The document summarizes the major periods of prehistory and history based on archaeological and written records. It outlines three main divisions: the Prehistoric period characterized by the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages; the period of Ancient History defined by the earliest civilizations and the emergence of writing around 3500 BCE; and the period of Recorded History from around 3000 BCE to the present day, broken into further subdivisions.

3. • The period for which no written
record is available.
• Data on these are based on the
artifacts and fossils derived from
archeological findings.

8. In the study of prehistoric times,
archaeologists have divided the periods
following the ice age into three groups:
• The Stone Age,
• Bronze Age, and
• Iron Age.

10. The Stone Age begins with the first
production of stone implements and ends
with the first use of bronze. The earliest
global date for the beginning of the Stone
Age is 2.5 million years ago in Africa, and the
earliest end date is about 3300 BCE, which is
the beginning of Bronze Age in the Near
East.

11. THE STONE AGE IS
ALSO DIVIDED INTO
THREE DIFFERENT
PERIODS.

12. From the first production of
stone artifacts, about 2.5 million
years ago, to the end of the last Ice
Age, about 9,600 BCE. This is the
longest Stone Age period.

14. In purely scientific terms, the Mesolithic
begins at the end of a period known in geology
as the Younger Dryas stadial, the last cold
snap, which marks the end of Ice Age, about
9,600 BCE. The Mesolithic period ends when
agriculture starts. This is the time of the late
hunter-gatherers.

16. Begins with the introduction of
farming, dating variously from c. 9,000
BCE in the Near East, c. 7,000 BCE in
Southeast Europe, c. 6,000 BCE in East
Asia, and even later in other regions.
This is the time when cereal cultivation
and animal domestication was
introduced.

18. The Bronze Age is the second part of the
three-age system for classifying and studying
prehistoric societies, particularly the ancient
societies of the Mediterranean and Near
East. More broadly, the Bronze Age of any
culture is the period during which the most
advanced metalworking (at least in
systematic and widespread use) in that
culture uses bronze.

20. The Iron Age was the stage in the
development of any people in which tools and
weapons whose main ingredient was iron
were prominent. The adoption of this
material often coincided with other changes
in society, including differing agricultural
practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles.

23. • The period for which written
records are already available.
• Data regarding this period are
derived from primary and
secondary sources.

24. • Ancient times
• The Dark Ages in Europe and the Byzantine
Empire
• The Medieval Ages
• The Age of Renaissance
• The Age of Exploration, Discovery, and Expansion
• The Contemporary Time

25. This is the period which is characterized by the emergence of
great civilizations in the East and in the West. The civilizations which
emerged in the East and which are given great importance are those
which emerged in the river valleys, namely, the civilizations in the Nile
River Valley, Hindus River Valley, Yellow River Valley, and the Tigris-
Euphrates River Valley.

26. On the other hand, the West gave birth to the great
civilizations of Greece and Rome. Each of these civilizations
gave rise to political, social, and philosophical thoughts and
structures that greatly influenced their neighbors.

28. THE SPAN OF RECORDED HISTORY IS ROUGHLY 5,000
YEARS, BEGINNING WITH SUMERIAN CUNEIFORM SCRIPT, THE
OLDEST DISCOVERED FORM OF COHERENT WRITING.
Cuneiform is a system of writing
first developed by the ancient
Sumerians of Mesopotamia c.
3500-3000 BCE.

29. A section of the Papyrus of
Ani showing cursive
hieroglyphs.
Hieroglyphs on an
Egyptian funerary stela
Egyptian hieroglyphs were a formal writing
system used by the ancient egyptians that combined
logographic and alphabetic elements.
Hieroglyphs typical of
the Graeco-Roman
period

36. This is the period characterized by the barbarian invasion and
cultural stagnation in Europe. It started with the fall of Rome and is
coupled with rise of the Byzantine Empire in the East followed by the
emergence of the Muslim power.
DARK AGES BYZANTINE EMPIRE

37. The early medieval period of western
european history. Generally, the period
between about 500 and 1000, which was
marked by frequent warfare and a virtual
disappearance of urban life.
It refers to the period of time between
the fall of the Roman Empire and the
beginning of the Italian Renaissance and
the Age of Discovery.

39. The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman
Empire, was the predominantly Greek-speaking
continuation of the eastern part of the Roman
Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle
Ages.

40. Hagia sophia (church of the holy wisdom) in
constantinople (532-37)
The City of Constantinople
in 1453

41. This period is also known as the Middle Ages and
the Age of Faith. As such it is characterized by the
emergence of the power of the church and its
tremendous effect on the historical development of the
nations in Europe. During this period, Feudalism was
institutionalized. There was growth in the number of
towns and cities. Merchant guilds were organized and
crusade movements were born. This was coupled with
the emergence of the Ottoman Turks in the East.

46. Feudalism was the medieval model of
government predating the birth of the modern
nation-state. Feudal society is a military
hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers
mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficium),
a unit of land to control in exchange for a
military service.

48. The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the
Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle
Ages and Late Middle Ages.

49. For this period, emphasis is given to the great political, cultural,
intellectual and scientific revolutions of the time. If faith was the
greatest influence during the Middle Ages, humanism became the
greatest spirit which influenced the period of Renaissance. This Age also
gave birth to the religious upheavals in Europe, giving way to the
periods of Reformation and Counter-reformation.

50. Leonardo da vinci's vitruvian man shows clearly the effect writers of
antiquity had on renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in
vitruvius' de architectura (1st century BC), leonardo tried to draw
the perfectly proportioned man.

51. Florence, the center of Renaissance.

52. Château de chambord (1519–1547) is one of the most famous
examples of renaissance architecture.

53. Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that
followed the plague which devastated medieval Europe.

54. This age was brought about by the powerful inventions of
the previous Age. Stories of the adventures of explorers stirred
the European interest for wealth beyond their horizons. The
conquest of new lands in the various continents of the world
marked this period.
The Age of Exploration or Age of Discovery as it is
sometimes called, officially began in the early 15th century and
lasted until the 17th century. The period is characterized as a
time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search
of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routes. In
addition, some explorers set sail to simply learn more about the
world. Whatever their reasons though, the information gained
during the Age of Exploration significantly helped in the
advancement of geographic knowledge.

58. Cantino planisphere 1502, earliest surviving chart showing the explorations of Columbus to
Central America, Corte-Real to Newfoundland, Gama to India and Cabral to Brazil. Tordesillas
line depicted, Biblioteca Estense, Modena

59. The four voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492–1503

60. Victoria, the single ship to have completed the first world circumnavigation.
(Detail from Maris Pacifici by Ortelius, 1589.)

61. This period features the rise of modern
nationalism, the shift from the old to the
new political, social and economic thoughts
which shaped the history of the 19th century.
This period witnessed the birth of new
nations, the wars that shocked them.

62. • Pre-Hispanic
• Hispanic
• American
• The Commonwealth
• Independent Philippine Republic