The document discusses the unique role and design requirements of wind turbine step-up (WTSU) transformers. WTSU transformers differ from conventional distribution transformers and generator step-up transformers in several key ways. They experience wide variations in loading from intermittent wind, harmonic loads from electronic controls, must be sized without overload capacity, and must withstand faults while wind turbines remain connected to the grid. As a result, the document argues that WTSU transformers require a uniquely robust design that is tailored to their operating conditions and is not suited for conventional "off the shelf" transformers.
A substation is part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low levels or vice versa. There are four main types: generating station switchyards, customer substations for large customers, system substations that transfer bulk power, and distribution substations that directly supply most customers. Substations contain equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars arranged in different configurations depending on factors like system voltage and flexibility needs.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
This document presents a facilities plan for a grid station. It discusses what a grid station is and its key functions, which include voltage regulation, transformation, power monitoring and connecting generators to the system. It also covers factors to consider when selecting a location, such as costs, capacity and transport access. The main types of grid station layouts are described as well as the essential components, which include switchgear, transformers and power line communication equipment. Fire safety strategies for the station are also outlined.
Two sub-transmission lines from New Multan 500 kv and Vehari 132 kv feed into the Qasim-pur grid station. The main components in the grid station include current transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, tie breakers, bus bars, lightning arresters, potential transformers, and a capacitor bank. The control room houses measuring, controlling and isolating devices like relays, circuit breakers, meters to monitor amps, energy, and power factor. A battery room provides DC power to the controlling devices through a series connection of dry cell batteries.
A line reactor (also referred to as an electrical reactor or a choke) is a variable frequency drive (VFD) accessory that consists of a coil of wire that forms a magnetic field as current flows through it
The document describes the 132KV Bharwa Sumerpur substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL). It provides an overview of UPPTCL and discusses the key components of the substation, including transformers, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, isolators, and relays. Diagrams of the substation's single line diagram and components like circuit breakers are presented to explain their functions in electricity transmission and protection.
This document provides an overview of a 132kV grid substation (GSS) in Jodhpur, India. It discusses the layout and components of the substation, including isolators, busbars, circuit breakers, power transformers, instrument transformers, Buchholz relays, earthing methods, and power line carrier communication. The key components, functions, and operating principles of these elements are explained at a high level.
A substation is part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low levels or vice versa. There are four main types: generating station switchyards, customer substations for large customers, system substations that transfer bulk power, and distribution substations that directly supply most customers. Substations contain equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars arranged in different configurations depending on factors like system voltage and flexibility needs.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
This document presents a facilities plan for a grid station. It discusses what a grid station is and its key functions, which include voltage regulation, transformation, power monitoring and connecting generators to the system. It also covers factors to consider when selecting a location, such as costs, capacity and transport access. The main types of grid station layouts are described as well as the essential components, which include switchgear, transformers and power line communication equipment. Fire safety strategies for the station are also outlined.
Two sub-transmission lines from New Multan 500 kv and Vehari 132 kv feed into the Qasim-pur grid station. The main components in the grid station include current transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, tie breakers, bus bars, lightning arresters, potential transformers, and a capacitor bank. The control room houses measuring, controlling and isolating devices like relays, circuit breakers, meters to monitor amps, energy, and power factor. A battery room provides DC power to the controlling devices through a series connection of dry cell batteries.
A line reactor (also referred to as an electrical reactor or a choke) is a variable frequency drive (VFD) accessory that consists of a coil of wire that forms a magnetic field as current flows through it
The document describes the 132KV Bharwa Sumerpur substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL). It provides an overview of UPPTCL and discusses the key components of the substation, including transformers, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, isolators, and relays. Diagrams of the substation's single line diagram and components like circuit breakers are presented to explain their functions in electricity transmission and protection.
This document provides an overview of a 132kV grid substation (GSS) in Jodhpur, India. It discusses the layout and components of the substation, including isolators, busbars, circuit breakers, power transformers, instrument transformers, Buchholz relays, earthing methods, and power line carrier communication. The key components, functions, and operating principles of these elements are explained at a high level.
The document describes the 132kV Vaishali substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, capacitor banks, relays, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it to various outgoing 33kV feeders serving the local area. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout and components that make up the substation.
This presentation provides an overview of substations, including their classification, components, and functions. It discusses the different types of substations such as transformer substations, pole-mounted substations, and underground substations. Transformer substations are classified as step-up, primary grid, secondary, and distribution substations based on their voltage levels. Pole-mounted substations are constructed on poles for distribution. Underground substations are used in congested areas with limited space. The presentation also describes key equipment in substations like circuit breakers, transformers, isolators, and their protective functions.
A switchyard contains only transmission equipment and operates at a single voltage level to deliver power from a generation plant directly to the transmission grid. A substation uses transformers to step-up or step-down voltage for efficient transmission over long distances and distribution to meet varying consumer needs, including homes, businesses, and industrial facilities like factories. Substations are placed at regular intervals along transmission lines based on the power requirements of downstream consumers. They provide voltage transformations and bypass capabilities to transmit electricity to multiple locations.
Training report of secl , khairha coal mine , sohagpur area for electricalPiyush Dwivedi
This document provides details about a trainee's summer training report at the South Eastern Coalfield Limited (SECL) underground mine in Khairha, India. It includes:
1) An overview of the 33/11kV substation at Khairha mine and the underground electrical power system.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in substations, including power transformers, instrument transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Specifications of the current transformers used in the 33/11kV substation.
4) Information about substation components like busbars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, and miscellaneous equipment.
5) Details
The document discusses the design of power substations. It defines a substation as an assembly of apparatus used to change characteristics of electrical supply like voltage, frequency, and power factor. It notes substations receive high voltage energy from generating stations and reduce the voltage for local distribution while providing switching facilities. The document covers classification of substations by service requirement and constructional features. It also describes common substation equipment, auxiliaries, and considerations for designing substations.
This document describes the TT Nagar 33/11kV substation. It was established in 2002 to transform incoming 33kV power to 11kV to supply approximately 52,000 customers. It includes 3 operators and 3 linemen overseen by 1 junior engineer. In 2004, it was expanded to also supply Meharbaan Singh Ka Purva. The single line diagram shows how 132kV power enters and is stepped down to 33kV and 11kV to supply the local areas. The substation contains various equipment for transforming, protecting, and distributing power, including transformers, circuit breakers, protective relays, grounding systems, batteries, switchgear, and a fire suppression system.
1. The document provides an overview of electric power systems, including generating stations, transmission systems, distribution networks, and grid substations.
2. It describes the single line diagram and equipment details of a 132kV grid substation in Jodhpur, India, including transformers, circuit breakers, feeders, and control systems.
3. The substation receives power via two 132kV transmission lines and distributes it through eight 33kV and 13 11kV feeders serving the local area.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on a summer training at a 132/33 kV sub-station in Allahabad, India. It discusses key equipment used in sub-stations including transformers, protection devices like Buchholz relays and silica gel breathers, cooling equipment, and other critical infrastructure like circuit breakers, capacitor banks, potential and current transformers, isolators, and insulators. It also describes the functions of this equipment and why they are important components of the power distribution system.
The major components of a typical substation include air circuit breakers, buses, capacitors, circuit switchers, conduits, control houses, converter stations, current transformers, disconnect switches, distribution buses, duct runs, frequency changers, grounding equipment, high-voltage cables, fuses, lightning arresters, manholes, metal-clad switchgear, meters, microwave systems, oil circuit breakers, potheads, and voltage transformers. Capacitor voltage transformers are used to transform high voltages to low voltages suitable for meters, relays and other equipment and provide insulation between high voltage and low voltage circuits.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document provides an overview of safety management and equipment at a Vestas substation in India. It discusses unsafe actions by personnel that can cause accidents. It then describes different types of fire extinguishers - soda acid, foam, and dry chemical powder - and how to operate each one. Finally, it outlines the various equipment found at a 110/11kV substation, including bus bars, transformers, breakers, protective devices, and more. The layout and functions of the key functional equipment are explained.
In this post we are sharing information regarding Distribution Transformer Ultimate Power Suppliers for end use. A distribution transformer functionality is straightforward; it is responsible for outputting the correct voltage. There are several formats of transformers used in distribution systems, designed each one as per its requirement.
The document describes the key components of a power plant substation or switching station, including busbars, disconnects, circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, earthing switches, surge arrestors, and overhead ground wires. It provides details on the function of each component and recommended preventative maintenance schedules and tasks for each, such as visual inspections, cleaning, checking connections, and testing grounding systems. Maintenance is recommended at least monthly for some components and at least yearly for others.
The conversion substation receives 220kV power from the captive power plant and uses regulating and rectifying transformers to convert it to DC power for the potlines, protecting the equipment through busbar protection, circuit breakers, and other devices. It performs three transformations: changing the voltage, converting from AC to DC, and converting a constant voltage input to a constant current output for electrolysis in the potlines. Protection devices like Buchholz relays, pressure relief valves, snubbers, and HRC fuses are used to protect the transformers and rectifiers from faults and overloads.
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
Introduction
Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Economic Loading of Distribution Transformer PPTSANTOSHYADAV406
This document summarizes a presentation on the economic loading of distribution transformers. It discusses the types of distribution transformers, including large transformers used for receiving energy from higher voltages and stepping it down, and small transformers used to step down three-phase high voltage to low voltage for energy distribution. It also discusses several parameters important for the economic loading of distribution transformers, including the life of the equipment, sensitivity studies to determine the effects of changing various factors, the annual cost to own a transformer based on losses, demand charges, initial costs, and more, and the operating efficiency as measured by all-day efficiency over 24 hours.
1. Microprocessor-based current differential relays can provide superior protection for transmission lines but applying them to lines with tapped transformers presents challenges. Currents are not measured at tap points.
2. Key issues are the load current from taps appearing as a differential error, faults at the low voltage side of taps misleading the relay, and magnetizing inrush current. Distance elements and removing zero-sequence current can help address these issues.
3. Solutions proposed in the document include using biased characteristics, adaptive compensation for charging currents, distance supervision set to avoid taps, and removing zero-sequence current from the differential signal. Careful setting is needed to balance security and sensitivity.
The document summarizes a presentation on vocational training provided by CSPDCL. It discusses the training location and dates, supervisor, and topics covered including substation equipment, types of transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, fuses, and protection schemes. It also reviews maintenance procedures for transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and discusses capacitor banks for power factor improvement.
Report on matched-melt coordination as used for selecting windfarm fusespacificcresttrans
Matched-melt coordination as defined in IEEE C37.48 is a variation of time-current curve coordination that is used to ensure that the expulsion fuse melts open during any overload or fault condition.
Harnessing wind energy to perform work is not a new concept.
Since the earliest of times, wind power has captured with sails to allow traders, merchants and explorers to ply their trades and discover the world around them.
The document describes the 132kV Vaishali substation of the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, capacitor banks, relays, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it to various outgoing 33kV feeders serving the local area. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the layout and components that make up the substation.
This presentation provides an overview of substations, including their classification, components, and functions. It discusses the different types of substations such as transformer substations, pole-mounted substations, and underground substations. Transformer substations are classified as step-up, primary grid, secondary, and distribution substations based on their voltage levels. Pole-mounted substations are constructed on poles for distribution. Underground substations are used in congested areas with limited space. The presentation also describes key equipment in substations like circuit breakers, transformers, isolators, and their protective functions.
A switchyard contains only transmission equipment and operates at a single voltage level to deliver power from a generation plant directly to the transmission grid. A substation uses transformers to step-up or step-down voltage for efficient transmission over long distances and distribution to meet varying consumer needs, including homes, businesses, and industrial facilities like factories. Substations are placed at regular intervals along transmission lines based on the power requirements of downstream consumers. They provide voltage transformations and bypass capabilities to transmit electricity to multiple locations.
Training report of secl , khairha coal mine , sohagpur area for electricalPiyush Dwivedi
This document provides details about a trainee's summer training report at the South Eastern Coalfield Limited (SECL) underground mine in Khairha, India. It includes:
1) An overview of the 33/11kV substation at Khairha mine and the underground electrical power system.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in substations, including power transformers, instrument transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Specifications of the current transformers used in the 33/11kV substation.
4) Information about substation components like busbars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, and miscellaneous equipment.
5) Details
The document discusses the design of power substations. It defines a substation as an assembly of apparatus used to change characteristics of electrical supply like voltage, frequency, and power factor. It notes substations receive high voltage energy from generating stations and reduce the voltage for local distribution while providing switching facilities. The document covers classification of substations by service requirement and constructional features. It also describes common substation equipment, auxiliaries, and considerations for designing substations.
This document describes the TT Nagar 33/11kV substation. It was established in 2002 to transform incoming 33kV power to 11kV to supply approximately 52,000 customers. It includes 3 operators and 3 linemen overseen by 1 junior engineer. In 2004, it was expanded to also supply Meharbaan Singh Ka Purva. The single line diagram shows how 132kV power enters and is stepped down to 33kV and 11kV to supply the local areas. The substation contains various equipment for transforming, protecting, and distributing power, including transformers, circuit breakers, protective relays, grounding systems, batteries, switchgear, and a fire suppression system.
1. The document provides an overview of electric power systems, including generating stations, transmission systems, distribution networks, and grid substations.
2. It describes the single line diagram and equipment details of a 132kV grid substation in Jodhpur, India, including transformers, circuit breakers, feeders, and control systems.
3. The substation receives power via two 132kV transmission lines and distributes it through eight 33kV and 13 11kV feeders serving the local area.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on a summer training at a 132/33 kV sub-station in Allahabad, India. It discusses key equipment used in sub-stations including transformers, protection devices like Buchholz relays and silica gel breathers, cooling equipment, and other critical infrastructure like circuit breakers, capacitor banks, potential and current transformers, isolators, and insulators. It also describes the functions of this equipment and why they are important components of the power distribution system.
The major components of a typical substation include air circuit breakers, buses, capacitors, circuit switchers, conduits, control houses, converter stations, current transformers, disconnect switches, distribution buses, duct runs, frequency changers, grounding equipment, high-voltage cables, fuses, lightning arresters, manholes, metal-clad switchgear, meters, microwave systems, oil circuit breakers, potheads, and voltage transformers. Capacitor voltage transformers are used to transform high voltages to low voltages suitable for meters, relays and other equipment and provide insulation between high voltage and low voltage circuits.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document provides an overview of safety management and equipment at a Vestas substation in India. It discusses unsafe actions by personnel that can cause accidents. It then describes different types of fire extinguishers - soda acid, foam, and dry chemical powder - and how to operate each one. Finally, it outlines the various equipment found at a 110/11kV substation, including bus bars, transformers, breakers, protective devices, and more. The layout and functions of the key functional equipment are explained.
In this post we are sharing information regarding Distribution Transformer Ultimate Power Suppliers for end use. A distribution transformer functionality is straightforward; it is responsible for outputting the correct voltage. There are several formats of transformers used in distribution systems, designed each one as per its requirement.
The document describes the key components of a power plant substation or switching station, including busbars, disconnects, circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, earthing switches, surge arrestors, and overhead ground wires. It provides details on the function of each component and recommended preventative maintenance schedules and tasks for each, such as visual inspections, cleaning, checking connections, and testing grounding systems. Maintenance is recommended at least monthly for some components and at least yearly for others.
The conversion substation receives 220kV power from the captive power plant and uses regulating and rectifying transformers to convert it to DC power for the potlines, protecting the equipment through busbar protection, circuit breakers, and other devices. It performs three transformations: changing the voltage, converting from AC to DC, and converting a constant voltage input to a constant current output for electrolysis in the potlines. Protection devices like Buchholz relays, pressure relief valves, snubbers, and HRC fuses are used to protect the transformers and rectifiers from faults and overloads.
On load tap changer in a.c. locomotive transformer & air blast circuit b...vishalgohel12195
On load tap changer In A.C. locomotive transformer & Air blast circuit breaker
Introduction
Block diagram of A.C. Locomotive
Equipment of locomotive & their function
Advantages
Disadvantages
Economic Loading of Distribution Transformer PPTSANTOSHYADAV406
This document summarizes a presentation on the economic loading of distribution transformers. It discusses the types of distribution transformers, including large transformers used for receiving energy from higher voltages and stepping it down, and small transformers used to step down three-phase high voltage to low voltage for energy distribution. It also discusses several parameters important for the economic loading of distribution transformers, including the life of the equipment, sensitivity studies to determine the effects of changing various factors, the annual cost to own a transformer based on losses, demand charges, initial costs, and more, and the operating efficiency as measured by all-day efficiency over 24 hours.
1. Microprocessor-based current differential relays can provide superior protection for transmission lines but applying them to lines with tapped transformers presents challenges. Currents are not measured at tap points.
2. Key issues are the load current from taps appearing as a differential error, faults at the low voltage side of taps misleading the relay, and magnetizing inrush current. Distance elements and removing zero-sequence current can help address these issues.
3. Solutions proposed in the document include using biased characteristics, adaptive compensation for charging currents, distance supervision set to avoid taps, and removing zero-sequence current from the differential signal. Careful setting is needed to balance security and sensitivity.
The document summarizes a presentation on vocational training provided by CSPDCL. It discusses the training location and dates, supervisor, and topics covered including substation equipment, types of transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, fuses, and protection schemes. It also reviews maintenance procedures for transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, and discusses capacitor banks for power factor improvement.
Report on matched-melt coordination as used for selecting windfarm fusespacificcresttrans
Matched-melt coordination as defined in IEEE C37.48 is a variation of time-current curve coordination that is used to ensure that the expulsion fuse melts open during any overload or fault condition.
Harnessing wind energy to perform work is not a new concept.
Since the earliest of times, wind power has captured with sails to allow traders, merchants and explorers to ply their trades and discover the world around them.
The definition of the "Smart Grid" is something that is taking shape. Utility professionals concur on some aspects and ideas of what the smart grid should be, but there are still grey areas that, however, promise to become clearer soon.
The first quarter of 2009 has ushered in a new era for the alternate energy market in the US. This has resulted in a visible increase in interest on alternate energy technologies. Most would think the attention to alternate energy has come just in time, especially with the rise in fossil fuel prices, stringent environmental regulations, and significant changes in preferences among consumers.
Pacific Crest padmounted transformers are designed for use in distribution applications as well as for dedicated loads, and are designed for ease of installation and first cost savings.
The United States, like many other countries worldwide, is experiencing a growing concern about the environment. Currently more the domain of activists and environmental organizations, it is only a matter of times before these concerns grip consumers as well - maybe even to the point when they get discerning enough to question the source of their electricity.
The document discusses power frequency disturbances, which are slower and longer lasting than electrical transients. Common power frequency disturbances include voltage sags caused by starting large loads like motors or arc furnaces, utility faults, and generator or load switching operations. Devices experience effects ranging from light flickering to equipment damage depending on the disturbance characteristics and equipment age. The document outlines various techniques to mitigate low frequency disturbances, such as isolation transformers, voltage regulators, uninterruptible power supply systems, and maintaining voltage levels within equipment tolerance criteria.
IRJET- Load Sharing of Transformer using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to protect transformers from overload conditions by sharing load between multiple transformers using a microcontroller. The system uses three identical transformers connected in parallel. When the load on the primary transformer exceeds its rated capacity, a microcontroller detects this and activates a relay to connect the secondary transformer to share the excess load. If the combined load still exceeds the capacity of the two transformers, the third transformer is connected. This prevents overloading and overheating of any single transformer, improves efficiency, and provides uninterrupted power supply to consumers. The system was tested successfully with multiple transformers sharing load automatically under varying load conditions.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
The document is a report summarizing Shuvam Pathania's industrial training at the 220/132/33 KV Grid Sub Station in Jassure. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those who contributed, a certificate of completion, and a contents listing the topics covered in the report such as the functions of a substation, elements of a substation like circuit breakers and transformers, and an overview of the Jassure Substation.
The document discusses the history and development of transformers over the past 130 years. It describes how transformers enabled the breakthrough of efficient long-distance AC power transmission systems. While the basic principle of a transformer remains unchanged, the technology has advanced tremendously, allowing for higher voltages, efficiencies, and power capacities. ABB is now the world's largest manufacturer of transformers, supplying products for power grids, buildings, industries, and transportation worldwide.
This document discusses important considerations for substituting large power transformers in generating stations. It notes that generating utilities often keep custom spare transformers identical to critical transformers on site. If an exact replacement is unavailable, a substitute must be found that can offer a temporary solution. The document outlines key aspects to consider like physical dimensions and weight, connection layout, and rated frequency when assessing interchangeability of a substitute transformer based on industry standards. Specifically, the rated frequency radically affects transformer design and operation, so a transformer designed for a different frequency could overheat and damage the core if substituted without changes.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
The generator step-up transformer (GSU) increases the voltage from the power plant's generator before transmitting electricity long distances through transmission lines. It consists of coils of wire wrapped around an iron core that uses electromagnetic induction to "step up" the voltage. This higher voltage allows less energy to be lost during transmission to distant substations and consumers. At substations, the voltage is stepped down further for distribution to homes and businesses.
The document provides information about the components and functions of a substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, and relays. It describes three types of circuit breakers used in the Sealdah Power House substation: air circuit breakers, which use high-pressure air to extinguish arcs; vacuum circuit breakers, which take advantage of arc non-sustainability in a vacuum; and oil circuit breakers, which use insulating oil to generate hydrogen gas to extinguish arcs. Specifications are provided for samples of equipment from the Sealdah Power House, including transformers, air circuit breakers, and vacuum circuit breakers.
The document discusses different types of electrical loads and factors related to load assessment. It describes categories of loads such as domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, agricultural and other loads. For each category, it provides the demand factor, diversity factor and load factor. It also discusses various factors related to load such as connected load, maximum demand, power factor. The document then describes different types of cables used in power systems and factors considered for cable selection such as current rating and voltage drop. It also discusses methods of laying underground cables and tests performed on cables.
This document discusses 3-phase transformer protection. It begins with an overview and introduction to 3-phase transformer construction and connections. It then discusses differential protection, restricted earth fault protection, overcurrent protection, and protection against overheating, fire, and lightning. Differential protection and restricted earth fault protection are described in more detail. Protection methods like Buchholz relays and pressure relief valves that protect against incipient faults are also explained. The document emphasizes that transformers are critical and expensive components that require proper protection methods to ensure uninterrupted and efficient operation.
Inrush current reduction in three phase power transformer by using prefluxing...IAEME Publication
This document discusses reducing inrush current in power transformers. It begins by introducing transformers and explaining that inrush current can be up to 10 times the nominal current and cause issues. One method to reduce inrush current is point-on-wave switching, which controls energization based on residual flux. However, measuring residual flux is difficult. The paper proposes a prefluxing technique which sets the initial flux in the transformer before energization using controlled switching. It models a 300MVA, 11/400kV transformer in MATLAB and compares inrush current reduction using point-on-wave switching and prefluxing. The aim is to minimize the peak inrush current and reach steady state current faster.
The document discusses renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. It describes how concentrating solar thermal plants and photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity, and how wind turbines use wind to generate power. It also discusses smart grids, microgrids, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) which help improve power quality and transmission capacity. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is explained as an alternative to AC transmission for long distance or undersea cables.
This document discusses reducing losses in the transmission and distribution system for electricity. It describes the various components of the system and where losses occur, including step-up transformers, transmission lines, substations, distribution lines, transformers, and secondary lines. Losses are caused by resistive (copper) losses from resistance in the materials conducting electricity, and core losses from energizing transformers. Reducing losses can be achieved by optimizing the size of transformers to loads, increasing conductor and transmission line sizes, raising transmission voltages to reduce current, and reducing peak loads through energy efficiency and demand response programs. Reducing losses at any point in the system avoids compounding losses throughout the transmission and distribution process.
The document describes the 132kV Vaishali substation located in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It has two parts - a 132kV switchyard and 33kV switchyard. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it to eight outgoing 33kV feeders. It contains various equipment like transformers, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, isolators, and capacitor banks to transform and distribute power safely and improve power quality.
Voltage and power quality control in wind power applications by svcHari Prasath
This document discusses voltage and power quality control in wind power applications using dynamic compensation. Wind power does not contribute to voltage regulation and can cause voltage fluctuations and flicker. Dynamic compensation of reactive power using thyristor and IGBT technology is proposed to ensure acceptable power quality and availability of grids powered by wind generation. Voltage control is a growing concern as grids become more dependent on wind power. Dynamic reactive power compensation can help address issues caused by the variable and reactive power-consuming nature of asynchronous wind generators.
Wind energy conversion systems using fuzzy controlled statcom for power quaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates power quality issues when connecting a wind energy conversion system to a distribution system. A fuzzy controlled static compensator (F-STATCOM) is proposed to mitigate harmonics produced at the source and load sides. The F-STATCOM controller is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the F-STATCOM is effective at reducing total harmonic distortion and improving power quality by minimizing voltage variations and harmonics at both the source and load sides.
This document provides information about a 132/33 kv sub-station, including a single line diagram and descriptions of its main components. It discusses the transformer, types of transformers, lightning arresters, relays, circuit breakers and their operating principles. The transformer uses electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between coils. Lightning arresters protect equipment from surges, while relays and circuit breakers detect faults and interrupt current flow to protect circuits.
This document provides information about a 132/33 kv sub-station, including a single line diagram and descriptions of its main components. It discusses the transformer, types of transformers including power, instrumental, and RF transformers. It also describes lightning arresters, types of arresters, relays including induction, thermal, and Buchholz relays. Finally, it discusses circuit breakers and types including oil, air blast, and vacuum circuit breakers.
2. Introduction:
Harnessing wind energy to perform work is not a new concept.
Since the earliest of times, wind power has been captured with sails to allow traders,
merchants and explorers to ply their trades and discover the world around them.
On land, windmills have been used for irrigation, grinding grains, and performing crude
manufacturing for centuries. Even the generation of electricity from wind power is not a
new idea. What is new, however, is the scale at which this renewable energy source is
being used today.
Early wind generation served a local need, often supplying power for isolated
equipment. Today, wind energy represents nearly 5% of the US electrical generation
and is targeted to reach 20% in the foreseeable future.
For this to happen, wind turbine outputs need to be gathered, stepped-up to
transmission levels and passed across the nation’s interconnected power grid to the end
users. The role of the Wind Turbine Step-Up (WTSU) transformer in this process is
critical and, as such, its design needs to be carefully and thoughtfully analyzed and
reevaluated in our view.
Historically this WTSU transformer function has been handled by conventional, “off the
shelf” distribution transformers, but the relatively large numbers of recent failures
would strongly suggest that WTSU transformer designs need to be made substantially
more robust. WTSU transformers are neither conventional “off the shelf” distribution
transformers nor are they conventional “off the shelf” power generator step-up
transformers. WTSU transformers fall somewhere in between and as such, we believe,
require a unique design standard.
Although off-shore wind farms using dry-type transformers are beginning to grow in
popularity, for this discussion we will look only at liquid-filled transformers that are
normally associated with inland wind farm sites.
Transformer Loading:
Wind turbine output voltages typically range from 480 volts to 690 volts. This turbine
output is then delivered to the WTSU transformers and transformed to a collector
voltage of 13,800 to 46,000 volts. The turbines are highly dependant upon local
climatic conditions; and this dependency can result in yearly average load factor as low
as 35%. Both conventional distribution transformers and power generator step-up
transformers are typically subjected to more constant loading at, or slightly above, their
theoretical maximum rating. This high level of loading stresses insulation thermally and
leads to reduced insulation life. On the other hand, the relatively light loading of WTSU
transformer has a favorable effect on insulation life but introduces two unique and
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3. functionally significant problems with which other types of conventional transformers do
not have to deal.
The first problem is that, when lightly loaded or idle, the core losses become a more
significant economic factor while the coil or winding losses become less significant and
de-emphasized. Typically used price evaluation formulae do not apply to this scenario.
NEMA TP1 and DOE efficiencies are not modeled for the operational scenario where
average loading is near 30-35% and, consequently, should be cautiously applied when
calculating the total cost of ownership for WTSU transformers
The second problem is that the WTSU transformer goes into thermal cycling as a
function of these varying loads. This causes repeated thermal stress on the winding,
clamping structure, seals and gaskets. Repeated thermal cycling causes nitrogen gas to
be absorbed into the hot oil and then released as the oil cools, forming bubbles within
the oil which can migrate into the insulation and windings to create hot spots and
partial discharges which can damage insulation. The thermal cycling can also cause
accelerated aging of internal and external electrical connections.
These cumulative effects put the WTSU transformer at a higher risk of insulation and
dielectric failure than either the typical “off the shelf” distribution transformer or the
power generator step-up transformer experiences.
Harmonics and Non-Sinusoidal loads:
Another unique aspect of WTSU transformers is the fact that they are switched in the
line with solid state controls to limit the inrush currents. This differs widely from the
typical step-up transformer which must be designed to withstand high magnetizing
inrush currents which cause core saturation, and in the extreme Ferroresonance.
While potentially aiding in the initial energization, these same electronic controls
contribute damaging harmonic voltage frequencies that, when coupled with the non-
sinusoidal wave forms from the wind turbines, cannot be ignored from a heating point
of view. Conventional distribution transformers do not typically see non-linear loads
that require preventative steps due to harmonic loading. When a rectifier/chopper
system is used, the WTSU transformer must be designed for harmonics similar to
rectifier transformers, taking the additional loading into consideration as well as
providing electrostatic shields to prevent the transfer of harmonic frequencies between
the primary and secondary windings, quite dissimilar to conventional distribution
transformers.
Transformer sizing and voltage variation:
WTSU transformers are designed such that the voltage is matched to the generator
(e.g. wind turbine) output voltage exactly. There is no “designed in” over-voltage
capacity to overcome voltage fluctuations, as is typically done on distribution and
power transformer designs which allow for up to 10% over-voltage. Further, it should
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4. be noted that the generator output current is monitored at millisecond intervals and the
generator limited to allow up to 5% over-current for 10 seconds before it is taken off
the system. Therefore, the WTSU transformer size ( kVA or MVA) is designed to match
the generator output with no overload sizing. Since overload sizing is a common
protective practice with “off the shelf” distribution or power step-up generator
transformers, the WTSU transformer design must be uniquely robust to function
without it.
Requirement to withstand Fault Currents:
Typically, conventional distribution transformers, power transformers, and other types
of step-up transformers will “drop out” when subjected to an under-voltage or over-
current situation caused by a fault. Once the fault has cleared, the distribution
transformer is brought back on-line either individually or with it’s local feeder in
conjunction with automatic reclosures. Wind turbine generators, on the other hand, in
order to maintain network stability are only allowed to disconnect from the system due
to network disturbances within certain, carefully controlled network guidelines
developed for generating plants. Depending upon the specific network regulations, the
length of time the generator is required to stay on line can vary. During this time the
generator will continue to deliver an abnormally low voltage to the WTSU transformer.
Therefore, during near-to generator faults, the generator may be required to carry as
low as 15% rated voltage for a few cycles and then ramp back up to full volts a few
seconds after fault clearing. This means that the WTSU transformer must be uniquely
designed with enough “ruggedness” to withstand full short circuit current during the
initial few cycles when the maximum mechanical forces are exerted upon the WTSU
transformer windings.
Since wind turbines must stay connected during disturbances in the network, the WTSU
transformers must be designed to withstand the full mechanical effects of short circuits.
Conclusions:
The role of WTSU transformers in today’s wind generation scheme is unique; it’s design
must be equally unique and robust. The combination of wide variations in loading;
harmonic loads from associated control electronics and generators; sizing without
protection for over-voltages, under-voltages or over-loading; and the requirement to
“ride through” transient events and faults sets the WTSU apart from it’s more
conventional, “off the shelf” counterparts. It is neither a conventional distribution
transformer nor is it a conventional generator step-up transformer.
“Off the shelf” . . . doesn’t belong . . . “down on the farm”!
Pacific Crest Transformers 4
300 West Antelope Road – Medford, Oregon 97503
Tel : (541) 826 – 2113 Fax : (541) 826 - 8847