details
– Knowledge of fault type& it’s location
– Reason like scientist – propose hypothesis
– Familiarity with a problem domain of the software
– Create & document test cases
– Design & record procedures
– Plan for testing & allocate proper resources
– Execute tests &record results
– Analyse results
– Learn to use new tools
– Education & training
– Cooperation with requirement engineers, designers & developers
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12. 1. Testing is the process of exercising a software component using a selected set of
testcases to reveal defects and to evaluate quality
2. When the test objective is to detect defects, then a good test case is one that has a high
probability of revealing yet undetected defects
3. Test results should be inspected meticulously
4. Test case must contain the expected output or result
5. Test cases should be developed for both valid & invalid input conditions
6. The probability of the existence of additional defects in a software component is
proportional to the number of defects already detected in that component
7. Testing should be carried out by a group that is independent of the development group
8. Tests must be repeatable and reusable
9. Testing should be planned
10. Testing activities should be integrated into the software development lifecycle
11. Testing is creative & challenging for the tester
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DR.S.ROSELIN MARY, PROFESSOR &
HOD/CSE
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13. Tester’s role in software development
organization
• tester Vs Developer –their role
• tester Vs requirements engineers - system& acceptance
test
• tester Vs designer – integration & unit test
• tester Vs project manager – test plan
• tester Vs upper management
• tester Vs SQA people
• TMM level 1, 2 – no independent group
• TMM level 3, 4 – Independent testing group
• Need for support of management
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HOD/CSE
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14. DEFECTS
• Origins of defects :
Effect of defects –quality
1. Education – Eg:order of precedence operators
2. Communication – interfacing modules – error
checking code absence
3. Oversight – omitted to do – omit initialization
4. Transcription – Knows what to do but makes a mistake
– misspelling a variable name
5. Process – process used by software engineer
misdirected his action – development process – no
sufficient time for detailed specification
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16. • Tester develops hypotheses about possible
defects. Test cases are then designed based on
hypotheses. Hypotheses are used to
• Design test cases
• Design test procedures
• Assemble test sets
• Select the testing levels
• Evaluate the results of the tests
– A successful testing experiment will prove that the
hypothesis is true. (i.e) the hypothesized defect was
present.
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HOD/CSE
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17. • Fault model – link between the error made and the fault / defect in
software
• It shows defects, testing and diagnosis relationship
– digital system engineers describe similar models
– link physical defects in digital components to electrical effects in the
resulting digital system
– physical defects – due to manufacturing errors, component wear out,
environmental defects
– fault models are used to generate fault list/dictionary
– from the fault dictionary
• faults can be selected
• test inputs developed for digital components
• effectiveness of test – number of faults as expressed in the model & those
revealed by test
• software engineer – not concerned with
– physical defect
– relationship between software failures and defects
– their origins – not mapped
• use the fault model concept & fault list – in memory –experience –to
test & debug
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HOD/CSE
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18. Creation of defect database/defect repository:
• Supports storage & retrieval of defect data from all projects in a
centrally accessible location
• Defect classification scheme- necessary for developing the defect
repository
• Repository – organized by projects – for all projects defects of each
class are logged & their frequency of occurrence, impact on
operation & useful comments
• Cataloging defects
• Supplementary information
• Staff - how utilizing
• Usage of Data
• Beizer, IEEE std, Grady, Kaner – defect classes
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