This document discusses key concepts in geography. It defines geography as the study of the natural environment and human-environment interactions. It also defines important geographic concepts like landscape, cartography, map projections, thematic maps, weather, climate, and atmospheric and climatic factors. It provides examples of different map types and details the key elements that make up weather, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind. It also distinguishes between weather and climate and describes several major climate zones between the Tropics and Polar Circles based on factors like temperature, precipitation, and seasonality.

2. Γεωγραφία – ‘Earth description’.
Main branches:
• Physical Geography: study of processes and
patterns in the natural environment.
• Human Geography: it deals the study of people
and their communities, cultures, economies and
interactions with the environment by studying
their relations with and across space and place.
Purpose of Geography: to identify, contextualise,
describe, explain and relate the different facts and
phenomena that are associated with territories

3. LANDSCAPE:
All the visible features of an area of land
resulting from the interaction of the
natural environment and the human
activity.
Elements which condition each other:
- Natural environment
- Historical human activity
- Current human activity

4. Cartography  science in charge of studying and making maps.

5. Map projections

7. * Cylindrical
projections:
Mercator
projection.

8. * Cylindrical
projections:
Mercator
projection.

9. * Cylindrical projections:
Gall-Peters projection.

10. * Cylindrical projections: comparing
projections: Mercator and Gall-
Peters.

11. * Conical projections.

12. * Conical projections.

13. * Planar projections.

14. * United Nations.

15. The elements of
maps
TITLE
ARROW
SCALE
KEY

17. Topographic
map
Mapa
Topográfico
Nacional

21. Thematic maps

26. Street map

32. Atmosphere  Layer of gas (air) that surrounds the
Earth.
It regulates our planet's temperature  Air currents

33. Weather: state of the atmosphere in a specific place and time.
Elements: air temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure and wind.
Climate: average state of the atmosphere (or atmospheric conditions) in a given place
through a long period of time (25-30 years).
Factors: latitude, relief and distance from the sea.

34. ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER
Air temperature  Result of solar
radiation

36. ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER
Air humidity  Consequence of the precipitations, the temperatures and the winds.

37. ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER
Precipitation  condensation of water vapour of the atmosphere, in the clouds.

39. ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER
Atmospheric pressure  force of the air on the surface of the ground. It depends on altitude,
temperature and air currents.

42. ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER
Winds  moving air masses caused when two places have different atmospheric pressures,
from high-pressure areas (dense, cold air) to low-pressure areas (light, warm air)

44. CLIMATIC FACTORS
Latitude  Distance from the Equator. It is therefore related with the solar radiation

45. CLIMATIC FACTORS
Altitude  From the sea level. Less air density. One degree less every 100 metres o altitude.
Also, mountain ranges may stop wind currents.

46. Föhn effect

47. CLIMATIC FACTORS
Distance from the sea  the seas and oceans regulate the temperatures. Sea breezes.

48. Between the Tropics.
Average temperature  > 20º.

49. :
Near the Equator. No seasonality.
Very high precipitation (over 1500-2000 mm per year).
Very high temperatures throughout the year.

51. :
Surrounding the Equatorial climate. Dry and wet season.
Very high temperatures all year long.
Precipitation: 750-1500 mm per year.

53. :
Around the tropics. No seasonality.
Very high temperatures (great differences between day and night).
Very scarce precipitation (less than 150 mm).

55. Between the Tropics and the
Polar Circles (30º-60º N & S).
Average temperature  0º-20º.
Seasonality summer-winter

56. :
Between 45º and 65º N and S, on the coasts of continents.
Mild temperatures. Not very cold winters (not below -3º C) and cool summers.
Abundant and regular precipitation (around 800 mm a year).

60. :
Between 30º and 45º N and S.
Warm summers and cool winters. Moderate and irregular precipitation (300-800 mm).
Very dry summer. Gota fría in spring and autumn.

64. :
Interior of continents in the northern hemisphere.
Very cold winters (below -3º C) and warm summers.
Moderate precipitations (300-800 mm), mostly in the summer. Snow in the winter.

67. Between the Polar Circles and
the Poles, and high mountains.

68. :
Between the polar circles and the poles. Very low temperatures, never over 10º C.
Scarce precipitations (less than 250-300 mm), and mostly snow (cold or frozen deserts)

74. :
In any latitude; it depends on the altitude.
Average temperatures  10º C or less. Very cold winters, and cool summers.
Abundant precipitations (over 1000 mm). Snow in the winter.